Dr.

AMBEDKAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Outer Ring Road, Mallathahalli, Bangalore-560056 Karnataka, India.

GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM

Components and Functions
22CVT405A

Under the Guidance of Raghavendra N

Group Members:
1. GURULINGU K P -
1DA24CV419
2. KAVYA M -
1
1DA24CV426
 GIS (Geographical Information system)

GIS

Geography
System
Study of Land,
Inhabitants and features Technology and methods
On the earth surface. For capturing, storing
and analyzing data.
Information
Details of the features.
For example, name and
Height of the building.

2
 GIS (Geographical Information system)
t is a computerized mechanism to capture, store, display and analyze geographic data.

Spatial Data
Location or extent of geographic features are stored as spatial data.
For example, location of a Taj Mahal, road network from Bangalore to Delhi
Or administrative boundary of Karnataka state.

Non-Spatial Data
Non-spatial data, also know as attribute data, stores details of the geographic features.
For example, year of construction of Taj Mahal, length of road from Bangalore to Delhi
Or total population and literacy rate in Karnataka state.

3
 Spatial Data
Point
Geographic features which don't have Length
or width are stored point.
For example, Location of hospital in a city.

Line
Geographic features which have adequate length
But no width are stored as line object.
For example, National highway connecting two cities.

Polygon
Geographic features which are large enough and
Have closed boundary are stored as polygon object.
For example, State boundary in map of a country.

4
 Non-Spatial Data
Attribute information stored in tabular format

Text – Name of the building

Number – Height of the
building
Date – Date of
construction

5
Layerization

GIS allows us to capture each features that is

available on the earth into separate layers.
For example, customer locations, buildings, street
network and land use can be captured into
separate layers.

GIS also allows overlaying this layers into software

platform and re-built the ground reality in a digital
platform.

6
COMPONENTS OF GIS

7
 HARDWARE
It consists of the computer system on which the GIS software will run.
The choice of hardware system ranges from Personal computers to
multiuser super computers. These computers should have essentially
an efficient processor to run the software and sufficient memory to
store enough information (data). The hardware is basically physical part
of the computer.

8
 SOFTWARE
Software is the programs that allow users to create, store, manage,
analyze, and visualize geographic data. GIS software provides the
functions and tools needed to store, analyze, and display geographic
information. All GIS software generally fit all these requirements, but
their on-screen appearance (user interface) may be different.

9
 DATA
Geographic data and related tabular data are the backbone of GIS. It
can be collected in-house or purchased from a commercial data
provider. The digital map forms the basic data input for GIS. Tabular
data related to the map objects can also be attached to the digital data.

10
 METHOD
A successful GIS operates according to a well-designed plan, which are
the models and operating practices unique to each task. There are
various techniques used for map creation and further usage for any
project. The map creation can either be automated raster to vector
creator or it can be manually vectorized using the scanned images. The
source of these digital maps can be either map prepared by any survey
agency or satellite imagery.

11
 PEOPLE / USER
GIS user range from technical specialists who design and maintain the
system to those who use it to help them perform their everyday work.

12
 FUNCTIONS OF GIS

1. Data Capture

• Data used in GIS often come from many different Sources, are of
many types, and are stored in different ways.

• GIS provides tools and a method for the integration of different data
into a format to be compared and analyzed.

• Data sources are mainly manual digitization/scanning of aerial

photographs, paper maps, and existing digital datasets. Remote-
sensing satellite imagery and GPS are promising date input sources
for GIS.

13
 FUNCTIONS OF GIS

2. Database Management and Update

• After data are collected and integrated, the GIS must provide facilities
which can contain and maintain data.

• Effective data management has many definitions but should include

all of the following aspects:
 data security
 data integrity
 data storage
 retrieval, and
 data maintenance abilities.

14
 FUNCTIONS OF GIS

3. Geographic Analysis

• Data integration and conversion are only a part of the input phase of
GIS. What is required next is the ability to interpret and to analyse the
collected information quantitatively and qualitatively.

For example, a satellite image can assist an agricultural scientist to

project crop yield per hectare for a particular region. For the same
region, the scientist also has the rainfall data for the past six months
collected through weather station observations. The scientist also has a
map of the soils for the region which shows fertility and suitability for
agriculture. These point data can be interpolated and what you get is a
thematic map showing iso-heights or contour lines of rainfall.

15
 FUNCTIONS OF GIS

4. Presenting Results

• One of the most exciting aspects of GIS technology is the variety of

different ways in which the information can be presented once it has
been processed by GIS.

• Traditional methods of tabulating and graphing data can be

supplemented by maps and three-dimensional images.

• Visual communication is one of the most fascinating aspects of GIS

technology and is available in a diverse range of output options.

16
THANK YOU

17