LIFE AND WORKS

OF RIZAL
 THE CONDITIONS OF EUROPE,
AMERICA, AND SPAIN IN THE 19TH
CENTURY
The 19th century was a period of
significant transformation. The
ideas of the Enlightenment
(liberty, equality, fraternity,
sovereignty of the people)
reached their peak, notably
influencing the French Revolution
(1789).These revolutionary ideas
spread across Europe,
challenging existing monarchical
systems. Philosophers like Jean-
Jacques Rousseau, Montesquieu,
Voltaire, and John Locke had a
profound impact on the political
[Link] world was
constantly changing, often
 KEY EVENTS AND DEVELOPMENT IN
EUROPE
French Revolution's Impact:
• Toppled the monarchy of King Louis XVI.
• Led to the ushering in of the French
Republic.
• Brief return to monarchy under Napoleon
Bonaparte's French Empire, then restored
Bourbon dynasty.
Revolutions of 1848:
• Widespread struggle for equal rights
across Europe.
• People sought more responsible
governments.
Russian Serf Emancipation (1861):
• Tsar Alexander II emancipated Russian
serfs.
Italian Unification:
• Led by Giuseppe Garibaldi.
 KEY EVENTS AND DEVELOPMENT IN
AMERICA

United States:
• President Abraham Lincoln
emancipated black slaves.
• Triggered the American Civil War
(1861-1865).
Mexico:
• Mexican troops suffered a
humiliating defeat at the hands of
the French-supported regime of
Archduke Maximilian.
• The regime of Napoleon III
eventually crumbled after debacles
in Mexico.
• Mexican people overthrew the
monarchists and established a
 SPAIN'S COLONIAL EMPIRE & THE
NEED FOR REFORMS:
Spain's colonies in the 19th century included
territories in South and Central America (like
Mexico, Chile, Argentina, Venezuela) and parts of
Asia (Philippines).Some of these colonies gained
independence through revolution.

Spanish Politics during Napoleonic Era:

• Spain was allied with Great Britain, then

Napoleon invaded Spain in 1808, installing
Joseph Bonaparte as king.

Spanish Resistance & The Cortes of Cadiz (1812):

• Spaniards resisted Napoleon, formed a
provisional government, and pledged allegiance
to Ferdinand VII. They drafted a constitution in
Cadiz, which included allowing colonies to be
 SPAIN'S COLONIAL EMPIRE & THE
NEED FOR REFORMS:
• Philippines' Initial Representation: The
Philippines was granted representation for the
first time, selecting Ventura de los Reyes as
their representative.
• Ferdinand VII's Absolutism: After Napoleon's
defeat, Ferdinand VII returned to power and
abolished the Cortes, consolidating absolute
power. This move was unpopular in Spain's
American colonies and contributed to their
revolts and independence.
• Restoration of the Cortes (1820): In 1820, the
Spanish people revolted, forcing Ferdinand VII
to restore the Cortes and the representation
of the colonies. However, the restored Cortes
was short-lived as France, under the
Bourbons, intervened to restore Ferdinand's
 SPAIN'S COLONIAL EMPIRE & THE
NEED FOR REFORMS:
• Ferdinand VII's Death & Isabel II's Reign
(1833 onwards): Upon Ferdinand VII's death
in 1833, his daughter, Queen Isabella II,
inherited the throne. During her rule, the
body (likely a secret session of a council or
Cortes) decided that the Philippines should
no longer be accorded representation. This
decision became a key reason for Filipino
demands for reforms, including
representation in the Cortes, which Rizal
championed. Queen Isabella II's rule was
characterized by decadence and
mismanagement.
• European Powers & Liberalism: Other
European powers like Great Britain and
France were leading in movements for
 CONDITIONS IN ASIA IN 19TH
CENTURY
• European Penetration: European
powers increased their influence
in Asia, particularly in China and
Japan.
• British Expansion in China: Great
Britain gained control of Hong
Kong and forced China to open
five ports to its traders following
the Opium War (1839-1842).
China was further humiliated by
another defeat in the Arrow War
(1856-1858), leading to more
ports being opened and Kowloon
being ceded to Britain.
 CONDITIONS IN ASIA IN 19TH
CENTURY
• Japanese Opening to the West: Japan
was forced open by Americans
under Commodore Matthew Perry in
1854. Unlike China, Japan responded
by making Yokohama a treaty port
and later embracing Western ways.
• India as a British Colony: India
became a crown colony of Great
Britain in 1858 following the
suppression of the Sepoy Mutiny in
1857.
• Burma as a British Colony: Burma
also became a British colony after
three Anglo-Burmese wars.
 LIBERAL STIRRINGS & REBELLIONS IN
THE PHILIPPINES
Early Liberal Influences & Local
Resistance
• Impact of Cadiz Constitution: Liberal
stirrings from Europe reached the
Philippines.
• Kailanes in Ilocos refused to believe
the Cadiz Constitution was abolished
by King Ferdinand.
• They rose in revolt but were crushed
by troops from other provinces.
 LIBERAL STIRRINGS & REBELLIONS IN
THE PHILIPPINES
Mexican Soldiers' Mutiny (1826):
• Mexican soldiers led by Lt. Andres
Novales mutinied due to
discrimination and unfair treatment
from Peninsular officials.
• They fought for Philippine
independence from Spain.
• Mutineers tried to rally Filipinos to
their cause, promising
independence.
• The mutiny was crushed, and rebels
were executed.
 THE APOLINARIO DELA CRUZ REVOLT
(1842-1842)
• Last Series of Revolts: Occurred
between 1841-1842, led by
Apolinario de la Cruz.
• Cofradia de San Jose: De la Cruz
aspired to be a priest but was
refused due to his race.
• He founded the Cofradia de San
Jose, a religious organization
that gained popularity.
• The Church and Spanish officials
viewed the Cofradia as a threat.
 WHY REVOLTS FAILED?

• Divisive Tactics: The defeats of native

revolts showed a fundamental lack of a
national identity among Filipinos.
• Spanish "Divide and Rule": Spain
successfully exploited divisions to
maintain control.
• Spanish Minority: Peninsulares and
Insulares (Spaniards born in Spain or the
Philippines) were numerically very small.
• Power Structure: The governor-general,
some officials, and priests were the main
Spanish authorities.
• Local Control: Large towns were largely
maintained by native officials like
gobernadorcillos, councilmen, and the
Principalia.
 LIBERAL STIRRINGS & REBELLIONS IN
THE PHILIPPINES
Mexican Soldiers' Mutiny (1826):
• Mexican soldiers led by Lt. Andres
Novales mutinied due to
discrimination and unfair treatment
from Peninsular officials.
• They fought for Philippine
independence from Spain.
• Mutineers tried to rally Filipinos to
their cause, promising
independence.
• The mutiny was crushed, and rebels
were executed.
 COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION &
SOCIETAL SHIFTS IN 19TH CENTURY
Composition of ArmedPHILIPPINES
Forces:
• Policemen were natives.
• Officers were local Spanish army
and civil guard members.
• The rank of sergeants was exclusively
Spanish, despite their lower numbers,
to maintain loyalty.
• Role of Native Officials
(Gobernadorcillos):
• The Spanish crown retained the
loyalty of native officials by granting
them certain privileges.
• They separated from the rest of the
population.
 COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION &
SOCIETAL SHIFTS IN 19TH CENTURY
PHILIPPINES
• These positions were not paid but
carried social prestige
("principalia").
• They were exempted from taxation
and communal labor.
• Eligible for re-election, serving
multiple terms.
• This system explains Spain's long
control over the Philippines (300
years).
• Spain controlled natives through
these native lead
 COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION &
SOCIETAL SHIFTS IN 19TH CENTURY
Economic PHILIPPINES
and Social
Transformations in the 19th
Century

Trade Liberalization (Post-1834):

• Previously, Filipinos were forbidden
from trading with other countries.
• Spanish colonial officials initially
ignored this, but a mercantilist
policy eventually allowed Filipinos
to trade internationally.
Opening of Manila to world trade in
1834.
• Other ports like Iloilo, Cebu, Sual,
 COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION &
SOCIETAL SHIFTS IN 19TH CENTURY
PHILIPPINES
Economic Opportunities:
• Boom in demand for Philippine
products: sugar, coffee, abaca,
tobacco, dyestuff, and rice.
• This created significant
economic opportunities for
many families.
Intermarried Families &
Mestizos:
• Many families traded
internationally.
• They intermarried with natives,
creating the Mestizo class
(Spanish and Chinese families).
 COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION &
SOCIETAL SHIFTS IN 19TH CENTURY
PHILIPPINES
Rise of the Middle Class & Demand
for Education
• Emergence of a New Elite: The
increased wealth allowed middle-
class families to afford higher
education.
• Pursuit of Education: These families
sent their children to colleges and
universities, often for tertiary
education.
• By Rizal's time, this generation
sought the "quest for equality," which
influenced Rizal's life and lifelong
 THE RELIGIOUS FRONT:
SECULARIZATION
• Secularization Defined: Transfer
of parishes from regular clergy
(friars) to secular priests.
• Regular Priests: Members of
religious orders (e.g.,
Augustinians, Dominicans);
missionaries.
• Secular Priests: Diocesan
priests, serve parishes directly
under a bishop; not part of
religious orders.
• Core Conflict: Crown initially
assigned parish administration
to regular priests
 THE RELIGIOUS FRONT:
SECULARIZATION

• 19th Century Context: Increasing

demands for parish turnover to
seculars.
• Spanish Intent: Friars for
evangelization, seculars for
established parishes.
• Jesuit Expulsion (1767): Created
vacant parishes given to seculars,
then returned to regulars by 1858.
• Racial Issue: Filipino secular priests
deemed less capable than Spanish
regular priests.
 THE FIGHT FOR SECULARIZATION: A
FILIPINO CAUSE
Impact & Aftermath

• Friars' Power: Religious

orders resisted parish
transfers.
• Gov. Gen. Carlos Ma. de la
Torre: Filipino clergy
actively advocated under
his administration.
• Legacy: Secularization
movement and GomBurZa
fueled nationalist
 CAVITE MUTINY, CLERICAL
DOMINANCE, AND CALLS FOR
• Izquierdo's Policies:REFORM
Suppressed
liberals and seculars.
• Conservative Support: Gained
backing from conservatives
against Filipino liberals.
• Cavite Mutiny Pretext: Used to
eliminate identified liberals.
• Identified Liberals: Jose Ma.
Basa, Antonio Ma. Regidor,
Balbino Mauricio, Joaquin Pardo
de Tavera, Fathers Pedro
Dandan, Toribio H. del Pilar.
 THE CAVITE MUTINY AND THE
EXECUTION OF GOMBURZA
• GomBurZa's Framing:
Falsely implicated by
Francisco Zaldua in a
conspiracy.
• Garroted (Feb 17, 1872):
Executed despite protests
and insufficient evidence.
• Fate of Others:
Sympathizers deported to
Guam, never allowed to
return.
 REINFORCING SPANISH CLERGY
DOMINANCE
• Dual Role: Spiritual leaders
and colonial government
representatives.
• Government Influence: Acted
as "eyes and ears," held
government positions.
• Control over Education:
Religious orders controlled
educational institutions and
parish schools.
• Religious Censorship:
Guardians of public morals,
controlled "concerning
 CLERICAL POWER AND RESISTANCE
TO REFORM
• Local Influence: Parish priest held
immense political power, advised
governor-general.
• National Influence: Many religious
officials advised the governor-
general.
• Long Terms: Served longer than
governor-generals (avg. 3 years).
• Obstacle to Reform: Entrenched
position made reforms difficult.
• Continued Opposition: Religious
orders strongly resisted reform
efforts.
 GROUP ACTIVITY

Role-Playing Activity: 19th

Century Transformations

• Objective: To deepen your

understanding of the significant
political, social, and economic
transformations in Europe, America,
Spain, and the Philippines during the
19th century, particularly leading up to
the time of Rizal.
 GROUP ACTIVITY

[Link] Cortes of Cadiz Debate (1812)

[Link] Apolinario de la Cruz Revolt (1841-
1842)
[Link] Filipino Middle Class Advocates for
Education
4. The Secularization Movement Debate
5. The Aftermath of the Cavite Mutiny (1872)
6. The "Divide and Rule" Strategy: A Spanish
Council Meeting
[Link] Opens to World Trade (1834)
8. The Kailanes Revolt in Ilocos (Post-1812)
9. The Mexican Soldiers' Mutiny in Manila
(1826)
THANK
YOU