UNIT -3

Disaster Management
 Unit-3: Disaster Management
1. Disaster Management: Types of disasters (natural and Man-made) and
their causes and effect)
2. Vulnerability Assessment and Risk analysis: Vulnerability to various
disasters (Flood, Cyclone, Earthquake, Heat waves, Desertification and
Lighting)
3. Institutional Framework: Institutional arrangements for disaster
management (National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), State
Disaster Management Authority (SDMA), Disaster Management Act, 2005,
District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA), National Disaster
Response Force(NDRF) and Odisha Disaster Rapid Action Force(ODRAF)
4. Preparedness measures: Disaster Management cycle, Early Warning
System, Pre-Disaster and Post-Disaster Preparedness, strengthening of
SDMA and DDMA, Community Preparedness for flood cyclone, heat waves,
fire safety, lightening and snake biting. Stakeholders participation,
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
5. Survival Skills: Survival skills adopted during and after disaster (Flood,
Fire, Earthquake, Cyclone and Lightening), Disaster Management Act-
2005, Compensation and Insurance
Types of disasters
Aspect Natural Disasters Man-made Disasters
Sudden extreme events caused by natural Extreme events caused due to human
Definition
forces of the Earth. negligence, error, or deliberate actions.

Natural phenomena (earthquakes, Human activities (industrial accidents,

Cause cyclones, floods, drought, lightning, terrorism, pollution, nuclear accidents,
etc.). wars, etc.).
Some can be predicted (cyclones,
Mostly preventable with safety measures
Predictability floods), some are sudden (earthquakes,
and regulations.
lightning).
2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, 1999 1984 Bhopal Gas Tragedy, 2011
Example Odisha Super Cyclone, 2013 Fukushima Nuclear Accident, Terrorist
Uttarakhand Floods. attacks.
Large-scale destruction but often Long-lasting damage (radiation, toxic
Impact on Environment
followed by natural recovery over time. pollution, deforestation).

Beyond human control (can only Directly linked to human activities (can
Human Control
minimize damage). be controlled or avoided).
Usually short-term (though recovery Can be long-term or permanent
Duration of Effect
may take long). (radiation, chemical contamination).
B. Man–Made Disasters

Type Causes Effects

Gas leakage, chemical Health hazards,
Industrial Accidents
spills, explosions pollution, deaths
Short circuit,
Loss of property,
Fire Accidents mishandling of
injury, air pollution
inflammables
Genetic disorders,
Radiation leakage,
Nuclear Disasters long-term health
reactor failure
impacts
Deforestation Cutting of forests for Soil erosion, climate
(Environmental) urbanisation change
Human conflict, Loss of life, destruction
Terrorism / War
bombing of infrastructure
 TYPES OF DISASTER
A. Natural Disasters
Type Causes Effects
Sudden movement of Loss of life, building
Earthquake
tectonic plates collapse, landslides
Waterlogging, crop
Heavy rainfall, river
Flood damage, spread of
overflow, dam failure
diseases
Low pressure over
Destruction of houses,
Cyclone oceans, high-speed
uprooting of trees
winds
Low rainfall over long Crop failure, water
Drought
period scarcity, famine
Undersea
Large sea waves,
Tsunami earthquakes/volcanic
coastal destruction
eruption
Year Type Disaster Location
1999 Natural Super Cyclone Odisha
2001 Natural Bhuj Earthquake Gujarat

East Coast & Andaman–

2004 Natural Indian Ocean Tsunami
Nicobar Islands

Kedarnath / Uttarakhand
2013 Natural Uttarakhand
Flash Floods

2015 Natural Chennai Floods Tamil Nadu

2018 Natural Kerala Floods Kerala

2020 Natural Cyclone Amphan West Bengal & Odisha

2021 Natural Cyclone Yaas Odisha & West Bengal

Sikkim Glacial Lake Outburst

2023 Natural Sikkim
Flood

Andhra Pradesh & Tamil

2024 Natural Cyclone Michaung
Nadu

2025 (Projected) Natural Severe Heat Waves North & Central India
2.Vulnerability Assessment and Risk Analysis

Vulnerability Assessment
• It means identifying which people, places, infrastructure, or
systems are more likely to be harmed by disasters.
• Vulnerability depends on:
• Physical factors (weak buildings, unsafe locations).
• Social factors (poverty, illiteracy, lack of awareness).
• Economic factors (loss of livelihood, poor resources).
• Environmental factors (deforestation, land degradation)

 Risk Analysis
1. Risk is the probability of harmful consequences due to
interaction between hazards and vulnerability.
2. Formula:
Risk = Hazard × Vulnerability × Exposure
3. Example: An earthquake in a desert (low population) → low risk. But
the same earthquake in a crowded city → very high risk.
Vulnerability to Various
Disasters
 Floods
 Vulnerable Areas: Low-lying regions,
 Heat Waves
 Vulnerable Areas: Central & North India
riverbanks, coastal zones. (Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar).
 Vulnerable Groups: Farmers, slum dwellers,  Vulnerable Groups: Elderly, children,
poor communities. outdoor workers, slum dwellers.
 Risk: Crop loss, waterborne diseases,  Risk: Dehydration, heat strokes, increased
displacement. death rate.
 Cyclones  Desertification
 Vulnerable Areas: Coastal regions (Odisha,  Vulnerable Areas: Rajasthan, Bundelkhand,
West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu). Deccan plateau.
 Vulnerable Groups: Fishermen, small farmers,  Vulnerable Groups: Farmers, rural poor
people in kutcha houses. dependent on agriculture.
 Risk: High winds, storm surges, loss of property  Risk: Soil infertility, famine, migration, loss
& life. of livelihood.
 Earthquakes  Lightning
 Vulnerable Areas: Himalayan belt, Indo-  Vulnerable Areas: Odisha, Jharkhand, Bihar,
Gangetic plains, Gujarat, NE India. Chhattisgarh (highest deaths in India).
 Vulnerable Groups: Urban populations in poorly  Vulnerable Groups: Farmers, outdoor
built houses, high-rise buildings. workers, people in open fields.
 Risk: Building collapse, tsunamis, landslides.  Risk: Instant fatalities, burns, loss of
livestock.
3.Institutional Framework
Disaster Management Act, 2005
 AIM
 Provides legal and institutional framework for disaster
management in India.
 Covers all phases: prevention, preparedness, mitigation,
response, recovery, and rehabilitation.
 Enacted by the Government of India in December 2005 after
the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami.
 Shifts focus from only relief & response → to preparedness,
prevention, mitigation, and capacity building.
Objectives
 To plan, coordinate, and implement disaster management
activities at national, state, and district levels.
 To ensure a proactive approach (preparedness & mitigation)
rather than reactive (relief only).
 To establish authorities and agencies responsible for disaster
response.
 To promote awareness, training, and capacity building.
 To facilitate funding mechanisms (National Disaster Response
 Key Provisions
 Establishment of Authorities
 National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) – chaired by the Prime
Minister.
 State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA) – chaired by the Chief
Minister.
 District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA) – chaired by the District
Collector / Magistrate.
 National Executive Committee (NEC)
 Assists NDMA in policy-making and execution.
 Funds
 National & State Disaster Response Funds (NDRF, SDRF) for relief.
 Mitigation Funds for preparedness and prevention.
 National Disaster Response Force (NDRF)
 Specialized force for rescue and relief operations.
 Powers
 Authorities can lay down policies, approve plans, coordinate actions, and monitor
implementation.
National Disaster Management Authority
(NDMA)
 Established under: Disaster Management Act, 2005
 Chairperson: Prime Minister of India
 Composition: Up to 9 members including Vice-Chairperson
 Functions:
 Formulates policies, plans, and guidelines for disaster management at the
national level.
 Approves the National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP).
 Coordinates with ministries, states, and agencies for effective disaster
preparedness and response.
 Oversees the functioning of the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF).
 Promotes capacity building, awareness, and training programs.
 Importance:
 Provides a centralized framework for disaster management.
 Ensures uniform guidelines across states.
 Plays a vital role in mitigation, preparedness, and quick response during
disasters.
State Disaster Management Authority
(SDMA)

 Established under: Disaster Management Act, 2005

 Chairperson: Chief Minister of the State
 Functions:
 Formulates state-level disaster management plans and policies.
 Ensures implementation of national guidelines in the state.
 Coordinates with district authorities and line departments.
 Promotes awareness, training, and capacity building at the state
level.
 Importance: Provides state-specific strategies for disaster
prevention, preparedness, and response.
 District Disaster Management
Authority (DDMA)
•Established under: Disaster Management Act, 2005
•Chairperson: District Collector / Magistrate (Co-Chairperson: Zilla Parishad head)
Functions:
•Prepares and implements the District Disaster Management Plan.
•Coordinates rescue, relief, and rehabilitation at the district level.
•Works with local authorities, NGOs, and community groups.
•Importance: Acts as the first line of implementation since disasters are felt most at the district
level.
National Disaster Response Force
(NDRF)
Established under: Disaster Management Act, 2005
Controlled by: National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), under
Ministry of Home Affairs
 Composition: 16 battalions drawn from paramilitary forces (BSF, CRPF,
CISF, ITBP, etc.)
 Functions:
 Specialized force for search, rescue, relief, and recovery during disasters.
 Handles natural disasters (floods, cyclones, earthquakes, landslides) and
man-made disasters (industrial, chemical, biological, radiological, and
nuclear).
 Provides training and capacity building to state forces and communities.
Functions of NDRF
•🔹 Search and rescue of affected people during disasters
•🔹 Provide emergency medical assistance and first-aid
•🔹 Evacuation of people from disaster-hit areas
•🔹 Support the local administration in relief operations
•🔹 Create awareness and sensitise communities about disaster
preparedness
•🔹 Conduct mock drills and training programmes for capacity building
•🔹 Assist in restoration and rehabilitation after disasters
Importance: India’s dedicated professional response force for all major
disasters.
 National Disaster Response Force
(NDRF)
Component

Name of the Team

Details
National Disaster Response Force
(NDRF)
Formed under Disaster Management Act, 2005
National Disaster Management
Works under
Authority (NDMA)
Nodal Ministry Ministry of Home Affairs
Search and rescue, relief operations
Role
during disasters
Headquarters New Delhi
16 battalions located across the
Structure
country
Odisha Disaster Rapid Action Force
(ODRAF)
 Established in: 2001 (after the 1999 Odisha Super Cyclone)

 Controlled by: Government of Odisha, under Odisha Police

 Composition: 10 specialized units trained in disaster response
 Functions:
 Provides quick response during floods, cyclones, building
collapse, and other emergencies in Odisha.
 Equipped with boats, cutting machines, life-saving gear, and
communication systems.
 Works in coordination with NDRF, SDRF, and local
administration.
 Importance: Enhances Odisha’s capacity for rapid, localized
disaster response, especially for cyclones and floods which
frequently affect the state.
Level Institution / Arrangement Key Role / Function

Policy-making, planning and coordination

National Disaster Management
National Level at national level. Chaired by the Prime
Authority (NDMA)
Minister.

National Disaster RespoEstablished

under: Disaster Management Act,
2005Chairperson: District Collector /
Magistrate (Co-Chairperson: Zilla
Parishad head)Functions:Prepares
and implements the District Disaster
Management Plan.Coordinates Specialized force for search, rescue and
rescue, relief, and rehabilitation at relief during disasters.
the district level.Works with local
authorities, NGOs, and community
groups.Importance: Acts as the first
line of implementation since
disasters are felt most at the
district level.nse Force (NDRF)

Provides the legal and institutional

Disaster Management Act, 2005 framework for disaster management in
India.

Headed by the Chief Minister; prepares

State Disaster Management
State Level State Disaster Management Plans and
Authority (SDMA)
policies.

Headed by District Collector; implements

District Disaster Management
District Level plans and coordinates disaster response
Authority (DDMA)
at district level.

Specialized response force of Odisha for

Odisha Disaster Rapid Action Force
State Response Force (Odisha) quick action during disasters within the
(ODRAF)
State.
3.Preparedness measures:
 Preparedness measures combine planning, training, awareness,
coordination, and participation to reduce disaster impact and
enhance resilience.
1.Disaster Management Cycle
 A continuous process including:
Mitigation → Preparedness → Response → Recovery →
Development.
 Ensures that lessons learned from one disaster are used to
reduce risks in the future.
2. Early Warning System (EWS)
 Timely detection and communication of impending disasters.
 Involves meteorological data, satellite information, forecasting
models, and communication networks.
 Helps in evacuation, resource mobilization, and risk reduction.
 Pre-Disaster Preparedness
3.Preparation before a disaster occurs:
 6. Community Preparedness
 Risk assessment and mapping.

 Vital as communities are first responders.
Awareness and training programs.
 Stockpiling emergency supplies (food, water,  Includes:
medicines).  Awareness programs for floods, cyclones, heat
 Mock drills and evacuation planning waves, fire safety, lightning, and snakebites.
 4. Post-Disaster Preparedness  Formation of local disaster response teams.
 Actions taken after a disaster to reduce long-  Use of local knowledge and resources.
term impacts:

 7. Stakeholders’ Participation
Relief and rehabilitation.
 Restoration of basic services (water, power,  Government agencies, NGOs, private sector,
transport).
media, and communities all play a role.
 Psychological support to affected people.
 Collaboration ensures better preparedness and
 Rebuilding infrastructure with better safety
standards (“Build Back Better”). faster recovery.
 5. Strengthening SDMA and DDMA  8. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
 SDMA: Prepares state-level plans, ensures  Private companies contribute resources for disaster
coordination with central agencies.
management.
 DDMA: Implements district-level plans,
 Activities include:
coordinates relief, and ensures community
participation.  Funding shelters and relief material.
 Strengthening involves training, funding,  Supporting rehabilitation projects.
equipment, and manpower.
 Providing technology, communication, and logistics
support.
Survival Skills during and after
Disasters
Floods 2. Fire 

 Move to higher ground, avoid  Use the “Stop, Drop, and Roll”
walking/swimming in method if clothes catch fire.
floodwaters.  Stay low to avoid smoke
 Switch off electricity and gas inhalation.
supply.  Do not use lifts; use stairs to
 Boil water before drinking, use evacuate.
clean food and water.  After fire: Check for structural
 After flood: Avoid stagnant safety before re-entering, seek
water, prevent mosquito medical help for burns.
breeding, ensure hygiene.
  4. Cyclone
 3. Earthquake
 Listen to early warnings;
 During shaking: Drop, Cover,
and Hold On under sturdy evacuate if advised.
furniture.  Stay indoors, secure windows
 Stay indoors; move away from and doors.
windows/glass.  Keep emergency kit (torch,
 If outside, move to open space battery, medicines, dry food).
away from buildings and wires.  After cyclone: Avoid downed
 After quake: Watch for power lines, check water
aftershocks, avoid damaged safety, assist neighbors.
buildings, help injured.
 THANKYOU