INCINERATION TECHNOLOGY

B.Sravanthi FST/2010-003

Introduction

Incineration is controlled burning technique at temperatures over 850oC in the presence of air to ensure the destruction of pathogens (e.g. fungi, bacteria and viruses) and hazardous pollutants (e.g. volatile organics) It is an effective technology widely used in waste treatment which can reduce the volume of municipal solid waste (MSW) by 90%. heat generated from waste incineration is recovered and used as an energy source.

Incineration requires proper process control and pollution abatement and gas cleaning systems (e.g. fabric filters, and activated carbon powder) to avoid the emission of pollutants such as acid gases, oxides of nitrogen, dioxins, heavy metals and mercury. The first incinerator for waste disposal was built in Nottingham by manlove.alliott&co.ltd in 1874.

 Solid Waste Incinerator : The Solid waste incinerator is typically a static dual dual chambered furnace. The primary chamber is operated under 'Starved Air' condition with the secondary chamber operated under ' Excess Air' & high residence time conditon to achieve complete combustion. 1] Large volume waste can be handled. 2] Controlled combustion due to "Starved Air" condition. 3] reduction of volume. 4] Handles any type of soild waste.

Application : 1] Municipal solid waste.

2] Infectious / bio-medical waste. 3] Garbage, trash, paper, cloth etc. 4] Semi-solid, viscous organic & incorganic waste. 5] Contaminated debris etc

Liquid Injection
The chemical industries generate liquid wastes that contain toxic organics. wastes from the agricultural and pharmaceutical plants may contain compounds such as chlorinated benzenes, vinyl chloride, toluene, phosphorous, and naphthalene. liquid injection incinerators are used to destroy these liquid wastes. The liquids are atomized through nozzles, exposed to high temperature fuel burner flames, vaporized, superheated, and when combined with air attain temperature levels from 1,800 to 3,000F. Residence time in the chamber is based on the flow volume of these combined products of combustion This time may vary from 0.5 seconds up to 2.5 seconds

The toxic organic components of the liquid waste are oxidized to carbon dioxide, water vapor, oxygen, nitrogen, and acid gases.

Waste water treatment technology in brewing (ing j vojit,M Hartl,G Majan)

Incineration process: To design the incinerators it is necessary to study the behavior properties of different residual materials. Spent grains, cultures mediums are the waste generated from the brewry First raw materials are dewatered up to 38%dry matter. Incineration process is carried out in 3 steps. Boiler was started to warm up the plant& at this stage plant reaches the firing point. Controlled air is supplied for proper burning

TYPES OF INCINERATORS: Fixed bed incinerator Rotary kiln Moving bed

Fixed bed :

Fixed-hearth incinerators are used extensively for medical and municipal waste incineration Oldest & simplest kind of incinerator.. Incombustible solid matter is called clinkers. Calorific value of waste is 1-45MJ/Kg.

Rotary kiln: For municipalities &large industries. It consists of 2 chambers primary chamber secondary chamber In primary chamber solid waste is volatized, The unburned volatiles enter the secondary combustion chamber (SCC) along with the hot products where additional oxygen is introduced and ignitable liquid wastes or fuel can be burned. second chamber is necessary to complete the gas phase combustion.
Moving bed: Also called as municipal solid waste incinerators This is use for the municipal waste combustion Capacity of a single moving bed boiler is 35MTof waste/hr.

Rotary kiln

 Waste is introduced into throat& it is moves down to ash pit where waste is converted to ash, flue gas. Combustion air is supplied in to the boiler at high speed through the nozzle for the complete combustion of flue gases. Flue gases reach at a temperature of 850oc for 2 sec. for proper break down of toxic substances. Flue gases are cooled by supraheaters where heat is transformed to steam. Small incinerator: Low capacity, mobile incinerator.

 These are aimed for hygineical distruction of medical waste in developing countries Used for distruction of diseased animals

Specialized incinerators: Used in furniture& sawdust industries.

The major pollution from incineration

a. Acid gases acid gases are formed from sulphides and chlorides within the raw waste stream. Acid gases pose no direct health risk but are respiratory irritants that should be controlled. The air emission control system includes an acid gas control system where a lime-solution is used to neutralize the acid gases. b. Oxides of nitrogen oxides of nitrogen (NOX) are formed by all combustion processes. While they do not pose a direct health risk, they are respiratory irritants which should be controlled. A computer-based system optimizes combustion temperatures to minimise NOX generation, and a selective catalytic reduction system converts most of the NOX into elemental nitrogen.

c. Dioxins dioxins are generated by all combustion sources, both man-made and natural. They are highly toxic and must be properly controlled to minimise the emissions. The flue gas resulting from the combustion process is raised to a temperature of 850 oC for at least 2 seconds in the combustion chamber so that the dioxins generated from the incineration of MSW will be completely destroyed.
However, dioxins may reform in the energy recovery system in trace quantity when the temperature drops to the range of 400 oC to 200 oC. To minimize this dioxin reformation, the flue gas is cooled down quickly to below 200 oC. Dioxins, if reformed in the energy recovery system, are adsorbed onto a powdered activated carbon (PAC) injection system which operates inparallel with the alarm warning system to capture any dioxins reformed.

 Heavy metals the raw waste stream contains heavy metals in small amount. The high combustion temperature tends to volatilise the more volatile heavy metals within the combustion chamber. The heavy metals are then cooled within the heat recovery system, and are condensed onto the fly ash particles and removed with the fly ash Mercury mercury exists in the waste stream in small amount and is volatilized inside the combustion chamber. While other volatilized heavy metals condense onto the fly ash particles, mercury stays in the gaseous state. Mercury is absorbed by the PAC, .

Odours odours, usually generated in waste handling areas, are controlled by drawing air from the raw waste handling areas into the combustion chamber so that the odorous gases are destroyed during combustion. back-up odors control system such as chemisorption filter are used Fly ash - The inert fraction of the mixed waste is unchanged by the incineration process. Over 95% of it is quite heavy and exits the combustion chamber at the bottom, and hence is known as bottom ash. The remaining lighter dust-like inert materials exit the combustion chamber and enter the heat recovery system with the exhaust gases as flyash.

Flue gas cleaning: Flue gas is a mixture of particulate matter, heavy metals, sulfur dioxide and Hcl. Large particles present in the flue gas is collected by particle filtration by electrostatic filters. Fine particles are collected by bag house filters. Removal of so2: So2 is eliminated by reacting with lime , gypsum is produced. So2 also removed by drysulfurication by injecting lime slurry. Removal of NOX : Catalytic reduction of gases with ammonia 0r at high temperature non catalytic

Acids& heavy metals: acid gas scrubbers are used to remove nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, hg, pb. Heavy metals are adsorbed on active carbon powder which is collected by particle filtration. Odor pollution is a problem with old incinerators Transport of waste to the incinerators creates traffic& pollution problems.

Advantages of incineration
Minimum of land is needed compared to the dimensions of waste disposal sites. The weight of the waste is reduced to 25% of the initial value. The waste volume is reduced to almost 10% of the initial value. The flue gas, which is containing heavy metals and other harmful substances after the incineration process, is cleaned and emitted through the stack in environmentally friendly form. If waste is dumped in untreated form, underground water can be poisoned and different gases are developing which can harm our environment very badly as they support the greenhouse effect.

Contd
Incineration plants can be located close to residential areas,
which are the centres of the production of waste, and this helps to reduce the volume of traffic, pollution, noise and of course the costs for the waste transportation.

By using the ashes for environmentally appropriate

construction, low costs are provided and furthermore the need for landfill capacity is reduced. The incineration of waste provides two possibilities of using the produced energy:

Secondly current can be generated by means of steam turbines. The produced residues, ash and slag as well as the developed flue gases, are odour-free compared to the partly offensive smells caused by dumps. Disadvantages of incineration The air pollution controls required in incineration plants are extremely expensive. Very often up to one half of the costs of a plant are due to air pollution control facilities. As the laws can change and maybe require updates in the air pollution controls this could lead to much higher costs in the future.

Energy, produced by means of waste incineration is not likely to be practical for small communities. Therefore incineration plants have be situated in areas where the district heating network can easily be connected to very many households.

The extremely high technical standards of the plants require skilled workers, which leads to the facts that rather high wages have to be paid.

 The residues from the flue gas cleaning can contaminate the environment if they arent handled appropriately and therefore they must be disposed of in controlled and well operated landfill to prevent groundwater- and surface pollution.

Incinerators in developing countries will cut out viable work for local economies. 1million people are depend on the collection of waste.

 CONCLUSION:
Every technology has its pros and corns. It is best suited when volume of waste is decreased, but the cost of equipment is high, if cant use properly

REFERENCES
American Society of Mechanical Engineers. (1984). Hazardous Waste Incineration: What Engineering Experts Say, Vol. 32. New York. Hickmann, H. Lanier, Jr. (2003). American alchemy: the history of solid waste management in the United States. ForesterPress.ISBN 9780970768728. http://books.google.co m/?id=gEfuG590qNoC. hemelis, Nickolas J. (July/August 2008). "WTERT Award nominees Acknowledging major contributors to global waste-to-energy developments".Waste Management World 9 (4). http://www.waste-managementworld.com/display_article/339835/123/ARCHI/none/none Ing j vojit, M Hartl,G Majan (2009) waste recycling concepts in the brewing and food industry Knox, Andrew 2005, an overview of incineration and EW technology as applied to the management of muicipal waste

Oppelt, E.T. (1987). "Incineration of Hazardous WasteA Critical Review." Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association 37(5):558586. Santoleri, J.J. (1985). "Design and Operating Problems of Hazardous Waste Incinerators." Environmental Progress 4(4):246251. Themelis, Nickolas J. (July/August 2008). "WTERT Award nominees Acknowledging major contributors to global waste-to-energy developments".Waste Management World 9 (4). http://www.waste-managementworld.com/display_article/339835/123/ARCHI/none/none/ www.sp.dianet.or.jp

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