Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Moxham
Hazelton
Muir-Cochrane
Heffernan
Kneisl
Trigoboff
Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2018—9781486023905—Moxham/Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing: Partnerships in Care 1e
Standard 7 53 Sensitivity 69
Rationale 54 Assertiveness 69
Practice outcomes 54 Passive behaviour 69
Standard 8 54 Aggressive behaviour 70
Rationale 54 Assertive behaviour 70
Practice outcomes 54 Vision 70
Standard 9 54 Accountability 70
Rationale 54 Advocacy 70
Practice outcomes 54
Spirituality 71
Partnership and collaboration 54 Empathy 71
The mental health team 54 Critical thinking 71
Collaboration with colleagues 55
Collaboration with individuals and their families 55 CHAPTER 5 Theories for
Nursing’s theoretical heritage 55 interdisciplinary care
Peplau 55 in mental health 74
Travelbee 56 Recovery-oriented mental health practice 75
Paterson and Zderad 56 Scope of psychiatric–mental health nursing practice 75
Watson 56 Humanistic interactionism and psychobiology:
Benner 57 the mind–body–spirit connection 76
Implications for mental health nursing practice 57 Basic premises of interactionism 76
Implications for psychiatric–mental health
CHAPTER 4 Self-awareness and nursing practice 76
the mental health nurse 60 Basic premises of humanism 77
Implications for psychiatric–mental health
Personal integration 61
nursing practice 78
Creating a common ground 61
Basic premises of psychobiology 78
Searching for meaning 61 Implications for psychiatric–mental health
Feelings: the affective self 61 nursing practice 78
Self-awareness of feelings 62 Theories for interdisciplinary mental health care 79
Difficulties associated with submerged feelings 62
Medical-psychobiological theory 79
Dominant emotional themes 63
Assumptions and key ideas 79
Acceptance of feelings 63
Implications for psychiatric–mental health
Beliefs and values 63 nursing practice 80
Dogmatic belief 63
Psychoanalytic theory 80
Issues of blame and control 64
Assumptions and key ideas 80
Attitudes and opinions 64
Decline of Freudian psychoanalysis 82
Arriving at values 64
Implications for psychiatric–mental health
Culture and social class 64 nursing practice 82
Sociocultural heritage 64
Cognitive behavioural theory 82
Avoiding misdiagnosis 64
Assumptions and key ideas 83
Taking care of the self 65 Implications for psychiatric–mental health
Solitude 65 nursing practice 83
Physical health 65 Social interpersonal theories 84
Sleep deprivation and shift work disorder 65 Assumptions and key ideas 84
Attending to internal stress signals 66 Implications for psychiatric–mental health
Burnout 66 nursing practice 87
Cues to burnout 66
Reducing burnout 67
CHAPTER 6 The biological basis
of behavioural and mental
Qualities that enhance therapeutic relationships 68 disorders 90
Respect for the consumer 68
Brain, mind and behaviour 91
Availability 68
Neuroanatomy 91
Spontaneity 68 Cerebrum 92
Hope 68 Limbic system 96
Acceptance 69 Basal ganglia 97
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Diencephalon 98 Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake
Pituitary gland 99 inhibitors (snris) 130
Cerebellum 99 Other medications used for depression 131
Brainstem 99 Age-related considerations 131
Neurons, synapses, receptors and neurotransmission 100
Mood stabilisers 132
Synaptic transmission 100
Neurotransmitters 101 Dosage 133
Effects of neuropeptides, hormones and stress Psychobiology of lithium 134
on the brain 103 Anxiolytic medications 135
Brain development and neuroplasticity 104 Effects 135
Genetics and epigenetics in mental health 105 Meprobamate 135
Biological basis of mental illness 105 Benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepines 135
Schizophrenia 105 New medications 136
Major depressive disorder 107 Uses for anxiolytics 136
Anxiety disorders 108 Psychobiology of anxiolytic medications 136
Obsessive–compulsive disorder 108 Treatment for insomnia 137
Dementia of the Alzheimer’s type (dat) 108 Treatment of dementia 137
Psychobiology and nursing 110 Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors 137
Glutamate pathway modifier 138
CHAPTER 7 The science,
practice and experience of Medication counterfeiting 138
psychopharmacology 111 Herbal medicines 139
Psychopharmacology and nursing 112 Assessing herb consumption 139
Neuroleptics and psychotropics 113 CHAPTER 8 Stress, anxiety and
Ethnic and cultural considerations anxiety disorders 141
in psychopharmacology 116 Stress 143
Antipsychotic medications 116 Conflict as a stressor 143
Basic mechanisms of action 117 Approach–avoidance conflict 144
Major effects 118 Avoidance–avoidance conflict 144
The choice of a specific medication 118 Approach–approach conflict 144
Newer antipsychotics 118 Biopsychosocial theories of stress 145
Clozapine 120 The fight-or-flight response to stress 145
Risperidone 120 Selye’s stress–adaptation theory 145
Dosage 121 Life changes as stressful events 145
The decision to use a medication 121 Application to clinical practice 147
Special considerations 121 Stress as a transaction 148
Unique routes of administration 122 Psychoneuroimmunology framework 148
Potential side-effects of antipsychotic medications 123 Self-healing personalities 148
Autonomic nervous system side-effects 123 Hardiness, resilience and health 148
Extrapyramidal side-effects 124 Anxiety 149
Sedation and reduction of the seizure threshold 125 Sources of anxiety 149
Allergic effects 125
Anxiety as a continuum 150
Cardiac effects 125
Mild anxiety 150
Blood, skin and eye effects 125
Moderate anxiety 150
Endocrine effects 125
Severe anxiety 150
Weight gain 126
Panic 151
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome 126
Assessing anxiety 151
Metabolising psychiatric medications 126
Physiological dimension 151
Antidepressant medications 126 Cognitive dimension 152
Psychobiological considerations 127 Emotional/behavioural dimension 152
Tricyclic antidepressants (tcas) 127 Coping with stress and anxiety 152
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (maois) 127 Everyday ways of coping with stress 152
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (ssris) 128 Defence-oriented ways of coping: defence mechanisms 152
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Anxiety-related disorders 154 Superficiality versus intimacy 184
Panic disorder 154 Facilitating intimacy 185
Phobic disorders 155 Responding with empathy 185
Agoraphobia 155 Responding with respect 186
Social anxiety disorder 156 Responding with genuineness 186
Specific phobia 156 Responding with immediacy 186
Responding with warmth 186
Generalised anxiety disorder 156
Therapeutic communication skills 186
Obsessive–compulsive disorder 156
Active listening 186
Trauma and stress-related disorders 157
Using silence 187
Acute stress disorder 158
Paraphrasing 187
Biopsychosocial theories 158 Reflecting feelings 187
Biological factors 158 Imparting information 188
Genetic theories 159 Avoiding self-disclosure 188
Psychosocial theories 159 Clarifying 188
Behavioural theories 159 Checking perceptions 188
Humanistic theories 159 Questioning 189
Nursing process: Caring for the person with anxiety 160 Structuring 189
Pinpointing 189
Community-based care 168 Linking 189
Giving feedback 190
CHAPTER 9 Therapeutic
Confronting 190
communication 172
Summarising 191
The process of human communication 173
Processing 191
Role of perception 173
Common mistakes 191
Role of values 174
Practise, practise, practise! 192
The culture of disability 176
The spoken word 176 CHAPTER 10 Psychiatric–mental
Denotation and connotation 176 health assessment 194
Private and shared meanings 176 The nursing role in assessment 195
Non-verbal messages 177
Mental state assessment 195
Body movement 177
Voice quality and non-language sounds 177 Psychiatric history 195
Personal and social space 177 Data sources 196
Touch 178 Mental status examination 197
Verbal and non-verbal links 178 General behaviour, appearance and attitude 197
Speech 197
Biopsychosocial theories and models of human Mood and affect 197
communication 179 Form of thought 198
Symbolic interactionist model 179 Content of thought 198
Neurobiological factors 180 Orientation 199
Therapeutic communication theory 181 Memory 199
Basic concepts 181 General intellectual level 200
Successful versus disturbed communication 181 Abstract thinking 200
Efficiency 181 Insight and judgement evaluation 200
Appropriateness 181 Summary 200
Flexibility 181 Mini-Mental State Exam 200
Feedback 182 Nurses’ Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluations 201
Behavioural effects and human communication theory 183 Physiological assessment 201
Communication levels 183
Physical health history-taking 201
Communication disturbances 183
Observation 202
Neurolinguistic programming theory 183
Determining the sensory modality 183 Neurological assessment 202
Therapeutic use of Nlp 184 Brain imaging techniques 202
Facilitating communication and building a relationship 184 Psychological testing 203
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Psychiatric diagnostic practice according to the dsm: Cognition 228
the problem with taxonomies 203 Attention and wakefulness 228
Basic principles of the multiaxial system 205 Psychomotor behaviour 229
Description of the axes 205 Differentiating delirium from dementia and depression 229
Psychosocial assessment 206 Dementia 229
Individual assessment 206 The impact of dementia in Australia 229
The place of assessment in practice 207 Dementia of the Alzheimer’s type (dat) 232
Care plans 208 Signs of dementia of the Alzheimer’s type (dat) 232
Progression of dementia of the Alzheimer’s type (dat) 233
CHAPTER 11 Ethics, legal issues Treatment for dat 234
and the rights of people with Dementia with Lewy bodies 234
a mental illness 210 Vascular dementia 235
Ethics 211 Parkinson’s disease (Pd) 235
Ethical analysis 211 Huntington’s disease 235
Principles of bioethics 212 Pick’s disease 235
Autonomy 212 Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (cjd) 235
Beneficence 212 New variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (nvcjd) 236
Fidelity 212
Binswanger’s disease (bd) 236
Justice 212
Nonmaleficence 212 Pseudodementia 236
Veracity 212 Medical conditions affecting cognition 237
Ethical guidelines for psychiatric–mental health nurses 212 Focal brain processes 237
Medication side-effects 237
Clinical judgment and ethical reasoning 212
Hiv-associated dementia 237
Ethical dilemmas in psychiatric–mental health nursing 213
Amnestic disorder 237
Neuroethics: an emerging field 213
Stigma of psychiatric diagnoses 213 Biopsychosocial theories 237
Control of individual freedom 214 Nursing process: People with cognitive disorders 238
Law, mental health and involuntary Care coordination 247
treatment issues 216
Community care 248
Admission and treatment order categories 216
Home care 248
Voluntary admission 216
Involuntary hospitalisation 216 CHAPTER 13 Substance use
Community treatment orders 217 disorders 251
Ethical dilemmas of involuntary hospitalisation 218
Substance use disorders 252
Discharge or separation categories 218 Severity 252
Discharge 219
Transfer 219 Icd-10 253
Absence without leave 219 Harmful use 253
Psychiatry and criminal law 219 Dependence syndrome 253
Determining competency 220 Substance intoxication and withdrawal 253
M’Naghten Rules 220 Theories related to the development of substance
Forensic mental health nursing 221 use disorders 254
Dimensions of practice 222 Theories of substance use—disease model 254
Role preparation 222 Twelve-step programs 254
Expert witness 222 Interventions attributable to the disease model 254
Changing attitudes to substance use—moral theories 255
The rights of people with a mental illness 222
Psychological theories 255
Right to treatment in the least restrictive setting 223 Reinforcement 256
Disclosure to safeguard others 223
Personality 256
Mental health advance directives 224 Sociocultural theories 256
CHAPTER 12 Cognitive disorders 226 Family systems theories 256
Alcohol (ethanol, etoh) 258
Delirium 228 The effects of alcohol 258
Signs of delirium 228 History of alcohol use in Australia 259
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Alcohol and risk of harm 259 Teenagers 276
Alcohol withdrawal syndrome 260 People with co-occurring mental health disorders
The clinical assessment and management of alcohol and substance use disorders 276
withdrawal syndromes 260 Characteristics of people with co-occurring disorders 277
Assessing withdrawal 260 Gender differences 278
Alcohol Withdrawal Scale (aws) 261 Hospitalised people 278
Management of alcohol withdrawal 261 Older adults 279
Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome 262 Health care providers 279
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders 262
Nursing process: People with substance
Suicide and alcohol use 263 use disorders 280
Sedative-hypnotics 263
The effects of sedative-hypnotics 263 CHAPTER 14 Working in
Patterns of use 264 collaboration with people
Action 264 living with schizophrenia and
Withdrawal 264 other psychotic disorders 290
Opioids 264 Symptoms of schizophrenia 291
The effects of opioids 265 Positive symptoms 291
History of opioid use 265 Hallucinations 291
Current opioid use 265 Delusions 292
Overdose 265 Disordered speech and behaviour 292
Withdrawal 265 Negative symptoms 292
Flat affect 292
Pharmacotherapy treatment for opioid use disorders 266
Alogia 294
Nursing care of the person undertaking Avolition 295
a pharmacotherapy treatment program 267 Anhedonia 295
Psychostimulants 267 Recognising the presence of negative symptoms 295
The effects of psychostimulants 267 Removal of subtypes of schizophrenia in DSM-5 296
History of psychostimulant use 268 Somatic treatments 296
Amphetamines 268
Cocaine 268 Relapse 297
Current use of psychostimulants 268 Other psychotic disorders 297
Methamphetamines 268 Schizophreniform disorder 297
Cocaine 269 Schizoaffective disorder 297
Treatments 270 Delusional disorder 298
Withdrawal 270 Brief psychotic disorder 298
Cannabis 271 Additional psychotic disorders 298
History of cannabis use 271 Biopsychosocial theories 298
Current use of cannabis 271 Biological theories 298
Cannabis withdrawal 272 Genetic theories 298
Hallucinogens 272 Brain structure abnormalities 299
Biochemical theories 299
The effects of hallucinogens 273
Psychological theories 300
Treatment 274 Information processing 300
Solvents 274 Attention and arousal 300
The effects of inhalants 274 Family theories 301
Patterns of use 274 Humanistic interactional theories 301
Treatment 274 Stress–vulnerability model 301
Tobacco 274 Resources that moderate stress 302
The effects of nicotine and tobacco 274 Nursing process: People living with schizophrenia 302
Patterns of use 275
Treatment 275 CHAPTER 15 Affective disorders 319
Polydrug use 275
Designer ‘party’ drugs 275 Major depressive disorder 321
Groups at risk for substance use disorders 276 Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) 323
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Bipolar and related disorders 323 Illness anxiety disorder 357
Manic and hypomanic episodes 324 Malingering 358
Major depressive episodes 324 Factitious disorders 358
Mixed features 325 Factitious disorder imposed on another 359
Cyclothymic disorder 325 Biopsychosocial theories 360
Affective disorders due to another medical condition 325 Biological factors 360
Episodes during pregnancy or postpartum 326 Genetic theories 360
Bereavement 326 Psychosocial theories 360
Grieving 326 Humanistic theories 360
Biopsychosocial theories 326 Nursing process: The person with somatic symptom
Psychoanalytic theory 326 and related disorders 361
Cognitive theory 327
Biological theories 327 Care coordination 365
Gender and age 327 Community care 365
Genetic theories 327
Biochemical theories 328 CHAPTER 17 Eating disorders 368
Biological rhythms 328
Psychological factors 328 Anorexia nervosa 371
Sociocultural factors 329 Bulimia nervosa 372
Nursing process: The person with major depressive Biopsychosocial theories 372
disorders 329 Psychoanalytic theory 372
Family systems theory 373
Care coordination 336
Cognitive behavioural theories 373
Community-based care 337 Sociocultural theory 374
Nursing process: The person with bipolar disorders 337 Biological theory 375
Care coordination and community-based care 343 Nursing process: The person with anorexia nervosa 376
Care coordination 383
CHAPTER 16 Dissociative, Community-based care 383
somatic symptom and Home care 383
factitious disorders 348 Nursing process: The person with bulimia nervosa 383
Dissociative disorders 349
Care coordination, community-based care
Dissociative amnesia 349 and home care 387
Dissociative fugue 350
Dissociative identity disorder 350 CHAPTER 18 Personality
Depersonalisation/derealisation disorder 351 disorders 390
Biopsychosocial theories 351 Theories of personality 391
Biological and genetic factors 351
Theories of disorder 392
Psychosocial theories 351
Theories of causation 392
Behavioural theories 352
Humanistic theories 352 Biopsychosocial theory 392
Attachment theory 393
Nursing process: The person with dissociative Trauma 394
disorders 352
Classification and diagnosis 395
Care coordination 356 Personality disorder classification 396
Community care 356 Cluster A personality disorders: odd–eccentric 396
Somatic symptom and related disorders 356 Cluster B personality disorders: dramatic–emotional 397
Somatic symptom disorder 356 Cluster C personality disorders: anxious–fearful 398
Conversion disorder (functional neurological Other personality disorders 399
symptom disorder) 357 Personality change due to another medical condition 399
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Other specified personality disorder 399 Child abuse 435
Personality disorder not otherwise specified 400 Shaken baby syndrome 435
Epidemiology 400 Child neglect 435
Homicide of child 435
Recovery and self-discovery 400
Homicide of parent 436
Treatment 402
Partner abuse—heterosexual 436
Psychological therapies 402
Partner abuse—homosexual 436
Medication 403
Elder abuse 436
Nursing care 403
Emotional abuse 437
Therapeutic challenges 405
Abuse of pregnant women 437
Assessment 405
Stalking 437
Partnering with families 407
Cycle of violence 438
Trauma-informed care 409
Biopsychosocial theories 439
Conclusion 410 Neurobiological theory 439
CHAPTER 19 People at risk for Intrapersonal theory 439
suicide and self-harming Social learning theory 440
behaviour 413 Gender bias theory 440
Self-harming behaviour 414 Nursing process: Family physical abuse 440
Ethics and suicide 415 Care coordination 444
Meaning and motivation in suicide 415 Community-based care 444
Biopsychosocial theories 416 Home care 444
Sociocultural theory 416 Family violence: sexual abuse 444
Age and gender 417
Alcohol and substance use 417 Types of offenders 445
Ethnicity 417 Juvenile offenders 445
Male offenders 445
Interpersonal and intrapsychic theory 418 Female offenders 445
Biological theory 418 Abusive behaviour patterns 446
Neurotransmitter receptor hypothesis 418
Genetics 419 Child victims 446
Cognitive theory 419 Adult survivors 446
Sexual difficulties 447
Suicide prevention 419 Self-mutilation 447
Risk factors and protective factors 419 Memory of sexual abuse 447
National Suicide Prevention Strategy 419 Biopsychosocial theories 447
Suicide helplines 420 Intrapersonal theory 447
Nursing self-awareness 420 Family systems theory 447
Nursing process: The person who is suicidal Nursing process: Family sexual abuse 448
or self-harming 421 Care coordination 451
Care coordination 428 Community-based care and home care 452
Community-based care 428
CHAPTER 21 The mental health
Home care 429 of younger people 455
Survivors of suicide 429
Young people and mental illness 456
Family and friends who are survivors 429
Biopsychosocial theories 457
Children and young people who experience
the suicide of a parent 430 Biological theory 457
Suicide clusters 430 Neurobiology and biochemistry 457
Chronic illness 457
Staff survivors of suicide by a person in treatment 430
Psychopharmacology 458
Developmental theory 458
CHAPTER 20 FAMILY VIOLENCE 432
Humanistic–interactionist theory 459
Family violence: physical abuse 433 The role of the nurse 460
Sibling abuse 434 In outpatient settings 460
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Nurses working in community and primary care Power and influence 507
services 460 Group developmental phases 508
In the inpatient setting 463 Forming 508
Registered nurses in a general hospital setting 463 Storming 508
Psychiatric–mental health nurses in a general hospital Norming 508
setting 463 Performing 508
Registered nurses in a psychiatric setting 463 Adjourning 508
The importance of milieu 464 Group development theory 508
Nursing process: Young people 465 Three basic interpersonal needs 509
Inclusion 509
Care coordination, community-based care Control 509
and primary care 480 Affection 509
Interpersonal group phases 509
CHAPTER 22 Older people 483 Inclusion phase 509
Control phase 510
Obstacles to mental health services for older people 485 Affection phase 510
Ageism 485 Interweaving of phases 510
Myths 485 Group therapy theory 510
Stigma 486 Advantages of group therapy 511
Health care financing 487 The curative factors 511
Biopsychosocial theories of ageing 487 Types of group leadership 511
Biological theories 487 Single therapist approach 511
Genetic theory 487 Co-therapy approach 511
Wear-and-tear theory 488 Creating the group 512
Immunology theory 488 Selecting members 513
Nutritional theory 488 Group rules 513
Environmental theory 488 Stages in therapy group development 514
Psychosocial theories 488 Interactional group therapy 515
Activity theory 488 Steering the group into the here-and-now 516
Disengagement theory 488 Illuminating the process 516
Positive ageing theories 488 Therapeutic groups 516
Psychiatric disorders in older people 488 Peer-led support groups 517
Dementia 490 Psychoeducation groups 517
Mood disorders 490 Medication education groups 517
Depression in older people 490 Social skills training groups 518
Suicide among older people 491 Groups of medically ill people and their
Schizophrenia 491 families 518
Adjustment disorders 491
Anxiety disorders 492 CHAPTER 24 Family-focused
Delusional disorders 492 interventions 520
Substance-related disorders 492 Nursing self-awareness 521
Disorders of arousal and sleep 494 Family dynamics 522
Nursing process: Older people 494 Family structures 522
Family life cycle 523
CHAPTER 23 Therapeutic groups 503 Family characteristics and dynamics 523
Family roles 523
Family boundaries 524
Small group dynamics 504
Power structure 524
Trust 505 Relationship strains or conflicts 524
Self-disclosure and self-awareness 505 Relationship and communication intricacies
Relations within the group 505 in families 524
Cohesion 506 Self-fulfilling prophecy and life scripts 525
Group roles and leadership 506 Family myths and themes 525
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Family coalitions 525 CHAPTER 26 Pathways of care 552
Deviations in the adult partners’ coalition 525
Pseudo-mutuality and pseudo-hostility 527
Recovery 553
Family assessment 527
Hope 554
Demographic information 527
Empowerment 555
Medical and mental health history 527
Knowledge/understanding 555
Family interactional data 527
Identity 555
Family burden 528
Personal responsibility 556
What families want from mental health professionals 529
Is recovery different for different people? 557
Family system information 529
Personal recovery and clinical recovery 557
Needs, goals, values and aspirations 529
Readiness for recovery 558
Family genogram 529 Realistic and attainable expectations of change 558
Spiritual family genogram 529
Relapse 559
Cultural family genogram 530
Peer support 559
Forensic family genogram 530
The Australian national recovery framework 561
Family interventions 530
Psychiatric disability 561
Family psychoeducation 531
Community support programs 562
Family therapy 532 Community mental health support 562
Forms of family therapy 532
Qualifications of family therapists 532
Psychiatric rehabilitation 566
The family as a unit 533 Psychiatric rehabilitation philosophy 566
Contract or goal negotiation 533 Psychosocial rehabilitation centres/clubhouses 566
Intervention 533 Supported employment 566
Terminating family therapy 533 Social skills training 567
CHAPTER 25 Cognitive and Recognising and supporting people at risk 567
behavioural interventions 535 Concurrent substance-related disorders 567
Homelessness and mental illness 567
Behaviour therapy 537 Hiv 568
Classical conditioning 537 People requiring frequent re-admission 568
Operant conditioning 538 Frequent criminal justice system involvement 569
The behavioural contract 538
Steps to recovery 569
Behaviour modification 539
Response prevention 541 Crisis intervention 571
Systematic desensitisation 541 Crisis as a turning point 573
Rational emotive behavioural therapy 541 Common characteristics of crises 573
Cognitive therapy 543 Resilience, risk factors and balancing factors 573
Basic concepts 543 Biopsychosocial theories of crisis 575
Attributions 543 Tyhurst’s stages of disaster 575
Modelling 544 Caplan’s stages of a crisis reaction 575
Self-efficacy 544 Roberts’s model of crisis intervention 576
Cognitive therapy techniques 544 Types of crises 576
Positive imagery 544 Situational crisis 576
Mastery imagery 545 Maturational crisis 577
Negative imagery 545 Nursing self-awareness 577
Attribution restructuring 545
Caring for people in crisis 577
Cognitive behavioural therapy 545
Thought stopping 547 Vicarious traumatisation 582
Care coordination, community-based care APPENDIX A DSM-5 CLASSIFICATIONS 587
and home care 547
APPENDIX B ICD-10 CLASSIFICATIONS 598
Acceptance and commitment therapy (act) 547
Dialectical behaviour therapy 549 APPENDIX C MAPPING TO THE NMBA
Cultural aspects of cognitive and behavioural REGISTERED NURSE STANDARDS
interventions 549 FOR PRACTICE (JUNE 2016) 604
Providing physiological support with medications 550 INDEX 631
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About the authors
LOCAL AUTHORS
Lorna Moxham
RN, MHN, PHD, BHSc (UWS), DAS (NSG)
(MIHE), MED (UNSW), Cert OH&S (CQU),
Cert Qual Mgmt (CQU), Cert IV
(Training & Assessment) (CQIT),
FACMHN, FCON
Lorna Moxham is Professor of Mental Health Nursing in the Faculty
of Science, Medicine and Health, and the lead for Living Well,
Longer in the Global Challenges programme at the University
of Wollongong, NSW, Australia. In addition, Lorna is a director
of Recovery Camp—http://recoverycamp.com.au. Lorna has been
Head of School and Dean of Graduate Research as well as holding
numerous other senior governance roles like Chair: Research
Committee of Academic Board, and Chair: University Human Research Ethics Committee.
Initially qualified as a registered psychiatric nurse, Lorna continued her passion for lifelong
learning, graduating from the University of Western Sydney with a Diploma of Applied Science
and Bachelor of Health Science, achieving Golden Key International Honour Society status. She
then graduated from the University of New South Wales with a Master’s of Education. Lorna
also has two Certificates: one in Occupational Health & Safety and one in Quality Management.
Additionally she has a PhD.
Lorna has held numerous senior professional and community appointments, including four
at ministerial level. These include Chair: Central Queensland Health Community Council, Mental
Health Review Tribunal, Regional Planning Advisory Committee and the Queensland Priority
Housing Committee. Additionally, Lorna was a board director for Central Queensland Mercy Health
and Aged Care, and the Australian College of Mental Health Nurses, and a member of the Executive
for the Australian and New Zealand Council of Deans of Nursing and Midwifery. She is a Fellow of
the Australian College of Mental Health Nurses and also the Australian College of Nursing.
Passionate about research supervision and the important contributions HDR (higher degree
research) students make to research and development, Lorna has twice been awarded a Vice
Chancellor’s award for Excellence in Research Supervision from two Australian universities.
She has supervised numerous students to successful completion, and been invited to examine
many doctoral dissertations. Lorna is a prolific author with numerous publications, including
18 books as editor and/or co-author, 16 book chapters, over 80 journal articles and more than
100 conference presentations. Lorna considers this particular book—co-authored with people
who have a lived experience—to be particularly rewarding.
Michael HazELton
RN BA MA PhD FACMNH (LIFE MEMBER)
Mike Hazelton is Professor of Mental Health Nursing in the
School of Nursing and Midwifery, the University of Newcastle,
Australia. He is a former Head of Nursing and Midwifery at
Newcastle, and also Curtin University and the University of
Tasmania, and has been involved in nurse education generally and
mental health nurse education specifically for over 30 years. Mike
has published over 90 articles, abstracts, books and book chapters
on mental health and mental health nursing, and has undertaken
consultancies for various governments in Australia. Mike is a
former editor of the International Journal of Mental Health
Nursing, and a current member of the Editorial Advisory Board of
the Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. He has been awarded a number of awards
for his research, and is a Life Member of the Australian College of Mental Health Nurses, the
highest honour awarded by that professional organisation.
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Eimear Muir-Cochrane
BSc (Hons), RN, RMN, Grad Dip Adult
Education, MNS, PhD Credentialled
MHN, Fellow ACMHN
Professor Eimear Muir-Cochrane is Chair of Nursing (Mental
Health) and Chair of Senate at Flinders University, Australia, and
has been involved in mental health education and research for over
30 years. Eimear has been an architect and course coordinator of
mental health courses in undergraduate nursing and postgraduate
mental health since 1991. She is also leader of the mental health
teaching and research teams at the Faculty of Medicine, Nursing
and Health Sciences, Flinders University, a position she has held
since 2008. Eimear has provided leadership through Associate Editorship at three national and
international journals in Great Britain, Australia and Japan.
Educational research includes the use of new technologies, mental health in education in
virtual reality, mental health and culture and communication practices. Eimear has received
multiple university awards and grants in Teaching Excellence and has been a awarded a Carrick
Citation for Excellence in Australian University Teaching, a Department of Health, South Australia
Nurse Excellence Award, and won Best Paper at the National Nurse Education Conference for a
paper entitled ‘The Book, the MOOC and the App!’
Eimear’s outputs include authorship of one book in its third edition, one optimised mobile
device, two monographs, over 80 refereed journal articles, multiple keynote invitations to speak and
present multiple national and international conference papers. Eimear’s research interests focus on
the care of the acutely unwell psychiatric patient, and include examination of absconding, restraint
and seclusion, with nationally and internationally funded competitive research totalling $2.8 million.
Tim Heffernan
Tim Heffernan is the Mental Health Peer Coordinator for Coordinare,
the South East Sydney Primark Health Network, a role to which he
brings his lived experience of bipolar 1 disorder and recovery, which
began with his first episode of psychosis in 1983. Prior to this
position, he worked for almost a decade as a peer support worker
with Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District. He chaired the
NSW Consumer Workers Committee from 2014 to 2017, and is a
former member and chair of the Being (NSW Consumer Advisory
Group) Board of Trustees. Tim is an executive member of the
Illawarra Shoalhaven’s Suicide Prevention Collaborative, and has
been a member of the NSW Mental Health Commission’s Community
Advisory Council since its inception in 2014. He is a member of the
Agency for Clinical Innovation’s Metal Health Network Executive Committee. Tim is also part of
the University of Wollongong’s Recovery Camp team.
In 2013 Tim participated in Boston University’s Centre for Psychiatric Rehabilitation Global
Leadership Institute, with a trauma-informed, co-designed, co-delivered alternative to traditional
‘aggression management’ training called ‘Safety for All’. He participated in the National Mental
Health Commission/University of Melbourne’s Seclusion and Restraint Lived Experience Advisory
Group. Tim has been a volunteer rural and regional ambassador and community presenter for the
Black Dog Institute since 2007.
An experienced public speaker, Tim has presented papers and led workshops on peer work,
consumer-led research and ‘mad’ poetry at mental health conferences in Sydney, Perth, Canberra,
Melbourne and Auckland. He worked for over 20 years as a high-school English teacher, and has
published research with the National Schools Network. He has also worked as a disability support
worker.
Tim is a poet and he co-edits an online space for ‘mad’ creative writing—Verity La’s
‘Clozapine Clinic – The Frater Project’.
About the authors xvii
Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2018—9781486023905—Moxham/Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing: Partnerships in Care 1e
US AUTHORS
CAROL REN KNEISL
RN, MS, APRN, DABFN
Carol Kneisl has had a variety of psychiatric–mental health
nursing experiences. She has taught psychiatric–mental health
nursing in diploma, baccalaureate and master’s programs that
prepared clinical specialists in psychiatric–mental health nursing.
She has been a staff nurse, a nurse manager, a nursing supervisor
and a clinical nurse specialist, and has supervised the group
therapy of clinical nurse specialists and psychiatry medical
residents. She is currently an adjunct professor of psychiatric–
mental health nursing at William Carey University in New
Orleans, Louisiana.
Carol is also a nurse entrepreneur. She founded Nursing
Transitions, a corporation that provided continuing education
for psychiatric–mental health and corrections/forensic nurses. Her company sponsored the first
national nursing conference focused on AIDS. She is a national and international speaker, and
consults with nurses and mental health and forensic agencies on topics such as group therapy,
stress management, self-awareness issues and strategies, implementation of client rights, legal
aspects, and creative clinical teaching in psychiatric–mental health nursing.
She has authored or contributed to 28 nursing textbooks and several nursing journals. She
has been an associate editor of a psychiatric nursing review journal, and has served on several
editorial boards.
Carol was among the first nurses in the country to develop clinical specialist certification,
in conjunction with nurses from New York and New Jersey. Their work formed the basis for
the national certification granted through the American Nurses Credentialing Center of the
American Nurses Association.
She is a graduate of a diploma school, the Millard Fillmore Hospital School of Nursing in
Buffalo, New York, from which she received the Alumna of the Century award on the occasion
of the school’s 100-year anniversary. Carol has a BS in nursing from the University of Buffalo,
an MS in nursing as a clinical nurse specialist in adult psychiatric–mental health nursing from
the University of California at San Francisco, and has pursued graduate education in community
mental health administration and interpersonal communication from the State University of
New York at Buffalo.
Carol is the mother of two adult children—a daughter who is a right-brained special-effects
artist, and a son who is a left-brained mathematician and the father of her two grandchildren.
When she is not commuting to New Orleans, she writes and consults from her home on a Gulf
of Mexico beach, in Orange Beach, Alabama.
Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2018—9781486023905—Moxham/Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing: Partnerships in Care 1e
EILEEN TRIGOBOFF
RN, PMHCNS-BC, DNS, DABFN, CIP
Eileen Trigoboff is a Clinical Nurse Specialist with a specialty
in adult psychiatry/mental health in a private psychotherapy
practice in western New York. An important part of her practice
is the national and international interdisciplinary supervision
of, and consultation with, other mental health and health care
professionals. Eileen is the Director of Program Evaluation at
the Buffalo Psychiatric Center in Buffalo, New York, and is the
Liaison for the Office of Mental Health’s Institutional Review
Board. She has taught associate degree, Bachelor’s degree, and
graduate-level nursing students on all aspects of the nursing
process, research methodologies, statistics, psychiatric nursing,
and pharmacology. Eileen is also the Research Preceptor for the
Psychiatric Residency Program at the State University of New York at Buffalo School of
Pharmacy Doctoral Residency Program.
Eileen earned her BSN, her MS as a Clinical Nurse Specialist in psychiatric nursing, and
her Doctorate in Nursing Science (DNS) in psychiatric nursing from the State University of
New York at Buffalo. She received a National Institutes of Mental Health Individual National
Research Service Award Pre-Doctoral Research Fellowship for her dissertation research on
medication teaching and psychopharmacology. Eileen’s research interests include cognitive
behavioral nursing interventions with seriously and persistently mentally ill clients, and the
safety and efficacy of neuroleptics. She is a Diplomate and Fellow in the American College of
Forensic Examiners Board of Forensic Nurse Examiners, and is board certified as an Institutional
Review Board Professional (CIP) and in hospital and program accreditation.
Eileen is author, co-author, and contributor to 14 books and numerous journal articles. She
presents internationally on a wide variety of clinical, research and professional topics to health
care, governmental and corporate organisations. She continues to be an international speaker
and consultant on topics including professional issues, assessment, psychopathologies and
interventions. She also serves on the editorial boards of several professional journals and is on
the editorial panel for a magazine on anxiety and depression. She is active in community service
venues, including clinical settings and family support groups. She also serves as a computer
systems and statistical consultant, and belongs to numerous professional nursing organisations.
Eileen enjoys her clinical psychologist husband, her Congo African Grey parrot, a large
and loving family, good friends, international travel, and reading.
Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2018—9781486023905—Moxham/Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing: Partnerships in Care 1e
contributing authors
The lead authors would like to thank the following mental health nursing authors and lived
experience authors who have collaborated on each chapter in this text as indicated below.
Their contributions reflect the philosophy of this text—to provide a person-centred and
recovery-focused resource, with a clearly-heard authentic lived experience voice.
xx
Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2018—9781486023905—Moxham/Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing: Partnerships in Care 1e
Chapter 14 Working in Mike Hazelton, University Simon Swinson
collaboration with people of Newcastle
living with schizophrenia and
other psychotic disorders
Chapter 15 Affective Christopher Patterson, Douglas Holmes
disorders University of Wollongong
Chapter 16 Dissociative, Christopher Patterson, Paula Hanlon
somatic symptom and University of Wollongong
factitious disorders
Chapter 17 Eating disorders Renee Brighton, University Katherine Gill
of Wollongong
Chapter 18 Personality Dr Sue Sumskis, Nan Tien Erin Howard-Gillis
disorders Institute
Chapter 19 People at risk Mike Hazelton, University Carrie Miller
for suicide and self-harming of Newcastle
behaviour
Chapter 20 Family violence Mike Hazelton, University
of Newcastle, and Ellen
Sinclair, University of
Newcastle
Chapter 21 The mental Ellen Sinclair, University of Isabella Swinson
health of younger people Newcastle, and Mike
Hazelton, University of
Newcastle
Chapter 22 Older people Bryan McMinn, University Amtul Shah
of Newcastle
Chapter 23 Therapeutic Christine Palmer, Queensland Carolyn Hyde
groups University of Technology
Chapter 24 Family-focused Deb O’Kane, Flinders Tim Heffernan
interventions University
Chapter 25 Cognitive and Christine Palmer, Queensland Sharon Lawn
behavioural interventions University of Technology
Chapter 26 Pathways of care Christine Palmer, Queensland Matthew Halpin
University of Technology
Contributing authors xxi
Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2018—9781486023905—Moxham/Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing: Partnerships in Care 1e
Acknowledgements
The lead authors are aware that there are many people to thank in the construction of such a
comprehensive text as this. To those persons who live with a mental illness, your strength,
value and resilience and your lived experience expertise are acknowledged. Each author has
worked tirelessly to collaboratively construct content that future health professionals will find
invaluable. Reviewers have provided the necessary quality assurance and concerned themselves
with ensuring practice is evidence-based.
To the Pearson staff who work behind the scenes: you may not have your name in ‘lights’,
but you are all are vital to the development of quality work. We would also like to thank
Xanthe Glaw, University of Newcastle, for completing the DSM-5 and ICD-10 Appendix, and
finally the editors wish to thank their families who have supported us in our passion to produce
a book in collaboration with consumers; a book that has taken countless hours, late nights and
sleep deprivation. A heartfelt thank-you to one and all.
Reviewers
The authors and publisher are grateful for the expertise provided by nursing faculty and
clinicians who gave of their time to review chapters for this book and the material that
accompanies it. Thank you for your generosity in sharing your insightful comments with us.
Dr Karen-Ann Clarke Mr Cameron Peake
University of the Sunshine Coast Australian Catholic University
Dr Gayelene Boardman Dr Karen Heslop
Victoria University Curtin University
Dr Jane Clark Mr David Delaney
University of New England Victoria University
Sue Willis Ms Rebecca Millar
University of Western Sydney Victoria University
Rosemary Saunders Mr Hamish Alker-Jones
Edith Cowan University Charles Sturt University
Deb O’Kane Ms Pat Mead
Flinders University University of Adelaide
Dr Cheryl Ross Mr Keith Skelton
University of Southern QLD Australian Catholic University
Dr Louise Ward Ms Philippa Harris
La Trobe University Mental Illness Felowship Nth Qld Inc
Barbara Black Mrs Sandra Goetz
University of Queensland Griffith University
Ms Rhonda Dawson Dr Scott Trueman
University of Southern Queensland James Cook University
Cheryl Green Ms Patricia Mead
University of Adelaide University of Adelaide
Dr Terry Froggatt Dr Shirley McGough
University of Wollongong Curtin University
xxii
Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2018—9781486023905—Moxham/Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing: Partnerships in Care 1e
Preface
Millions of people around the world face the challenges that living with a mental health issue
can bring. In fact, the World Health Organization (WHO) suggests that half of the leading
causes of disability in the world today are related to mental health. This is unlikely to change
while global mental health resources remain low, and the necessary improvements in early
detection and intervention are not addressed by governments locally and nationally.
Adding to the challenges that living with mental health issues brings is the ongoing
issue of stigma. The stigma of mental illness is based on a misguided societal perception that
mental illness is a blemish of individual character, and is a worldwide problem experienced in
all segments of society. Stigma hurts, punishes and diminishes people. Unfortunately, stigma
continues to grow around the globe, and is perhaps the main obstacle to better mental health
care and quality of life for consumers and their families.
Our goal for this textbook, Contemporary Psychiatric–Mental Health Nursing:
Partnerships in Care, is to provide the user with a contemporary, evidence-based, culturally
competent, authoritative and comprehensive resource. Importantly and most notably, the text-
book was co-authored by people with a lived experience of mental illness. Indeed, we set out
quite purposefully to ensure a consumer voice was prominent in each chapter of the text. Thus
the co-produced resource is designed to enhance your ability to become a therapeutic, non-
judgmental, competent and confident psychiatric–mental health nurse. We encourage you to
think seriously about what constitutes mental health and mental illness. We would urge you
to appreciate the humanity of people who experience mental illness, and to undertake your
nursing practice with unconditional positive regard. We think it likely that this will challenge
your assumptions about mental illness and those who live their lives with it; we hope it does!
Underlying Themes
Throughout this book, we value cultural competence in increasingly diverse societies,
collaborative-centered care, the relevance of lived experience to shaping recovery and
treatment choices, and the need to improve quality and access to mental health care. We
believe that mental health nursing must concern itself with the quality of human life, and its
relationship to optimal psychobiological health, feelings of self-worth, personal integrity,
self-fulfilment, and collaborative care. Thus, we emphasise the importance of empathy and
empowerment in the therapeutic relationship.
Understanding people who are searching for personal recovery through interaction in
complex times demands the most authoritative and contemporary knowledge and clinical
competence. It is through the power of knowledge and clinical competence that psychiatric–
mental health nurses work with people as they progress through the journey of personal
recovery. Psychiatric–mental health nursing is concerned with sustaining and enhancing the
mental health of both the individual and the group, while its practice locale is often found in
the community.
In acknowledging the importance and value of lived experience, each chapter offers
the voice of the person who lives with a mental health issue. These voices, which are often
silent, are vital in knowledge production, and know best how they need to recover. As such,
the themes, ideas, knowledge, tools and organisation of this textbook are designed for
nursing students who are committed to making a difference in view of contemporary trends.
Specifically, this text expects students to recognise the value of lived experience.
Nursing is both a science and an art, and because of advances in neuroscience and the
enhancements in the study of the human genome, a solid grounding in psychobiology is
threaded throughout the book. Brain imaging and concise yet comprehensive information
on the expanding array of psychopharmacological treatment is yet another strong emphasis.
Contemporary Psychiatric–Mental Health Nursing: Partnerships in Care is explicitly linked
to contemporary practices in our field.
OrganiSation
The book engages with the people you will encounter in your practice and with whom you will
work collaboratively. It describes what it means to be a mental health nurse, the professional
xxiii
Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2018—9781486023905—Moxham/Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing: Partnerships in Care 1e
and personal attributes that enable artful therapeutic practice, and the importance of basing
the therapeutic relationship on theoretical understandings, appropriate clinical techniques
and the needs and wants of the person who lives with a mental illness.
This text also provides comprehensive coverage of interdisciplinary mental health
theories, the biological basis of mental illness, the science of psychopharmacology, the
methods by which people attempt to handle stress, and the importance of developing cultural
competence. Topics traditionally associated with mental health nursing, such as therapeutic
communication, assessment, ethics, advocacy, rights, legal and forensic issues, and
therapeutic environments for care are also discussed. Caring for people with a specific DSM
mental diagnosis is described by outlining the defining characteristics of each diagnosis,
the biopsychosocial theories necessary to understand them, and, importantly, how to
apply the nursing process to work with people who live with these illnesses. The authors
have also turned their attention to vulnerable populations that require comfort and care from
psychiatric–mental health nurses. These populations include people at risk for self-harming
behaviour, sexual abuse and family violence, and specific age groups. The textbook provides
authoritative coverage of nursing intervention strategies and desired outcomes, including
a wide range of modalities from therapeutic groups to family-focused strategies, crisis
intervention, and cognitive behavioral interventions; to psychopharmacology, recovery and
psychiatric rehabilitation, and complementary, alternative and integrative healing practices;
and anger management and violence in psychiatric settings.
AUSTRALIAN EDITION
As lead and chapter authors who have all practised, taught and researched as psychiatric–
mental health nurses in the Australian context, we felt it important that Australian nursing
students were offered an opportunity to be exposed to contemporary Australian mental
health nursing knowledge. Most importantly, though, we felt it important for future health
professionals to hear from people with a lived experience. Not only do we believe this is
absolutely the right thing to do, it is also the major point of difference about this textbook.
xxiv Preface
Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2018—9781486023905—Moxham/Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing: Partnerships in Care 1e
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