Irreversible Increase in size

Increase of number of cells

Differentiation of the cells

1)

Cell division - mitosis - increase number of cells

2) Cell enlargement - new cells increase in size, volume and mass

3) Cell differentiation - specialised cell developed to carry out specific functions

4) Morphogenesis - development through growth and differentiation overall form/ structure.

Parameter
Length or height

Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages easy, quick to measure, no need to kill the organisms, repetitive measurement can be carried out.
Disadvantages growth might occur in other directions

Parameters
Surface area

Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantage more accurate

Disadvantages difficult and not practical to carry out.

Volume

Advantage suitable for spherical organisms Disadvantage rarely spherical in shape, irregular organisms difficult

Parameters
Wet mass / fresh mass

Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantage easy, repetitive measurement, no need to kill organism. Disadvantages may be inaccurate fluctuations in water content in the body of living organism

Dry mass

Advantage accurate
Disadvantage all water to be removed kills the organism

1.Lag

phase little or no growth adaptations to the environment

2.Log

phase more cell division enlarge rapidly - growth proceeds exponentially growth at maximum

3. Decelarating phase -growth slows down - Limited space, lack of nutrients

4. Stationary phase - Maturity - Curve flattens becomes plateau
-

+growth > non-verteb, monocotyledoneous leaves, fish (-) growth mammals (ageing & the death)

Instar (larva stage between two moults)

Ecdysis (moulting)

1.PRIMARY GROWTH

Occur after germination Involves cell differentiation to form primary phloem and primary xylem in vascular bundle. Aim to increase length of tips of stems & roots (apical meristem)

Importance: to enable to reach sunlight, search water & minerals. Able to transport water & minerals from roots to all part of plants

2. SECONDARY GROWTH

Occur after primary growth in woody plants

Involves lateral meristem to form secondary phloem & xylem

Aim to increase diameter of stems & trunks .

Importance: to support the plants, to accommodate the increase of demand water & minerals & replace damage cells.
Produce tough bark to avoid water lost ,protect against parasitic fungi& insects attack & opportunity to live longer. Cork cambium divided to produce cork & secondary cortex.

ITEMS

PLANTS UNDERGO SEC GROWTH

PLANTS DO NOT UNDERGO SEC GROWTH

Mostly monocots Short Growth for one or two years only Usually short Absent Absent

Type of plants Life Span Period of growth

Mostly dicots plants Long Growth throught the lifespan Tall Present Present

Height Meristem lateral Annual growth ring

Wood in stem
Texture of bark

Present
Thick bark, trunks has commercial value

Absent
No thick bark , do not have commercial value