READING RESOURCES
• Data Communications and Networking 6th Edition by Behrouz A. Forouzan
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LESSON OUTLINE
▪ Definitions
▪ Importance of Data Communications and Networking
▪ Disadvantages of Computer Networks
▪ Classification of Computer Networks
▪ Network Devices
▪ Reference Models
▪ Other Protocols and Terminologies
Definitions
▪ Data communication refers to the exchange of data between a source device (sender) and a
destination device (receiver) through a transmission media such as guided (uses physical
path or conducaZScdrfgvjnkmlcfk,tor to transmit the signals) and unguided (transmit the
signal through the air).
▪ A network is the interconnection of computers and devices as well as peripherals. The
interconnection is done through a transmission media so as to share network
resources/services
Definitions
▪ Data communication covers many more areas of electronic communication than computer networking.
This would include telephone communications, use of radar and other media such as fiber and satellite
▪ Computer networking concerns itself primarily with packet driven data and the idea of what a network is
and is composed of. It would not cover the areas that are not directly related to computers, such as
voice telephony (analog), telecommunications, PBX connections, cellular and personal communication
systems, radio systems, light systems, video conferencing, etc
Importance of Networking
▪ Directory services such as Accounting, Authorization and Authentication (AAA) and Domain Name
Service (DNS
▪ File services (file transfer/sharing)
▪ Communication services (email, social networking, internet chat, etc)
▪ Application services (web services, Databases, resource sharing such as printers, storage disk)
Disadvantages of Networking
▪ Cyber crime can be committed such as hacking, identity theft, DoS, scamming, etc.
▪ If any computer in a network gets affected by computer virus, there is high chance
of spreading computer viruses on the other computers
Classification of Computer Networks
Computer
Networks
Geographical
Architecture Interconnectivity
Span
Classification based on Geographical
Span
▪ Personal Area Network(Bluetooth Network)
▪ Local Area Network
▪ Metropolitan Area Network
▪ Wide Area Network
[Link]
Classification based on Geographical
Span
▪ Personal Area Network(Bluetooth Network)
▪ Usually consists of Bluetooth enabled devices
▪ Piconet
▪ Scatternet
[Link]
Classification based on Geographical
Span
▪ Local Area Network
▪ Connects computers in a room, building or between buildings
[Link]
Classification based on Geographical
Span
▪ Metropolitan Area Network
▪ Connects LANs together in a city.
▪ It involves the use of backbone links to bridge
several local area networks
[Link]
Classification based on Geographical
Span
▪ Wide Area Network
▪ It is a network that covers a wide area which may span across
regions or countries
▪ It also provides connectivity to LAN and MAN.
Telecommunication networks are Wide Area Networks
▪ The transmission media include : microwave, optical fiber,
satellite [Link]
Classification based on Architecture
▪ Peer-to-Peer network
▪ Client/Server network
▪ Hybrid network
[Link]
Classification based on Architecture
▪ Peer-to-Peer network
▪ All computers are equal. Each machine has resources that
can be shared with others
▪ It is good for small, inexpensive and simple networks
▪ Any device can and will send requests to any other.
[Link]
Classification based on Architecture
▪ Client/Server network
▪ In client/server network, some computers are designated as
centralized servers and provide services to a larger number
of computers called clients.
▪ The clients depend on the servers for resources sharing.
Example is a file server.
Classification based on Architecture
▪ Hybrid network
▪ It is a combination of peer-to-peer and client/server network.
[Link]
Classification based on
Interconnectivity
▪ Bus Topology
▪ Star Topology
▪ Ring Topology
▪ Mesh Topology
Classification based on
Interconnectivity
▪ Tree Topology
▪ Daisy Chain
▪ Hybrid Topology
▪ Point-to-Point
Classification based on
Interconnectivity
▪ Bus Topology
▪ Network nodes are connected to a common medium
▪ It uses the least amount of cabling and covers the shortest
distance
▪ Each computer shares the same data and address path
Classification based on
Interconnectivity
▪ Star Topology
▪ In star topology, each node is connected DIRECTLY to a
central network hub.
▪ Data on the star network passes through the hub before
continuing to its destination
Classification based on
Interconnectivity
▪ Ring Topology
▪ Each node connects to two other computers, thereby
forming a ring.
▪ All data is transmitted between nodes in the network in a
unidirectional path
Classification based on
Interconnectivity
▪ Mesh Topology
▪ Each node is connected to every other nodes on the network
▪ There are two categories of mesh topology: full mesh and partial mesh
▪ Full mesh: each computer is directly connected to every other computer
▪ Partial mesh: not all nodes are directly connected to every other nodes.
Reliability is provided to some nodes .
Classification based on
Interconnectivity
▪ Mesh Topology
▪ If there are N computers, there will be (N × (N–1)) ÷ 2 cables in the network.
▪ For example, if you have five computers in a mesh network, it will use 5 × (5 – 1) ÷ 2, which
equals 10 cables. This complexity is compounded when you add another workstation.
Classification based on
Interconnectivity
▪ Tree Topology
▪ It is a combination of the features of bus and star topologies
▪ It consists of group of star configured nodes connected to a
linear bus back bone cable
▪ It is also called hierarchical topology
Classification based on
Interconnectivity
▪ Daisy Chain Topology
▪ This topology connects all the nodes in a linear fashion
▪ It is similar to ring topology where each computer is
connected to two nodes except the last end nodes
Classification based on
Interconnectivity
▪ Hybrid Topology
▪ It is a topology with its design more than two
topologies.
▪ The combining topologies could have attributes of
Star, Ring, Bus and Daisy chain topology
▪ Internet is the best example of largest Hybrid
topology
Classification based on
Interconnectivity
▪ Point-to-Point Topology
▪ Point-to-Point topology contains exactly two nodes such as computer, switch, router or server
connected back to back using a cable.
[Link]
Network Devices
▪ Network Interface Card (NIC)
▪ Repeater
▪ Hub
▪ Switch
▪ Bridge
▪ Router
Network Devices
▪ Network Interface Card (NIC)
▪ It allows a computer to connect to the network
▪ It provides the physical, electrical, and electronic connections
to the network media.
▪ It comes in the form of an expansion card or it is built into the
mother board of a computer
▪ It prepares data, sends data, and controls the flow of data.
▪ It also receives and translates data into bytes for the CPU to
understand
Network Devices
▪ Hub
▪ A hub works at Layer 1
▪ Connects multiple devices so that they are logically all on one LAN
▪ The physical connection point on a network device—a hub, switch, or router
is called an interface or a port.
[Link]
▪ A hub has no intelligence. It sends all data received on any port to all the other
▪ ports.
▪ devices connected through a hub receive everything that the other devices send,
[Link]
whether or not it was meant for them. This process called broadcasting.
Network Devices
▪ Repeater
▪ A repeater operates at the physical layer. Its job is to
regenerate the signal over the same network before
the signal becomes too weak or corrupted so as to
extend the length to which the signal can be
transmitted over the same network.
[Link]
Network Devices
▪ Switch
▪ It operates at Layer 2
▪ It has some intelligence—it sends data to a port only if the data needs to go there.
▪ A device connected to a switch port does not receive any of the information
addressed to devices on other ports.
Network Devices
▪ Switch
▪ The traffic received by a device connected to a
switch is reduced because only frames
[Link]
network-switch
addressed to that specific device are forwarded
to the port that it is connected to
▪ Uses source and destination MAC addresses to
[Link]
keep track of devices
Network Devices
▪ Bridge
▪ It connects two similar network segments together.
▪ It keeps traffic separated on both sides of the bridge
▪ We can use a bridge to divide a LAN with 200 people into two groups of 100
people
▪ It can’t connect dissimilar network types or perform intelligent path selection .
Network Devices
▪ Bridge
Network Devices
▪ Router
▪ It is a Layer 3 device(Network layer of the OSI Model)
▪ It has much more intelligence than a hub or switch.
▪ It allows devices on different LANs to communicate with each other and
with distant devices—for example, those connected through the Internet
or through a WAN using an IP address
Network Devices
▪ Router
▪ It block broadcasts (destined for all
networks) and multicasts by default
[Link]
▪ It forwards only unicast packets
(destined for a specific device) and
packets of a special type called
directed broadcasts
[Link]
Network Devices
▪ Router
▪ It block broadcasts (destined for all
networks) and multicasts by default
[Link]
▪ It forwards only unicast packets
(destined for a specific device) and
packets of a special type called
directed broadcasts
[Link]
The Router
Reference Models
Network
Reference
Models
TCP/IP
OSI Model
Model
Protocol Architectures
TCP/IP MODEL
[Link]
TCP/IP MODEL
▪ APPLICATION LAYER
▪ Provides applications with standardized data exchange.
▪ Its protocols include the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP),
Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP).
▪ TRANSPORT LAYER
▪ Responsible for maintaining end-to-end communications across the
network.
▪ Handles communications between hosts and provides flow control, multiplexing and reliability.
▪ Facilitates the communicating hosts to carry on a conversation.
▪ Accepts data from application layer and prepare it for addressing at
network layer. The transport protocols include TCP and User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
TCP/IP MODEL
▪ NETWORK LAYER
▪ Deals with packets and connects independent networks to transport the packets across network
boundaries.
▪ Responsible for logical transmission of data packets over the internet.
▪ Transmits data packets to the link layer.
▪ It routes each of the data packets independently from the source to the destination, using the optimal
route.
▪ The network layer protocols are the IP and the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), which is
used for error reporting.
TCP/IP MODEL
▪ LINK LAYER
▪ It handles the exchange of data into and out of a physical link in a network.
▪ Data bits are encoded, decoded and organized in the data link layer, before they are transported as
frames between two adjacent nodes on the same LAN or WAN.
▪ The data link protocol is responsible for ensuring that the bits and bytes received are identical to the bits and
bytes sent.
▪ The protocols in this layer include Ethernet for local area networks (LANs) and token Ring.
TCP/IP MODEL
TCP/IP PROTOCOLS
▪ ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) – used to convert an IP address to a MAC
address.
▪ IP (Internet Protocol) – used to deliver packets from the source host to the
destination host based on the IP addresses.
▪ ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) – used to detects and reports network
error conditions. Used in ping.
▪ TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) – a connection-oriented protocol that enables
reliable data transfer between two computers.
TCP/IP MODEL
TCP/IP PROTOCOLS
▪ UDP (User Datagram Protocol) – a connectionless protocol for data transfer. Since
a session is not created before the data transfer, there is no guarantee of data delivery
▪ FTP (File Transfer Protocol) – used for file transfers from one host to another.
▪ Telnet (Telecommunications Network) – used to connect and issue commands on a remote computer.
▪ DNS (Domain Name System) – used for host names to the IP address resolution.
▪ HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) – used to transfer files (text, graphic images,
sound, video, and other multimedia files) on the World Wide Web.
OSI MODEL
[Link]
Protocol Architectures
QUESTIONS
1. Identify the five components of a data communications system
2. State two advantages and disadvantages of computer networking?
3. For n devices in a network, what is the number of cable links required for a mesh topology?
4. Mention the three main classifications of computer networks ?
5. State the full meaning of the following abbreviations?
i. LAN
ii. WAN
iii. PAN
iv. MAN
QUESTIONS
6. State one function of each of the following network devices
i. Hub
ii. Switch
iii. Router
iv. Bridge
7. What is the main difference between the TCP/IP and the OSI reference models
8. What do the following abbreviations mean?
v. FTP
vi. UDP
vii. DNS
viii. HTTP
ix. ICMP
x. IP
