MEMBRANE PHYSIOLOGY

H.Gusbakti, Dr.MSc,PKK,AIFM

Professor Of Physiology

SISTEM SARAF
Informasi lingkungan dlm dan luar SSP melalui berbagai reseptor sensorik Reseptor mrpk transducer merubah berbagai btk energi potensial aksi di dalam neuron Reseptor mrpk bgn dr atu neuron atau sel potensial aksi di dalam neuron Mis: mekanis (touch, pressure); termis (degree warm); electromagnetic (light); chemical (taste, odor,O2drh)

Nervous System
A complex array of specialized structures which serve to: Receive Store Transmit information Consist of the CNS and the PNS Neuron- basic unit of the NS
1 trillion neurons

Neurons
Made up of dendrites Soma Axon- axon terminal Has different organelles but no centromere Classification according to
1. structure 2. Form 3. covering Schwann cells

Neurons

Neurons

structures aside from organelles

1. astrocytes 2. microglia 3. oligodendroglia apoptosis

Neurons
Bell-Magendie Law Afferent sensory Efferent motor Afferent 200,000 interneuron 10 efferent

Neurons

Classification of Nerve Fibers

Class Conduction Velocity (m/sec) Size ( m) Functions

70-120 30-70 15-30

12-20 5-12 3-6

Proprioception Somatic motor Touch pressure

Motor to muscle spindle Pain,touch, cold temp Preganglionic, Autonomic pain, temperature, mechanoreception

B C

12-30
3-5 0.5-2

2-5
<3 0.4-1.2

Classification of Nerve Fibers

Coverings of Nerve Fibers 1. endoneurium 2. perineurium 3. epineurium

Coverings of Nerve Fibers

Properties of Nerve Fibers

1. Excitability 2. Conductivity

Myelinated Fibers Schwann cells Nodes of Ranvier Saltatory Conduction

Advantages
faster conduction saves energy less loss of ions

Myelinated Fibers

Resting Membrane Potential

Cells under resting conditions have an electrical potential difference across their plasma membrane. This potential is the Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) The cytoplasm is electrically (-) relative to the ECF The RMP plays a vital role in the excitability of nerve and muscle cells and in other cellular responses

Genesis of the RMP

1.Distribution of ions movement of ions depend on:
a. Concentration b. Electrical potential difference

if forces are equal = no movement

Nernst equation Nernst equilibrium
EMF (mo) = (-)61log conc 1/conc 0 = (+)61

Genesis of the RMP

Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz

2. Selective Permeability of the Membrane 3. Na+ - K+ pump RMP

skeletal muscle (-)90mV nerve (-) 70 mV

Action Potential

Action Potential All-or-Nothing Principle Strength duration curve

Rheobase Utilization time Chronaxie

Refractory Periods Absolute Refractory Period Relative Refractory Period

nerve fibers are not susceptible to fatigue

Accommodation

Refractory Periods
Local Excitatory States subthreshold stimulus inadequate duration of applications

According to their location receptor potential synaptic potential pacemaker potential end-plate potential
In general, moves the RMP closer to the threshold potential

Synapse and Synaptic Transmission

Synapse an anatomically specialized junction between two neurons important in the transport of nerve signals from one neuron (presynaptic) to the next neuron (postsynaptic)
100 quadrillon synapses in the CNS 2 types
a. Electrical b. Chemical

Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Neuron

Presynaptic neuron has lots of mitochondria has NTs inside vesicles usual forms are ; round, dense, flat and sphenoid intertwining cerebellum basket and climbing midbrain Postsynaptic neuron contains the receptor proteins

Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Neuron

Presynaptic

Postsynaptic

Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Transmission

1. axo-axonic 2. axo-dendritic 3. axo-somatic

Characteristics of Synapses
1.convergence 2.divergence 3.facilitation 4.post-tetanic potentiation 5.fatigue 6.after discharge

Characteristics of Synapses
7. subliminal fringe 8. occlusion 9. reverberation 10.inhibition 11.summation
temporal spatial

Synaptic Responses
1. excitatory postsynaptic potential can be graded response which will bring the RMP closer to the TP 2. inhibitory postsynaptic potential makes the membrane hyperpolarized

Classes of Neurotransmitters
1. Acetylcholine 2. Biogenic amines catecholamines, serotonin, histamine 3. Amino acids glutamate, GABA 4. Neuropeptides endogenous opioids 5. Miscellaneous nitric acid, adenosine

Factors Affecting Synaptic Effectiveness

1. Presynaptic factors 2. Postsynaptic factors 3. General factors

Modulators

Chemical messengers that elicit complex responses that cannot be described as either IPSPs or EPSPs

Factors Affecting Synaptic Transmission

1. acid-base states a. alkalosis b. acidosis 2. oxygen and CO2 concentrations
Drugs
those that excite those that inhibit

Neuromuscular Junction and N-M Transmission

Neurotransmitter Receptors
metabotropic receptors ionophore

Acetylcholine Synthesis and Metabolism

Acetyl choline cholinesterase acetate + choline

Events during N-M Transmission

Action potential in Presynaptic Motor axon terminal

Increase in Ca++ ion permeability and influx of Ca++ into the Axon Terminal

Release of Ach from the Synaptic Vesicles into the Synaptic Cleft

Diffusion of Ach to Postjunctional membrane

Events during N-M Transmission

Combination of Ach with specific receptors on postjunctional membrane

Increase in permeability of postjunctional membrane to Na++ and K+ causes EPP

Depolarization of areas of Muscle membrane adjacent to end plate and initiation of AP

Factors affecting NM Transmission

1. 2. 3. 4.

Ions Drugs curare, antibiotics Acid base conditions Temperature

Clinical Applications
Hemicholiniums Curare Myasthenia Gravis Denervation supersensitivity Eaton-Lambert Myasthenia Syndrome

Thank You and Good Day