(Planning and Sizing Grid-Connected

Photovoltaic Systems)


Planning and Installing Photovoltaic
Systems A guide for installers, architects
and engineers ( second edition ).
First published by Earthscan in the UK and
USA in 2008.
Copyright The German Energy Society


4.4
4.4.1

4.4.2
4.4.2.1
4.4.2.2


4.4.2.3
4.4.3
4.4.4
4.5

4.4
( Sizing the inverter )

4.4.1
( Choosing the number and power rating of inverters )

(VDEW guideline in Germany

German Electricity Association)
(An apparent
feed power SAC) 4.6KVA

4.4.1
( Choosing the number and power rating of inverters )

(The nominal output power)

4.6KVA
(Multi-phase)

(
4.6KVA)

4.4.1
( Choosing the number and power rating of inverters )

2004 3 VDN
(VDN bulletin 03/2004)
10

10

4.4.1
( Choosing the number and power rating of inverters )

= Smax 10 minutes < 1.1 x SN

4.4.1
( Choosing the number and power rating of inverters )

20

10

4.4.1
( Choosing the number and power rating of inverters )

-20

+20

Distribution of annual solar irradiance at the

module plane of a system in Munich, Germany (Ft. Haselhuhn)

11

4.4.1
( Choosing the number and power rating of inverters )

(PV power)

(
)
12

4.4.1
( Choosing the number and power rating of inverters )

25C
(2C) ( )

13

4.4.1
( Choosing the number and power rating of inverters )

PPV =
PINV DC =

14

4.4.1
( Choosing the number and power rating of inverters )

( )
PPV = =
1000W
PINV DC =
0.8 PPV < PINV DC < 1.2 PPV
800W < P

< 1200W

15

4.4.1
( Choosing the number and power rating of inverters )

(CINV The inverter sizing factor)

C INV =

PPV
PINV AC
16

4.4.1
( Choosing the number and power rating of inverters )

(Level of utilization)
1

0.83 < C INV < 1.25

17

4.4.1
( Choosing the number and power rating of inverters )

18

4.4.1
( Choosing the number and power rating of inverters )

(Freiburg) Fraunhofer
ISE (Fraunhofer - Institute For Solar
Energy System)(
- )
Bruno Berger

19

 ( Freiburg )

http://www.google.com

20

Fraunhofer - Institute For Solar Energy

21

 --

http://www.tpwu.org.tw/periodical/392/1701.htm
( )

22

http://www.google.com

23

4.4.1
( Choosing the number and power rating of inverters )

Fraunhofer ISE Bruno Berger

1.1
1.2 0.5 1
( )
(Cutting out )
24

4.4.1
( Choosing the number and power rating of inverters )

1.2 1.3
1 3
30

25

4.4.1
( Choosing the number and power rating of inverters )
= =
93.6

Simulated annual
efficiencies of
inverters with
transformers
( Fraunhofer ISE )

26

4.4.1
( Choosing the number and power rating of inverters )

Simulated annual
efficiencies of
inverters without
transformers
( Fraunhofer ISE )

27

4.4.1
( Choosing the number and power rating of inverters )

28

4.4.1
( Choosing the number and power rating of inverters )

(Amorphous)

(The initial light degradation)

15

29

4.4.1
( Choosing the number and power rating of inverters )

11
4
30

4.4.2
( Voltage selection )

31

4.4.2
( Voltage selection )

(Irradiance)

32

4.4.2
( Voltage selection )

(MPP)

33

4.4.2
( Voltage selection )

(Turnoff voltage) (Voltage

resistance )

(
)
34

4.4.2
( Voltage selection )

PV array l-V curves and an inverter's operating

range ( R. Haselhuhn )

35

4.4.2.1
( Maximum number of modules in a string )

-10C (
12C 16C)

(Open circuit)

36

4.4.2.1
( Maximum number of modules in a string )

(max)

-10C
37

4.4.2.1
( Maximum number of modules in a string )

12C
16C (
)

38

4.4.2.1
( Maximum number of modules in a string )

max =

Vmax (INV) =

VOC (module -10C) =

-10C

39

4.4.2.1
( Maximum number of modules in a string )

max =

Vmax (INV)
VOC (module -10 C)

40

4.4.2.1
( Maximum number of modules in a string )

10C

(V percentage) C
(mV per C)

41

4.4.2.1
( Maximum number of modules in a string )

10
14
VOC (module -10C)
= VOC (STC) - 35 V
VOC (module -10C) = 1.14 VOC (STC)

42

4.4.2.1
( Maximum number of modules in a string )

Temperature dependence of the

electrical characteristics of PV modules ( R. Haselhuhn )

43

4.4.2.2
( Minimum number of modules in a string )

70

44

4.4.2.2
( Minimum number of modules in a string )

(WellVentilated Systems)
60

45

4.4.2.2
( Minimum number of modules in a string )

(
)

46

4.4.2.2
( Minimum number of modules in a string )

MPP (
)

47

4.4.2.2
( Minimum number of modules in a string )

MPP
70C MPP

48

4.4.2.2
( Minimum number of modules in a string )

min =

VMPP (INV min) = MPP

VMPP (module 70C) = 70C

49

4.4.2.2
( Minimum number of modules in a string )

min =

VMPP (INV min)

VMPP (module 70C)
50

4.4.2.2
( Minimum number of modules in a string )

70C MPP

VMPP 70C MPP

(V )
C (mV per C)
51

4.4.2.2
( Minimum number of modules in a string )

70 MPP
18
VMPP (module 70C)
= VMPP (STC) 45 V
VMPP (module 70C) = 0.82 VOC (STC)

52

4.4.2.2
( Minimum number of modules in a string )

Temperature dependence of the

electrical characteristics of PV modules ( R. Haselhuhn )

53

4.4.2.2
( Minimum number of modules in a string )

(Maximum Occurring
Temperature )

100

54

4.4.2.2
( Minimum number of modules in a string )

100 VMPP

55

4.4.2.3
( Voltage Optimization )

56

4.4.2.3
( Voltage Optimization )
(
Fronius Siemens SMA
Sunways)
(Burgdorf) (Bern University)

57

 ( Burgdorf )

http://maps.google.com/

58

 ( Burgdorf )

59

 (Burgdorf)
(Bern University)

http://maps.google.com/

60

4.4.2.3
( Voltage Optimization )
(Bern University)

(www.pvtest.ch)

61


( Bern University - Photovoltaic Laboratory )

62

SolarMax 2000E

Filling factor 75%

63

SolarMax 2000E

64

SolarMax 2000E

65

SolarMax 2000E

66

SolarMax 2000E
75% (filling factor 75% )
(
180V 320V 420V)

(Tracking efficiency )
67

SolarMax 2000E MPPT

Filling factor 75%

68

SolarMax 2000E MPPT

Filling factor 75%

69

SolarMax 2000E MPPT

Filling factor 75%

70

SolarMax 2000E MPPT

Filling factor 75%

71

4.4.3
( Determining the number of strings )
(PV array)

72

4.4.3
( Determining the number of strings )
(string )

string

I max INV
=
I n string
73

4.4.3
( Determining the number of strings )

74

4.4.4
(Sizing using simulation programs)

75

4.4.4
(Sizing using simulation programs)

(Hourly irradiance values)

76

4.5
( Selecting and sizing cables for grid-tied PV systems )

(National codes and regulations)

(Grid-tied PV systems)

77

4.5
( Selecting and sizing cables for grid-tied PV systems )

)
78

4.5
( Selecting and sizing cables for grid-tied PV systems )

( Cable
losses ) ( Surge
coupling )

79

4.5
( Selecting and sizing cables for grid-tied PV systems )

Module wiring
variants : the variant
on the right
optimises wiring
lengths and surge
coupling (R.
Haselhuhn)

80

4.5
( Selecting and sizing cables for grid-tied PV systems )

Module wiring
variants : the variant
on the right
optimises wiring
lengths and surge
coupling (R.
Haselhuhn)

81

4.5
( Selecting and sizing cables for grid-tied PV systems )

Module wiring
variants : the variant
on the right
optimises wiring
lengths and surge
coupling (R.
Haselhuhn)

82

4.5
( Selecting and sizing cables for grid-tied PV systems )

wiring diagram for a 2kW system with central

inverter (R. Haselhuhn)

83

4.5
( Selecting and sizing cables for grid-tied PV systems )

1.
2.
3.
84

4.5
( Selecting and sizing cables for grid-tied PV systems )

85