GLASS

 Glass is the transparent solid that we see around us on a

regular basis.
 Its structure is amorphous.
 Glass is a hard material normally fragile and transparent
common in our daily life.
 Raw materials
Making glass requires the correct recipe for a
perfect result. Glass starts its life as a range of
raw materials combined in a very specific ratio.
 sand
 soda ash
 limestone and
 other ingredients, such as iron and carbon
which provide colour.
 Composition of glass

To lower Melting point

Cullet : Broken Glass which is added and Decolorizers.

 Pigments can be added for colored glass.
 For Tinted Glass :
 Grey - Oxides of Nickel or Cobalt
 Bronze - Oxide of Selenium
 Blue - Oxides of Cobalt
 Green - Oxides of Iron
Manufacture of glass
 Collection of raw materials – minerals,cullet, decolorizer
 Mixing of material and forming a batch
 Melting in the furnace
 Fabrication – blowing, casting, rolling, spinning
 Annealing
 MANUFACTURING OF
GLASS
Raw Materials
Batching

Melting
Fabrication
Annealing
1. Silica is the main constituent of glass.
2. But it is to be added with sodium potassium carbonate to
bring down melting point.
3. To make it durable lime or lead oxide is also added.
4. Manganese oxide is added to nullify the adverse effects
of unwanted iron present in the impure silica.
5. The raw materials are ground and sieved. They are mixed
in specific proportion, cullet and decolorizers are added
and melted in furnace.
6. Then glass items are manufactured by blowing, flat
drawing and rolling.
 Melting
 The batch is continuously fed into the furnace,
which is the beginning of what is known in the glass
industry as the "hot end". And hot it is indeed: the
temperature of a furnace is approximately 1 500° C.
Operating 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, it is no
surprise that a furnace has a limited lifespan, lasting
between 8 to 10 years, before requiring a rebuild.
 It takes some 24 hours for a batch of raw materials
to be converted into molten glass. Red-hot liquid
glass is continuously drawn from the furnace
through a submerged throat.
 From the furnace, the molten glass makes its way
to the refiner area, where it is cooled to
approximately 1 200° C. Maintaining the correct
temperature is extremely important, not just to keep
the flow of the molten glass correct, but also
because it influences the quality of the end product.
 From the refiner, the forehearths deliver glass to the
individual bottle-making machines.
Glass Manufacturing
 The raw materials (silica sand, calcium, oxide, soda and magnesium) are properly
weighted and mixed and then introduced into a furnace where they are melted at
1500°C.
 The molten glass then flows from the glass furnace into a bath of molten tin in a
continuous ribbon. The glass, which is highly viscous, and the tin, which is very
fluid, do not mix and the contact surface between these two materials is perfectly
flat.
 When it leaves the bath of molten tin the glass has cooled down sufficiently to pass
to an annealing chamber called a lehr.
 Here it is cooled at controlled temperatures, until it is essentially at room
temperature.
LEFT REGENERATOR

ANNEALING LEHR

TO CUTTING
& PACKING

FURNACE REFINER METAL BATH

RIGHT REGENERATOR
 Manufacturing Process
1. The process that originally
produced only 6mm thick
glasses, currently produces
glasses that vary between 1.8
and 19 mm.
2. The raw material are mixed
with precision and melted in
the furnace. The molten glass,
at about 1600°C, is
continuously poured in a tank
of liquefied tin, chemically
controlled.
3. It floats in tin, spreading
equally. The thickness is
controlled by the speed of the
glass plate that solidifies as it
continuous advancing.
4. After the toughening
(controlled cooling), the
process ends with the glass
presenting polished and
parallel surfaces.
FABRICATION
PROCESS OF GIVING DESIRED shape to the molten glass

 BLOWING – one end of the blow pipe is dipped

in the molten glass and a lump is taken out. Lump
will get lengthened due to its own weight. Blowing
causes molten mass to take the shape of a cylinder.
It is again heated and blown again till the cylinder
of required size is formed. Crown Glass is
Prepared by this method.

 Drawing – an iron bar is dipped in molten glass and drawn

sideways, it catches a sheet of molten glass. This sheet is
then passed through rotating rollers and thin sheets of glass
are obtained.
FABRICATION

 ROLLING – molten mass is poured on a flat iron casting

table and it is then turned flat.
 SPINNING – molten mass of glass is spun at a very high
speed. The glass obtained is of very high class, very soft and
flexible.
ANNEALING
 Gradual cooling of the fabricated glass.
 If glass is allowed to cool rapidly, outer layers of glass will
cool down first and glass being bad conductor of heat,
interior portions remain hot which results in a state of strain.
Such glass will shatter into pieces under slight shock.
 Annealed glass

• Annealed glass is the basic flat

glass product that is the first result
of the float process.
• It is common glass that tends to
break into large, jagged shards.
• It is used in some end products and
often in double-glazed windows.
• It is also the starting material used
to produce more advanced products
through further processing such as
laminating, toughening, coating,
etc.
TYPES OF GLASS

 Toughened glass Based on Composition :

 Laminated glass Soda-lime glass

 Coated glass Potash lime glass

 Mirrored glass Potash lead glass

 Patterned glass Common glass and

 Extra clear glass .

Soda-lime glass
 Also called soda glass
 Sodium silicate + calcium silicate
 Soft glass
 Used in manufacture of laboratory apparatus – glass tubes
etc.
 Cheap
 Easily fusible at low temperature
Potash lime glass
• Potassium silicate + calcium silicate
• Hard glass
• Manufacture of articles which have to withstand very high
temperatures like combustion tubes
• Does not melt easily
Potash lead glass
• Lead silicate + calcium silicate
• Flint glass / very high class glass
• Electric bulbs etc.
• Possess very high refractive power
• fuses easily
COMMON GLASS
• Sodium silicate + calcium silicate + iron silicate
• Manufacture of medicine bottles
• Always a colored glass
• Fuses with difficulty
Sheet glass
 It is made by blowing molten glass into a large hollow
cylinder. The cylinder is then split longitudinally and then
flattened over a plane disc. This glass is used for ordinary
purposes.
Plate glass
 this glass is made by pouring hot glass on casting table and
then levelling the material to a uniform thickness by means of
rollers.
 This glass is stronger then sheet glass.
 It is used for looking glass, large paned glass,
glazing of shop fronts, windscreens of vehicles.
Float Glass
 The float glass is a transparent, colorless or colored glass,
with uniform thickness and homogeneous mass. It is the
ideal glass for application that demand perfect visibility, as it
does not present optical distortion and has high light
transmission.
It constitutes the raw material for the processing of all the
other flat glasses, being applied to different segments and it
can be: laminated, tempered glass, curved, screen-printed
glass and used in double glazing. It is used in automotive
industry, of household appliances, civil construction, furniture
and decoration.
Wired glass
 Wired glass is a glass in which wire mesh has been
incorporated during (rolling) its production. Wired float glass
is formulated for fire protection performance. In case of fire,
the glass cracks but broken pieces tend to remain in the
sash for a short time, rather than fall out, restricting the
spread of flame and smoke for sometime. It is one of the
most cost-effective glazing materials when a nominal fire
protection is required in windows, doors and partitions.
 uses – fire resisting doors and windows
Frosted glass
 Frosted glass is glass which has been rendered opaque through a process which
roughens or obscures the clear surface of the glass. There are numerous applications
for frosted glass in both homes and businesses. Commercially produced frosted glass
is usually frosted with acid etching or sandblasting. Acid etching is used to make
frosted glass with a pattern. Patterned glass sometimes appears in ornamental
windows, as well as in glasses, mirrors, vases, and other glassware around the
house. The pattern can be simple or extensive, and it may include floral or geometric
elements. Sandblasting is used to frost an entire sheet of glass, for installation in
places like bathrooms and other areas where people might want privacy.
 A sheet of frosted glass is an excellent privacy aid because it admits light without
allowing people to see through it. In medical offices and bathrooms, the use of a
curtain or blinds would make a room gloomy and unpleasant to be in. Frosted glass,
on the other hand, keeps a room light and friendly while still allowing people to be
comfortable. People may also use frosted glass for privacy in entryways in urban
areas, so that passerby cannot see into a home
Etched glass
 It is a glass worked with jets of sand grains that mechanically
attack the glass, transforming it in translucent and slightly
rough.
 It is used in furniture and decoration.
 Acid etched glass - They are glasses treated with acid and
with whitish appearance.
It offers several aesthetic options for architect and
decorators, as they combine lightness of the glass with the
subtlety of translucence, giving a touch of nobility to the
design of furniture and to the decoration of the most diverse
environments.
Coated glass
 Surface coatings can be applied to glass to modify its appearance
and give it many of the advanced characteristics and functions
available in today's flat glass products, such as low maintenance,
special reflection/transmission/absorption properties, scratch
resistance, corrosion resistance, etc.
 Coatings are usually applied by controlled exposure of the glass
surface to vapours, which bind to the glass forming a permanent
coating. The coating process can be applied while the glass is still
in the float line with the glass still warm, producing what is known
as "hard-coated" glass.
 Alternatively, in the "off-line" or "vacuum" coating process, the
vapour is applied to the cold glass surface in a vacuum vessel.
Patterned glass
 Patterned glass is flat glass whose surfaces display a regular
pattern. The most common method for producing patterned
glass is to pass heated glass (usually just after it exits the
furnace where it is made) between rollers whose surfaces
contain the negative relief of the desired pattern(s).
 Patterned glass is mostly used in internal decoration and
internal architecture. Today, it is typically used for functional
reasons, where light but not transparency is desired, and the
patterns are accordingly subtle. However, it has also at times
been fashionable as a design feature in itself, in such cases
often displaying more prominent patterns.
Safety glass
 It is produced from the float glass, aiming to reduce the risks
in case of accident and accidental break. The safety glasses
are defined by ABNT as “those that, when broken, produce
fragments less susceptible to cause serious injuries”. It can
be:
 Tempered and
 laminated
Tempered glass
The tempered glass is a float glass that receives a thermal
treatment (it is heated and cooled quickly), which makes it
more rigid and resistant to breakage. If it breaks it produces
tips and edges less cutting, and it fragments in small round
pieces
Toughened glass
 Toughened glass is treated to be far more resistant to breakage than simple annealed glass and to
break in a more predictable way when it does break, thus providing a major safety advantage in
almost all of its applications.
 Toughened glass is made from annealed glass treated with a thermal tempering process. A sheet
of annealed glass is heated to above its "annealing point" of 600°C; its surfaces are then rapidly
cooled while the inner portion of the glass remains hotter. The different cooling rates between the
surface and the inside of the glass produces different physical properties, resulting in compressive
stresses in the surface balanced by tensile stresses in the body of the glass.
These counteracting stresses give toughened glass its increased mechanical resistance to
breakage, and are also, when it does break, what cause it to produce small, regular, typically
square fragments rather than long, dangerous shards that are far more likely to lead to injuries.
Toughened glass also has an increased resistance to breakage as a result of stresses caused by
different temperatures within a pane.
 Toughened glass has extremely broad applications in products for both buildings and, automobiles
and transport, as well as in other areas. Car windshields and windows, glass portions of building
facades, glass sliding doors and partitions in houses and offices, glass furniture such as table
tops, and many other products typically use toughened glass. Products made from toughened
glass often also incorpor
Laminated Glass
1. The laminated glass is composed by two glass plates intercalated by a
plastic skin of great resistance (PVB - polyvinyl butyral).
2. The laminated glass is the appropriate product for several applications,
as cover, facades, balconies, guardrail, doors, windows, partitions,
showcase, floorings and others, as in case it breaks, the shards are
kept in the PVB skin, avoiding injuries and keeping the area closed until
the glass replacement is done.
3. Besides that, the laminated glass has other benefits, as the reduction
of external noise entrance (when compared to the common glasses)
and the protection against UV (Ultraviolet) rays, as the PVB stops
99.6% of the solar UV (Ultraviolet) rays, protecting the people from
damage caused by this type of ray, avoiding the fading and aging of the
furniture, curtains, carpets and other objects.
Laminated glass
 Laminated glass is made of two or more layers of glass with one or more "interlayers" of
polymeric material bonded between the glass layers.
 Laminated glass is produced using one of two methods:
 Poly Vinyl Butyral (PVB) laminated glass is produced using heat and pressure to sandwich a thin
layer of PVB between layers of glass. On occasion, other polymers such as Ethyl Vinyl Acetate
(EVA) or Polyurethane (PU) are used. This is the most common method.
 For special applications, Cast in Place (CIP) laminated glass is made by pouring a resin into the
space between two sheets of glass that are held parallel and very close to each other.
 Laminated glass offers many advantages. Safety and security are the best known of these, so
rather than shattering on impact, laminated glass is held together by the interlayer. This reduces
the safety hazard associated with shattered glass fragments, as well as, to some degree, the
security risks associated with easy penetration. But the interlayer also provides a way to apply
several other technologies and benefits, such as colouring, sound dampening, resistance to fire,
ultraviolet filtering and other technologies that can be embedded in or with the interlayer.
 Laminated glass is used extensively in building and housing products and in the
automotive and transport industries. Most building facades and most car windscreens, for
example, are made with laminated glass.
Acoustic glass
 Have you ever imagine •Acoustic laminated glass
being in a noisy avenue It is a glass laminated with a special PVB (acoustic)
and because of this it works as an excellent acoustic
and when closing the insulator. It is an innovative product that ensures a
window there is no more powerful protection against noises.
noise? This can be possible •Double glass or insulated
with the acoustic glasses It is the set of two glasses separated by an air or gas
that impede the noise from layer, conferring a reduction in the sound propagation,
in the entrance of heat and endless decorative
passing from one combinations. Largely used in buildings of European
environment to the other. countries the double glass is present in our daily life, as
This sound comfort can be for instance, in freezers and refrigerators doors (with
obtained through two the thermal insulation function). The double glazing can
solutions: acoustic be composed by any type of glass, improving the
thermal and acoustic performance. Besides that, it can
laminated glass and the be equipped with internal blinds that give the set a
double glass (or insulated). differentiated aesthetic effect.
LACQUERED GLASS
LACQUERED GLASS
Extra clear glass
• It is an extremely transparent
glass, that is, without the
green shade common to the
colour less glasses.
• This happens because in its
composition there is one less
concentration of iron oxide.
• Used in civil construction,
decoration and household
appliances.
Extra clear glass
 Extra clear glass is not the result of processing of annealed
glass, but instead a specific type of melted glass.
 Extra clear glass differs from other types of glass by its basic
raw material composition. In particular, this glass is made
with a very low iron content in order to minimise its sun
reflection properties.
 It therefore lets as much light as possible through the glass.
 It is most particularly of use for solar energy applications
where it is important that the glass cover lets light through to
reach the thermal tubes or photovoltaic cells. Anti-reflective
properties can be further increased by applying a special
coating on the low-iron glass.
 It can also be used in windows or facades as it offers
excellent clarity, which allows occupants to appreciate true
colours and to enjoy unimpaired views.
Switchable glass
 Switchable glass is a nano-technology laminated product that
maximises privacy by transforming clear glass into an opaque,
non-transparent screen with the flick of a switch. The user has
complete control over vision and can regulate daylight as desired.
 Switchable glass is ideal for use in boardrooms, internal partitions,
shop-fronts or as a high clarity large projection screen and
provides instant privacy with no need for blinds or curtains.
 Available as laminated or laminated toughened glass, the product
uses liquid crystals encapsulated within the interlayer to control
opacity. When inactive, the crystals are scattered rendering the
glass opaque. When switched on, the liquid crystals realign
allowing light to transmit through the glass.
 Other glasses
Smart glass, E-Glass, or switchable
glass
 also called smart windows or switchable
windows
 electrically switchable glass or glazing
 changes light transmission properties
when voltage is applied
 Certain types of smart glass can allow
users to control the amount of light and
heat passing through: with the press of
a button, it changes from transparent to
translucent
 Another type of smart glass can provide
Bullet Resistant glasses
 Also called Bullet Proof Glass

 strong but optically transparent material that is particularly

resistant to being penetrated when struck by bullets
 varies in thickness from three-quarter inch to three inches

 usually constructed using polycarbonate, thermoplastic, and

layers of laminated glass
 There are standards for categorizing ballistic resistance like EN
1063, NIJ 0108.01 etc.
Bullet Resistant glasses
• THICKNESS – 15mm Applications
to 75mm •Banks
or 70mm- •Government Buildings
75mm ,100mm-120 •Convenience Stores
mm •Churches
•Schools
•Check Cashing Stores
•Liquor Stores
•Post Offices
•Jewellery Stores
•Art Galleries
Heat Strengthen Glass
 Not regarded as a safety glass.
 manufacturing process is very similar to that of
tempered glass, the cooling cycle is slower as
compared to the tempered glass
 when it breaks it resembles close to that of
annealed glass
 generally twice in strength as compared to
annealed glass of similar thickness or half that
of tempered glass.
 Best suitable for lamination purpose.
 Gives better stability than annealed glass in
thermal breakage
Glass blocks
 Are hollow transparent units.
 They are used in the non – load
bearing external panel walls and
partition walls.
 They are made 10cm thick and
15cm, 20cm, 30cm, square in
sizes.
 Their edges are sealed with grit
bearing plastic material so that a
good bond is provided with
mortar.
Glass wool
Thin fibres of glass are spun out of
molten glass. These fibres are
fairly flexible and have high tensile
strength and hence can be wovwn
into mats.
Glass wool is available in loose
fibers, Quilts, mats.
Glass wool is used as filter in air
conditioners, for electric
insulation, heat insulation, for
filteration of corrosive liquids.
Glass wool
 Is an insulating material made from fibres of glass arranged
into a texture similar to wool.
Glass wool is produced in rolls or in slabs, with different
thermal and mechanical properties.
Uses – cavity wall insulation, ceiling tiles, curtain walls, also
used to insulate piping and for soundproofing.
Product Detail – IGU
THE PROCESS
 IGU's are more expensive than
single glazing, there are two lites of
glass, a spacer, desiccant, primary
and secondary sealing.
 The overall performance of an IGU
(insulated glass unit) in reducing
solar heat gain can be enhanced by
using reflective glass as the outer
layer.
 The other glass type that could be
considered as the outer layer in an
IGU for reducing solar heat gain is
a special glass called "Low E". Low
E means low emissivity, and refers
to the substance's resistance to the
transfer of energy.
 DIG Units – Double Insulated
glasses
6. Insulating glass

 The insulated glass is a prefabricated unit made of two or more glass panes, which have
been separated by an air gap and edge-sealed together. This edge seal not only binds
the indusial sheets of glass together to maintain the mechanical strength of the joint but
also protects the space between the glasses from outside influences.

 Characteristics:-

 Insulation
 Retards sounds transmission
 Pleasant room temperature
 Increases strength

 Uses:-

 Office building, hospitals, hotels, Houses and buildings with high heating or cooling
needs.
 Building which need controlled tempter, and humidity such as telephone exchange
laboratories etc.
 For use in airport control towers, trains window and other environments which need
regulated atmosphere and prevention of condensation.
 Visicoolers.
Reflective Glass
 In te awe – inspiring world of glass, refletie glass oupies a
signifiant position.bedides te basi funtionality of sun ontrol, it
ontributes to aritetural aesthetis and een energy onseration.
Refletie glass elps a building aiee a ig standard of isual
appeal besides refleting a greater amount of eattam normal
tinted float glass, making it less [rone to termal breakage.
 It is essentially ordinary float glass wit a metalli oating tat uts
off solar eat. Tis speial metalli oating also proides a one way
mirror effect, preenting isibility from te outside and tus
presering priay. Refletie glass is used primarily for strutural
faade glazing.
Mirror glass
 To produce mirrored glass, a
metal coating is applied to one
side of the glass.
 The coating is generally made of
silver, aluminium, gold or
chrome. For simple mirrored
glass, a fully reflective metal
coating is applied and then
sealed with a protective layer.
 To produce "one-way" mirrors, a
much thinner metal coating is
used, with no additional sealing
or otherwise opaque layer.

 Mirrored glass is gaining a more

prominent place in architecture,
for important functional reasons
as well as for the aesthetic
effect.
Tinted Glass
Self Cleaning Glass
Low-e Glass
Fluted Glass
Sandwich Glass
 S S
L A
G
F
O
E S
U S
 Uses of glass

• As an architectural element,
glass has become the
quintessential product for your
home or building.
• Designers play a key role in the
selection and application of glass
and with the wide range of
applications including concertina
doors, louver windows, kitchen
splash backs and frameless
glass show screens, how glass
can be used is only limited by
your imagination.
• Glass plays a vital role in the
internal and external function and
design of your project.
• Below is a list of some of the
many uses of how glass is
applied in the building fabric.
• Glass can be made into bottles & jars. Glass
containers let you see what is inside.

• Glass windows let the light into a home and

keep the wind and rain out. Stained glass is
very colourful, and is often used in churches.

• Mirrors are made by coating glass with silver

on one side. These bendy mirrors would distort
your reflection, and make you look quite funny.

• Glass can be ground into lenses for spectacles,

telescopes or magnifying glasses.
 Pool fences

Make the most of outdoor entertainment areas and pools

with glass pool fencing. Available in framed, semi-framed
or unframed options, glass pool fences are a low
maintenance and stylish way to ensure pool safety.

Bathroom vanities

GLASS BATHROOM VANITIES PROVIDE A

CLEAN AND CONTEMPORARY LOOK WHILE
OFFERING COMPLETE FUNCTIONALITY.
VANITIES ARE AVAILABLE IN A RANGE OF
COLOURS, WITH A CHOICE OF A CLEAR, TINTED
OR OPAQUE FINISH AND CAN BE DESIGNED TO
MATCH SHOWER SCREENS AND MIRRORS.
TYPICALLY MANUFACTURED FROM 10-12MM
TOUGHENED GLASS, GLASS VANITIES PROVIDE
AN HYGIENIC, EASY TO CLEAN SURFACE
PERFECT FOR BATHROOMS.
Splash backs
• Glass splashbacks are not only functional but
look good too. Typically used in wet areas, such
as kitchens, bathrooms and laundries,
splashbacks protect the wall surface from water
damage and provide an easy to clean, low
maintenance surface. With few or no joins, glass
splashbacks reduce the risk of mould, providing
a hygienic alternative to traditional tiled
surfaces.

• The clean lines and minimalistic look of

splashbacks mean they are also used outside
wet areas as a decorative feature. Available in a
range of colours, splashbacks can easily fit in
with existing colour schemes or alternatively,
bold tones can be introduced, including digital
images and patterns to make an individual
design statement.

• Made from a minimum of 6mm toughened glass

for added safety, glass splashbacks are durable
and long lasting. With any colour or image
applied to the inner surface, there is no risk of it
loosing intensity or fading.
Staircases
• Imagine opening your door to a
stunning glass staircase, or wowing
guests with a glass floored
entertainment area. Thanks to advances
in glazing technology and engineering,
glass is being used more and more
innovatively to provide unlimited design
possibilities. From floors to glass
staircases and footbridges, glass can be
used to create a spectacular focal point
in any area of your home.
• Able to be strengthened to
accommodate even the heaviest of
traffic, a wide range of glass products
and non slip coatings are available,
leaving you free to enjoy the most
outstanding element of your home’s
design without worrying about safety
Wardrobes
• With a range of finishes to select
from, such as mirrored or high gloss
painted finish, glass wardrobe doors
provide a stylish and practical
addition to any bedroom. Both
frameless and framed doors are
available in a range of colours and
aluminium frames can be powder
coated in a colour to match any
decor.
• Typically used as sliding wardrobe
doors, this style maximises access
and avoids the need for clear space
as required for outward opening
doors. Long-lasting and durable, glass
sliding doors also contribute to an
increased sense of space in the
bedroom and ensure a wardrobe that
operates smoothly and quietly.
Windows
Conservatories
Exter
nal
Door
s
canopies
Properties of glass
1. It absorbs, refracts or transmits light. It can
be made transparent or translucent.
2. It can take excellent polish.
3. It is an excellent electrical insulator.
4. It is strong and brittle.
5. It can be blown, drawn or pressed.
6. It is not affected by atmosphere.
7. It has excellent resistance to chemicals.
8. It is available in various beautiful colours.
9. With the advancement in technology, it is
possible to make glass lighter than cork or
stronger than steel.
10. Glass panes can be cleaned easily.