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Classification of pp
a) conventional - based on fossil fuels. Eg. Steam engine, diesel engine, hydro, gas, nuclear etc.
b) non conventional based on solid waste, wind, solar Eg. Bio gas, Wind , Solar etc.
The connection of wind turbine to the grid is possible at LV, MV, HV, EHV system.
For modern wind turbine system, each turbine has its own transformer to raise voltage from the voltage level of wing turbine (400 or 690 V) to the medium voltage (11kV or 22kV or 33kV).
The transformer is normally located close to the wind turbine to avoid LV cables. The MV system could be connected as a radiated feeder or as a ring feeder.
Pitch control
a
PEC may allow both the direction of power flow & can interface b/w the load/generator and grid. Two types of PEC system: a) Grid commutated b)self commutated. Grid commutated are mainly thyristor converters, 6 or 12 or even more pulse. These produce harmonics so, harmonic filter is required. Also these are not
Role of PEC
Role of PEC
Self commutated are mainly PWM converters, where IGBT are mainly used. These can control both active & reactive power. That means the reactive power demand can be delivered by a PWM converter. The high frequency switching PWM converter may produce harmonics . These harmonics are in the range of some kHZ, so small size filter is required.
Contd
The frequency of grid determines the rotational speed of the IG, and thus of the rotor. The generator speed depends on the no. of pole pairs & the frequency of the grid. Power rating available/ used up to 2.3MW(Danish concept)
The scheme consists of a cage rotor IG almost operate at fixed speed (variation of 1-2%). The power can be limited aero dynamically by stall control, active stall control or by pitch control. Advantage: cheap, reliable (no synchronization device required) Disadvantage: not fast enough (within few msec) to control the active power
Contd
It is usually done by continuously switching capacitorbanks following the production variations(5-25 steps).
High starting current which require the soft starter (current limiter) implemented by thyristor contoller. The ss has a limited thermal capacity & it is short circuited by a contactor which carries the I FL when the connection to the grid has been completed. In addition it reduces the load on the gear box.
Wind turbine without power converter, but with aerodynamic power system control.
i) Pitch controlled The blades are turned out of the wind at higher wind speed. ii) Stall controlled (fixed pitch controlled)- At given wind speed ,the wind turbine motor starts to stall from the blade root and develop gradually across the whole blade length as WS increases. iii) Active stall controlled- When wind speed < rated wind speed optimize the power output by way of lookup table. When wind speed > rated wind speed, to keep the power output at rated level (power limiting mode).
IG Gear Box
Txr
Grid
Reactive Compensator
The generator is normally connected to the grid by a power electronic(PE) system. Decision on rating of PE system a) For synchronous generators & for induction generators with out rotor windings , a full rated PE system is connected between the stator of the generator & the grid, where the total power production must be fed through PE system.
Contd
b) For IGs with rotor windings, the stator of the generator is connected to the grid directly.Only the rotor of the generator is connected through PE system.This gives the advantage that only a part of power production is fed through PE converter.This means the nominal power of the converter system can be less than (normally 30%) the nominal power of the wind turbine. By controlling the active power of the converter, it is possible to vary the rotational speed of the generator & thus of the rotor of wind turbine.
Reactive Compensator
Contd
An extra resistance is added in the rotor, which can be controlled by PE.
The variation of rotor resistance produces a group of torque speed characteristics, known as dynamic slip control and gives typically a speed range of 2-5%.
At the same time an extra control freedom is obtained at higher wind speeds in order to keep the output power fixed. This system still needs a soft starter & reactive power compensation.
AC
DC Pref Qref
DC
AC
DC
AC Qref
Grid
Pitch
A back to back voltage source converts is used in order to achieve full control of the active & reactive power.
b)Synchronous generator with gearbox & full rated PEC System (System VII)
DC AC AC Gear Box Syn.
Pitch
Grid DC
DC Pref
AC Qref
Gen
The syn. Generator needs a small power converter for field excitation
c)Multipole synchronous generator w/o gearbox(System VIII) & full scale PEC
DC AC AC DC Pitch DC AC Pref Qref
Grid
Syn.
Gen
DC AC Qref
Pref
All 4 systems have the same controllable characteristics since the generator is decoupled from the grid by a dc link.
Contd
2)Variable speed WT generator more energy for a given wind speed ,especially at low wind speed. Moreover the active and reactive power can be easily controlled & there is less mechanical stress. 3)Direct drivers (gear less) are expensive because of the large & relatively heavy generator & power converter of full rated power.
The generators in the same AC system are synchronized, running at the same speed. Increasing electrical load in the system tends to slowdown generators & reduce the frequency. The task of frequency control of the system is to increase or reduce the generated power.
Ability of the grid to absorb disturbances is directly related to the short circuit power level. C) Reactive power control Reactive power concept is associated with the oscillations of energy stored in capacitive & inductive components in a power system. Reactive power is produced in capacitive components and consumed in inductive components.
The current associated with the reactive power flow causes system voltage drop & also power losses. The IG based wind turbines are the consumer of reactive power. To minimize the powers losses & to increase voltage stability. These wind turbines are compensated by VAR compensation panel to a level depending on the requirements of load utility.
D) Flicker(voltage flicker)
Voltage variations caused by fluctuating wind power generation may cause voltage quality problem. Fluctuations in the system voltage (rms value) may cause perceptible light flicker depending on the magnitude & frequency of the fluctuation. The allowable flicker limits are generally established by individual utility. Rapid variations in the power output from wind turbine, such as generators switching & capacitor switching can also result in variations in the rms values of the voltage.
E) Harmonics
Harmonics are a phenomenon associated with the distortion of the voltage & current waveform. All the harmonics cause increased currents & possible destructive over heating in capacitors as the impedance of capacitors goes down in proposition to the increase in frequency.
F) Stability
The problem of network stability is often associated with different types of faults in the network such as tripping of transmission lines (eg. Overload), loss of production capacity and short circuit.
Questions ?
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