Structured Analysis

Component of Structure Analysis

1. 2. 3. 4. Graphic symbols. Data dictionary. Procedure and process description. Rules.

Data Flow Analysis

Data drive business activity. They can trigger events. Following the flow of data through the business process tells a great deals about how the organizational objective are accomplish. It documents the finding in data flow diagram.

Tools for data flow strategy

Data flow strategy shows the use of data in the system pictorially. Data flow tools helps in understanding business process by illustrating essential component of the system and their interconnection.

Tools for data flow strategy

Data flow analysis make use of the following tools: 1. Data flow Diagram (DFD). 2. Data Dictionary. 3. Data structure diagram. 4. Structure chart.

DFD's Notation

Data flows
Data flows represent the data being passed into or out of a process, source, sink or store. It is represented as a labeled arrow:

Taxable Income

process
process are denoted by circles with one or more incoming and outgoing information flows:
Taxable Income Tax Tables
Calculate Tax Tax owed

External Entities
Entities (Information sources and sinks) are information that come into the system, or leave the system, and are represented by squares:
Pay Hours Rate Payroll System

Pay Check

Information stores
Information Stores represent locations where information can be store for the duration of the system activity:
Total Payroll Expense

Types of DFD
Physical DFD: It shows what task are carried out and how they are performed. Logical DFD: Focus on the flow of data between process without regards for the specific device, storage location, people etc.

Data Flow Diagrams Levels

DeMarco & Yourdon Context Level DFD Source/ Sink
Source/ Sink

Data Flow Data Flow

0.0 Process

Data Flow

Source/ Sink

Level 0 DFD
0.0 Process
Data Flow Data Flow
1.0 Process

Data Flow

DATA STORE

Source/ Sink

Data Flow

2.0 Process

Data Flow

Source/ Sink

Data Flow Lines

Data Flow
3.0 Process

Data Flow

Data Flow Diagrams Levels

DeMarco & Yourdon
Source

Level 1 DFD (and on)

Source/ Sink

Data Flow

1.1 Process

DATA STORE

0.0 Process

Source

Data Flow

1.2 Process

DATA STORE
Data Flow
Sink

Data Flow Lines

Data Flow Diagrams Levels

Project Name Context Level DFD
Data Flow
Prepared by: yourname Date: 01/01/2002

Project Name Level 1 DFD

Prepared by: yourname Date: 01/01/2002

1.1 Process

DATA STORE

Source/ Sink

Data Flow Data Flow

0.0 Process

Project Name
Data Flow
Source/ Sink

Prepared by: yourname Date: 01/01/2002

Data Flow

1.2 Process

Level 1 DFD

Project Name Level 0 DFD

Prepared by: yourname Date: 01/01/2002

Data Flow Data Flow

1.1 Process DATA STORE

Project Name
1.0 Process

Prepared by: yourname

Date: 01/01/2002

Data Flow Data Flow Data Flow

Source/ Sink 1.1 Process

1.2 Process

Level 1 DFD

Data Flow Data Flow

2.0 Process

Source/ Sink

Data Flow

Data Flow

Data Flow
DATA STORE

Data Flow
3.0 Process

Data Flow Data Flow

1.2 Process

Data Flow

Creating Data Flow Diagrams

Steps:

1. Create a list of activities 2. Construct Context Level DFD (identifies sources and sink) 3. Construct Level 0 DFD (identifies manageable sub process ) 4. Construct Level 1- n DFD (identifies actual data flows and data stores )

Creating Data Flow Diagrams

Lemonade Stand Example

Creating Data Flow Diagrams

Example Steps:

The operations of a simple lemonade stand will be used to demonstrate the creation of dataflow diagrams.

1. Create a list of activities 2. Construct Context Level DFD (identifies sources and sink) 3. Construct Level 0 DFD (identifies manageable sub processes ) 4. Construct Level 1- n DFD (identifies actual data flows and data stores )

Creating Data Flow Diagrams

Example

1. Create a list of activities

Think through the activities that take place at a lemonade stand. Customer Order Serve Product Collect Payment Produce Product Store Product

Creating Data Flow Diagrams

Example

1. Create a list of activities

Also think of the additional activities needed to support the basic activities. Customer Order Serve Product Collect Payment Produce Product Store Product Order Raw Materials Pay for Raw Materials Pay for Labor

Creating Data Flow Diagrams

Example

1. Create a list of activities

Group these activities in some logical fashion, possibly functional areas. Customer Order Serve Product Collect Payment Produce Product Store Product Order Raw Materials Pay for Raw Materials Pay for Labor

Creating Data Flow Diagrams

Example

Create a context level diagram identifying the sources and sinks (users). Customer Order Serve Product Collect Payment Produce Product Store Product

2. Construct Context Level DFD (identifies sources and sink)

Context Level DFD
Order
CUSTOMER

Sales Forecast
0.0 Lemonade Production Schedule EMPLOYEE Pay System

Product Served Payment Received Goods Payment

Time Worked Purchase Order

VENDOR

Order Raw Materials Pay for Raw Materials

Pay for Labor

Creating Data Flow Diagrams

Example

Create a level 0 diagram identifying the logical subsystems that may exist. Customer Order Serve Product Collect Payment Produce Product Store Product

3. Construct Level 0 DFD (identifies manageable sub processes )

Level 0 DFD
1.0 Sale

Customer Order Product Ordered Payment

CUSTOMER

Sales Forecast

Product Served Received Goods

2.0 Production

Production Schedule

EMPLOYEE

Inventory
3.0 Procurement

VENDOR

Order Raw Materials Pay for Raw Materials

Pay for Labor

Purchase Order Payment

Order Decisions Pay Time Worked

4.0 Payroll

Creating Data Flow Diagrams

Example

Create a level 1 decomposing the processes in level 0 and identifying data stores. Customer Order Serve Product Collect Payment Produce Product Store Product

4. Construct Level 1- n DFD (identifies actual data flows and data stores )
Level 1 DFD
CUSTOMER

Customer Order
ORDER 1.1 Record Order

Request for Forecast

Severed Order

Payment
1.2 Receive Payment PAYMENT

1.3 Produce Sales Forecast

Sales Forecast

Order Raw Materials Pay for Raw Materials

Pay for Labor

Creating Data Flow Diagrams

Example

4. Construct Level 1 (continued)

Level 1 DFD
Product Order
ORDER 2.1 Serve Product

Create a level 1 decomposing the processes in level 0 and identifying data stores. Customer Order Serve Product Collect Payment Produce Product Store Product

Quantity Severed
RAW MATERIALS

Production Schedule
2.2 Produce Product

Quantity Used
INVENTORTY

Order Raw Materials Pay for Raw Materials

Pay for Labor

Production Data
2.3 Store Product

Quantity Produced & Location Stored

Creating Data Flow Diagrams

Example

4. Construct Level 1 (continued)

Level 1 DFD
Order Decision
3.1 Produce Purchase Order

Create a level 1 decomposing the processes in level 0 and identifying data stores. Customer Order Serve Product Collect Payment Produce Product Store Product

PURCHASE ORDER

Quantity On-Hand Quantity Received

RAW MATERIALS

Received Goods
3.2 Receive Items

Payment Approval

RECEIVED ITEMS

Order Raw Materials Pay for Raw Materials

Pay for Labor
Payment

3.3 Pay Vendor

VENDOR

Creating Data Flow Diagrams

Example

4. Construct Level 1 (continued)

Level 1 DFD
Time Worked
4.1 Record Time Worked TIME CARDS

Create a level 1 decomposing the processes in level 0 and identifying data stores. Customer Order Serve Product Collect Payment Produce Product Store Product

Employee ID
EMPLOYEE

Payroll Request
4.2 Calculate Payroll

Unpaid time cards

PAYROLL

Payment Approval

Order Raw Materials Pay for Raw Materials

Pay for Labor
Payment

4.3 Pay Employe e

PAYMENTS

Process Decomposition
1.0 Sale 1.1 Record Order 1.2 Receive Payment

2.0 Production

2.1 Serve Product

2.2 Produce Product

2.3 Store Product

0.0 Lemonade System

3.0 Procurement

3.1 Produce Purchase Order

3.2 Receive Items

3.3 Pay Vendor

4.0 Payroll

4.1 Record Time Worked

4.2 Calculate Payroll

4.3 Pay Employe e

Context Level

Level 0

Level 1

Developing DFD
The analyst must first study current system. The physical system is translated into logical description focusing on data and process. Data flow diagram are of two types: 1. Physical DFD: It shows what task are carried out and how they are perform. 2. Logical DFD: Focusing on flow of data between process without regards for specific device, storage location or people in the system.

Data Dictionary
A data dictionary is a catalog, a repository of element in a system. The major elements are dataflow, data store and process.

Uses of Data Dictionary

1. To manage the detail in large systems. 2. To communicate a common meaning for all system elements. 3. To document the feature of the system. 4. To facilitate analysis of the details in order to evaluate characteristic and determine where system changes should be made. 5. To locate errors and omissions in the system.

Contains of Data Dictionary

Data Elements: The most fundamental data level is data element. 1. Data Name. 2. Data description. 3. Aliases. 4. Length. 5. Data Value(Prefix).

Contains of Data Dictionary

Data Structure: A data structure is a set of data item that are related to one another and that collectively describe a component in the system. 1. Sequence Relationship. 2. Selection Relationship. 3. Iteration Relationship. 4. Optional Relationship.

Notation in Data Dictionary

Symbols:
+ [] {} () and Either/or iteration of optional