“Chapter 2”
ELECTRIC
CIRCUIT
BASIC ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
Electric circuit: It is a closed loop of pathway with electric
charges flowing through it. It is the sum of all electric
components in the closed loop of pathway with flowing
electric charges. An example of an electric circuit includes
resistors, capacitors, inductors, power sources, wires,
switches, etc. A basic electric circuit contains three
components: the power supply, the electrical load, and the
BASIC ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
Wires connect the power supply and the load, and carry
electric charges through the circuit.
A power supply (power source) is a device that supplies
electrical energy to the load of the circuit; it can convert
other forms of energy to electrical energy. The electric
battery and generator are examples of power supply.
BASIC ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
The battery converts chemical energy into electrical
energy.
The hydroelectric generator converts hydro energy
(the energy of moving water) into electrical energy.
The thermo power generator converts heat energy into
electrical energy.
The nuclear power generator converts nuclear energy
into electrical energy.
The wind generator converts wind energy into
electrical energy.
The solar generator converts solar energy into
electrical energy.
BASIC ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
An electrical load is a device that is usually connected to the output
terminal of an electric circuit.
The load consumes or absorbs electrical energy from the
source.
The load may be any device that can receive electrical
energy and convert it into other forms of energy.
Examples of electric loads:
Electric lamp converts electrical energy into light energy.
Electric stove converts electrical energy into heat energy.
Electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy.
Electric fan converts electrical energy into wind energy.
Speaker converts electrical energy into sound energy.
Solar cell converts sunlight into electrical energy.
Microphone converts electrical energy into sound energy.
CIRCUIT SYMBOLS
CIRCUIT SYMBOLS
For example, both the battery and the direct current
(DC) generator can convert other energy forms into
electrical energy and produce DC voltage. Therefore,
they are represented by the same circuit symbol—the
DC power supply E.
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
SERIES CIRCUIT
A series circuit has more than one resistor
(anything that uses electricity to do work) and gets
its name from only having one path for the
charges to move along.
Resistor in Series – the total resistance (effective
resistance or resultant resistance) is equal to the sum
of the individual resistance.
RT = R 1 + R 2 + R 3
+…Rn
Current in Series Circuit – a series circuit has only
one path in which charge can flow. The current are
same everywhere.
IT = I1 = I2 = I3
= … In
Voltage in Series Circuit – Total voltage in a series
circuit is equal to the sum of the individual voltage
drops.
V1 = V 2 + V 3 + V 4
+ .... Vn
PARALLEL CIRCUIT
A parallel circuit has more than one resistor and gets its name from
having parallel paths to move along. Charges can move through any
of several paths. If one of the items in the circuit is broken then no
charge will move through that path, but other paths will continue to
have charges flow through them.
Resistor in Parallel – The reciprocal of the total
resistance (effective resistance of resultant
resistance) is equal to the sum of the reciprocal of
individual resistance.
Current in Parallel Circuit – A parallel circuit has
more than one path for the current to flow. The total
current is equal to the sum of the sub-currents.
IT = I1 + I2 + I3
+ … In
Voltage in Parallel Circuit – Components in a
parallel circuit share the same voltage.
V1 = V 2 = V 3 = V 4
= .... Vn
A 3-ohm resistor and a 6-ohm resistor are connected in series across a DC supply. If the
voltage drop across the 3-ohm resistor is 4V, what is the voltage of the supply?
A 100 V battery is connected across a resistor and causes a current of 5 mA to flow.
Determine the resistance of the resistor. If the voltage is now reduced to 25 V, what will
be the new value of the current flowing?
A 12 V source in series with a resistive load R carries a current of 60 mA. If a resistor Rx
is added in series with the source and load, find Rx so that the voltage across it is 8V.
NODE, BRANCHES AND LOOPS
Since the elements of an electric circuit can be
interconnected in several ways, there are basic
terms and concepts of network topology to be
understood. To differentiate between a circuit and a
network, we may regard a
Network as an interconnection of elements or
devices
whereas a Circuit is a network providing one or
more closed paths
A branch represents
a single element
BRANCH such as a voltage
source or a resistor.
In other words, a
branch represents
any two terminal
element. The circuit
has five branches,
namely, the 10-V
voltage source, the
2-A current source,
and the three
resistors
A node is the point of
connection between two
or more branches.
NODE A node is usually
indicated by a dot in a
circuit. If a short circuit (a
connecting wire) connects
two nodes, the two nodes
constitute a single node.
The circuit in the figure
has three nodes a, b, and
c. The three points that
form node b are
connected by perfectly
conducting wires and
therefore constitute a
single point. The same is
true of the four points
forming node c.
NODE
A loop is any closed
path in a circuit.
A loop is a closed path
formed by starting at a
node, passing through a
set of nodes, and
returning to the starting
node without passing
through any node more
than once. A loop is said
to be independent if it
contains a branch which
is not in any other loop.
Independent loops or
paths result in
LOOP independent sets
equations. For example,
of
the closed path bcb
contains 3-Ω resistor and
a 2A current source.
OHM’S LAW
In 1828, George Simon Ohm, a German physicist,
derived a relationship between electric current and
potential difference. This relationship is known as
Ohm’s law. As a result of his pioneering work, the
term Ohm was adopted as the unit of electrical
resistance.
Ohm’s law states that “the current flowing through
a conductor is directly proportional to the potential
difference applied across its ends, provided the
temperature and other physical conditions remain
unchanged.” The resistance, measured in ohms, is
the constant of proportionality between the voltage
and current.
EXAMPLE
1.A 100 V battery is connected across a
resistor and causes a current of 5 mA to flow.
Determine the resistance of the resistor. If
the voltage is now reduced to 25 V, what will
be the new value of the current flowing?
2.Determine the voltage which must be
applied to a 2 kΩ resistor in order that a
current of 10 mA may flow.
SOLUTI
ON:
SERIES – PARALLEL COMBINATION CIRCUIT
A series-parallel circuit is a combinational circuit
which when simplified will result into a series circuit.
PARALLEL – SERIES COMBINATION CIRCUIT
A parallel-series circuit is a combinational circuit
which when simplified will result into a parallel circuit.
EXAMPLE
1. A 3-ohm resistor and a 6-ohm resistor are
connected in series across a DC supply. If the
voltage drop across the 3-ohm resistor is 4V, what
is the voltage of the supply?
2. A 5-ohm resistance is connected in parallel with a
10-ohm resistance. What is the equivalent
resistance?
3. Two resistance of 10 and 15 ohms each
respectively are connected in parallel. The two are
SOLUTI
ON:
EXAMPLE
1. A load of 10-ohms was connected to a 12-volt battery.
The current drawn was 1.18 amperes. What is the
internal resistance of the battery?
2. Three resistors R1, R2 and R3 are connected in parallel
and take a total current of 7.9A from a dc source. The
current through R1 is half of that through R2. If R3 is
36-ohms and takes 2.5A, determine the values of R1
and R2.
3. Two resistance of 10 and 15 ohms each respectively
are connected in series. The two are then connected
WYE DELTA TRANSFORMATION
Situations often arise in circuit
analysis when the resistors are
neither in parallel nor in series.
For example, consider the
bridge circuit shown. The
combination of branch R6 and
branch R5 is not series since a
node is between them. Also,
combination of branch R1
through R6 are neither in
series nor in parallel.
Many circuits of the type can be simplified by using three-terminal
equivalent networks. These are the wye (Y) or tee (T) network
shown figure (a) and the delta (Δ) or pi (π) network shown in figure
(b). These networks occur by themselves or as part of a larger
network. They are used in three-phase networks, electrical filters,
and matching networks.
DELTA TO WYE CONVERSION
Considering the network below, each resistor in the Y network is the
product of the resistors in the two adjacent Δ branches, divided by the
sum of the three Δ resistors.
WYE TO DELTA CONVERSION
The circuit below shows that each resistor in the Δ network is the sum
of all possible products of Y resistors taken two at a time, divided by
the opposite Y resistor.
EXAMPLE
1. A circuit consisting of three resistors rated 10 ohms, 15 ohms
and 20 ohms are connected in delta. What would be the
resistance of the equivalent wye connected load?
2. A circuit consisting of three resistors rated 10 ohms, 15 ohms
and 20 ohms are connected in wye. What would be the
resistance of the equivalent delta connected load?
3. A 5Ω resistance is connected in parallel with 10Ω resistance.
Another set, a 6Ω and 8Ω resistances are also connected in
parallel. Two sets are connected in series. What is the
equivalent resistance?
A circuit consisting of three resistors rated 10 ohms, 15 ohms
and 20 ohms are connected in wye. What would be the
resistance of the equivalent delta connected load?
SOLUTI
ON:
THANK YOU!
