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ukefa&mif;ukef0,fwGif tawmfwGifus,faom NrdKYav;wNrdKY &dSavonf/
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ta&SYpl;pl;okdYMunhfvSsif a&;a&;xifaom awmifwef;rsm;udk aemufcHum
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xkdblwm\taemufajrmuf,Gef; udkuf400-cefY tuGmwGifum; rdkif0ufcefY
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&dSavonf/ xdk&Gm\taemufbuf udkuf-300cefYwGif tdrfajc 100-cefY&dS
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xdkrSvGefvSsif ykvdyf*gwfwef;vsm;rsm;&dSavonf/ xdkteD;wGif pmwkduf&dSav
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tuGmwGif bkef;MuD;ausmif; wausmif;ESifhuyf jrdKYtkyf&kH;&dSavonf/
xdkbkef;MuD;ausmif;ESifhqufum axmifhrSef (Right Angle) usum 15-aycefY
jrifhaom tkwfwHwkdif;MuD; av;bufav;wef jcH&HvSsuf apwDi,f
rsm;tv,fwGif a&Ta&mif wajymifajymifvufaeaom apwDMuD;wqlESifh
oyf,yfcrf;em;aom Z&yf? wefaqmif;? ausmif;uefrsm; &dSavonf/
xkd&Gmrsm;teuf &GmrMuD;ozG,f tdrfaumif;trsm;qkH;ESifh qdkifuEm;
tawmftwef&dS pma&;pmcsD jrdKYtkyf? a&SYae? ukefonfrsm; aeMuaom&Gmum;?

qdkcJhjyD;onfh oJacsmif;MuD;taemufbufurf; awmifukef;ay:wGif wnfvsuf

&dSaom &Gmyifjzpfavonf/
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odkYaomf uTsefawmf\ ab;rSwfwrf;t&um; yk*Hacwf taemf&xm rif;apm
tcsdeftcgavmufwGif xkd&Gmudk pwifwnfaxmifcJhonf[k rSwfom;bl;onf/
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atmifjrifh taqmifaygif;rsm;pGm&dSaomfvnf; xdktcgu tawmif&Spfawmif
cefYrSsom &dSawmhonf/ tdrftjrifhrSmvJ okH;aycGJrSsom &dSawmhonf/
xdktdrfMuD;um; a&S;Armrif; vufxufu ewfarmufjrdKY&dS jrdKYolMuD;tdrfyif
jzpfavonf/ ,ckum; tdrfr&dSawmhjyD/ xkdtdrfaemufaz; aqmifi,fwGif
uGEkfyftm; zGm;jrifcJhavonf/
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raygufao;/ okdYaomf&nf&G,fcsufum; xm;yD;jzpfavonf/ ,cktcguJhokdY
tenf;i,frSs jrdKYrqefbJ awm&GmpkMuD;w&GmrSsom jzpfavonf/ eHeuf
naecif;rsm;wGif cavmufoH wa'gufa'guf aeYvnf aeYcif;rsm;wGif
,uef;oH wcGifcGifESifh Mum;&wkef;yif &dSavonf/
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jzpfavonf/ xkdtcsdef xdktcgum; *smreDonf a&ikyfoabFmrsm;jzifh
jAdwdoSsa&wyfwkdYtm; tMuD;tus,f 'kuay;aeonfh tcsdeftcg jzpfav
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rsufESmrlum; yxrtMudrf wkdufyGJMuD;rsm;rSm rjyD;qkH;Edkifaom aomifrwif
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jzpfyGm;vsuf&dSavonf/
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vmcJh&ayonf/ azazmf0g&D (13)&ufaeYum; emrnfausmf euwfaA'if
q&mMuD;uD&dk\ a[majymcsuf t&qkdvSsif wdkif;jynfwjynf\ tpdk;&
xD;eef;wdkYudk jzdKzsufEdkifpGrf;aom olrsm;udk arG;zGm;wwfaom Zmwm[k
a[mxm;avonf/ xkdaeYwGifarG;zGm;aom uGefawmfrSm olykefavmif;av;
jzpfonfudk xdktcgu rnfolrSs xl;xl;jcm;jcm;xnhfoGihf pOf;pm;jcif;

rjyKMuacs/ uGefawmfarG;zGm;onfESifh ywfouf uGefawmf\ Zmwm emrnf

rSm (xdefvif;) jzpfavonf/ okdYaomf uGefawmhftxuf tudk- udkatmifoef;
ESifh emrnfvdkufatmif atmifqef; [k ac:wGifcJhavonf/ arG;zGm;pOfu
uGefawmf rxl;qef;vS aomffvnf; xdkifEdkifxEdkifaom uav;b0rSp
uGefawmfonf xl;jcm;cJhonf/ *Gusol jzpfcJhavonf/
uGefawmfi,fi,fwkef;u awmfawmfeJY pum;rajymwwf&um; vlMuD;rdb
rsm;rSm qGHYtyif aeovm;[k pdk;&drfaMumifhMucJh&onf[k od&avonf/
temtzsm;xlonf/ tpm;MuL;onf/ trJom; ig;udk tvGef MudKufonf/
uGefawmf\rdcif aps;0,foGm;&m &Hzef&Hcg uGefawmhfudk csDoGm;avonf/
wcgaomf trJ om;pdrf;udk twif;vk pm;rnfjyKonf[k uGefawmhfrdcifu
jyefajymjyojzifh od&ayonf/ vl&dkif;b0u uGefawmfvmovm;rod?
,aeYtxd vl&dkfif;oabmrsdK; aecsifonfh pdwfxm;rsm;&dSonf/ &Hzef&Hcg
vl,Ofaus;rsm;ESifh tom;ruscJhacs/ rsufpdaemuf jrifjyif;uyfvmonf/
xkdtcg vl,Ofaus;rsm;ESifh igvl&dkif;[k ZmwdcGJypfcsifonfh pdwfrsm;&dSonf/
vl&dkif;uMurf;\/ cufxef\/ okdYaomf jzLajzmifh\/ wnfMunf\/
vGwfvyf\/ usef;rm\/ oefpGrf;\/ ighjrif;igpdkif; anmifudkif;a&mufa&muf
qkdonfukd uGefawmfMudKuf\/
uGefawmf\pdwfwGif tifrwefpdkjynf vwfqwfaomb0[k ,lqonf/ Arm
jynf&dSonfh vlonf vl&dkif;rsdK;b0 a&mufcsifa&mufoGm;ygap? vGwfvyf
csrf;ompGm acgif;axmifaeEdkifrnfqkdvSsif rvGwfvyfaom vlY,Ofaus;rI
b0xuf uGefawmf tqw&mMudKufonf? ESpfoufonf/ pdrf;vef;pdkajy
us,fjyefYaom vGifjyif&dkif;ay:wGif vufyef;aygufcwf vGwfvGwfvyfvyf
jrL;wl;atmf[pf aevdkonf/
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txl;ojzifh qdkif;wD; tawmf0goemygonf/ pm;yGJjzpfap? acgufp&mawGYvSsif
tNrJacgufavh&dS&m uGefawmf\vufrSm ,aeYwdkif tcsdefrSef vuf&nfuGJ
uscJhavonf/ okdYaomf uGefawmftenf;i,f MuD;jyif;vmonfESifh vlMuD;
rdbrsm;u uGefawmhftm; twD;trIwf0goemudk cGihfrjyK/ e*dk 0goem
r[kwfvm;rod? ,ckpdwfrsdK; aysmufoavmuf&dScJhonf/
uGefawmfum; i,fi,fuav;u ,aeYwkdif vla&mpdwfa&m aysmhajymif;onf
qkdonfh tcsufudk oufouf em;rvnfcJh/ em;vnf&efvnf; rBudK;pm;cJh?
BudK;vnf;rBudK;pm;csif? uGefawmfu pum;ajymvSsif rzG,f&m r,Ofaus;?

touf&SpfESpfxJa&muf ausmif;aeonfhtcsdefyif bkef;MuD;udk bkef;MuD;

pum;jzifh ravSsmufwwf/ trlt&mvJMurf;\/ tvdkufvJrod/ npfvJ
npfywfonf/ touf av;ig;ajcmufESpfwkdifatmif ntdyf,mwGif ao;yg
\/ rD;zdkudk nn&dScdk; t&Sifpzdkn? uGefawmfraeY [k qdk&onfudk trSwf&
ao;onf/ toufq,fhig;ESpfxJ a&mufonfhtcg yif tjcm;tdrfwtdrf
ao;ygbl;ao;onf/ xdktcgum; uGefawmfonf a&eHacsmif;NrdKY trsdK;om;
txufwef;ausmif;rSm ajcmufwef;atmif ckESpfwef;t0if ausmif;tjyef
jzpfonf/
uGefawmf\ tukdtMuD;qkH;rSmvnf; if;ESpfwGif bD-tuf-pD ocsFm *kPfxl;
wef;udkatmifcJh a&eHacsmif;&dS uGefawmfwdkY ausmif;wGif rdrdausmif;
a[mif;jzpfonfhtwkdif; ausmi;fq&m 0ifa&mufvkyfudkif&ef uGefawmfESifh
twlyif vmcJhayonf/ xdktcg a&eHacsmif;NrdKYodkY ewfarmufrS oGm;onfh
vrf;rSm awmifwGif;MuD;okdY &xm;pD;? awmifwGif;MuD;rS rdacsmif;&JodkY um;pD;?
rdacsmif;&JrS a&eHacsmif;okdY oabFmpD; odkYr[kwfvSsif rauG;okdY bwfpfum;pD;?
rauG;oabFmpD;&avonf/ 2-&ufMumavonf/ aemufaeYum; ausmufyef;
awmif;rS wqifh rD;&xm;wwef? armfawmfum;wwefoGm; a&eHacsmif;odkY
aecsif;aygufavonf/ xkdESpfwGif uGefawmfwdkY rauG;rS wqifhoGm;Muonf/
rauG;NrdKYwGif tysdKaygufp cyfacsmacsmrdef;uav;&dSaom todtdrfwGif
wnf;cdkMuonf/ vlysdKaygufpjzpfaom uGefawmfrSm wpdrf;w&Hqef tdrfwGif
raewwf? tawmf&Sufwwfonf/ rdef;uav;eSifhqdkvSsif omyif &Suf
wwfonf/ xkdYaMumifh xkdntdyfcgeD; &SufvGef; ao;raygufrd&m ntdyf
onfhtcg ratmifhEdkifawmh ao;ygusav\/ uGefawmfvJ ygjyD;rS od
avonf/ rSs uGefawmfonf rodrfarGY/ nDtudk armifESrrsm;xJwGif
uGefawmfti,fqkH; jzpf\/ xdkYaMumifh uGefawmfhtdrf pHcsdefeSifhMunhfvSsif
uGefawmftvdkvdkufcH&qkH; jzpf\/ tqkd;qkH;[kvnf; tdrfeD;csif;ygru
&GmeD;csif;rsm;uyg todtrSwfjyKcH&\/
uGefawmf\txuf tpfudkudkatmifoef;ESifh uGefawmfrSm toufokH;av;
ESpfrSsomuGm\/ olESifh uGefawmfum; i,fi,fu &efjzpfbufjzpf\/ olu
vufjref\/ uGefawmfum; tm;BuD;\/ rcsdefrq vufvGwfpy,f
vkyfwwf\/ olum;Ek\/ rif;om;usacsonf? uGefawmfu Murf;\/
olonf tpm;taomuf taetxkdifrS oyf,yf\/ tpm;qkdvnf; tpm;
wdkif;rpm;? pm;aomufaeonfhtcg ajrMuD;ay:odkY usoGm;vSsif olvnf;
rpm;awmhacs/ uGefawmfusawmh tpmudk zkwfzufcg pm;EdkifvSsif
aumufpm;\/ olum; t0wfrsm;udk oyfoyf,yf,yf 0wfwwf\/

uGefawmfum; r0wfwwf rjzpfnpfatmif jzpfuwwf 0wfwwf\/ olum;

ajrBuD;ESifhMurf;rsm;ay:wGif rnfonfhtcgrS wkH;vkH;rvSJ? uGefawmfum;
Budrfzefrsm;pGm vSJbl;\/ olum;yg;\/ vSsif\/ uGefawmfuxl\/ t\/
uGefawmf\ NrdKYum; &Gmomom awmt&yfjzpfonf/ uGefawmfi,fpOfu
,ckxuf uGefawmfwdkYt&yfrSm awmus\/ xkdtcgu (uvDzm;)ac:
qHyifnSyfukvm; wa,mufwavom &dS\/ okdYjzpf&m uvDzm;rSm
vufrvnf/ uGefawmfwdkYtm; acgif;wkH;&dwf&if wcgwcg &dwfwwfonfh
tdrfeD;em;csif;wkdYudk cdkif;&avonf/ wcgwcg uGefawmfwdkY zcifudk,fwkdif
&dwfay;avonf/ uGefawmf\ zcifum; ,ckuG,fvGefonfrSm (15)ESpf
ausmfvGefavNyD/
uGefawmf\zcifonf trlt&mrSm uGefawmfESifh tawmfqifonf/ waeYae
pum; wcGef;rajym/ rsufESmxm;qdk;\/ qdk;&onfhtxJ ausmufaygufr
rsm;vJ&dS\/ avmuGwfr&dS? [efr&dS? bmodbmom aewwfonf/ tudkif
twG,f toGm;tvm trlt&mMurf;wrf;\/ jiif;rdvSsif tavSsmh ray;wwf/
odkYaomf pdwfESvkH;um; txl;ajzmifhpif;\/ pum;wnf\/ tydkrajym?
xkdYaMumifh a&SYaepmar;yGJ 0ifxm;aomfvnf; a&SYaevdkuf pm;onfudk
uGefawmfwkdY rrSwfrd/ ,mvkyfukeful;om pD;yGm;jzpf\/ pD;yGm;jzpfjcif;rSmvJ
uGefawmfwkdY rdcif\ 'dk;wlabmifbuf ulnDrIaMumifhom jzpfavonf/
uGefawmfwdkYtm; tjcm;olwOD;u acgif;&dwfay;vSsif tifrwefnifom\/
uGefawmfwdkY ababum; 'g;rxufxufudk aumif;aumif;raoG;bJ twif;
wGef;cs &dwfcs\/ txl;yifacgif;&nf em\/ uGefawmfwdkYonf acgif;&dwf
rnfhtcg &GHY\/ wGHY\/ odkYaomf acgif;&dwfonfhtcgwdkif; uGefawmfhtudkum;
tNrJidk\/ idkwkdif;acgif;ykwfcH&\/ uGefawmfum;ridk? BudwfcH\/ xdkYaMumifh
acgif;ykwfvGwfonf? uGefawmf\ tudkum; pdwfjref\/ uGefawmfwkdY
nDtudkav;a,muf &dSonfhteuf 'kwd,tudkBuD; udkaeatmifom vSsif
pdwf&Snf odrfarGY\/ woufywfvkH; rnfolESifhrS &efrjzpfcJhbl;acs?
uGefawmfum; pdwf&Gwf\/ uGefawmfhtudk udkatmifoef;um; olrsm;taMum
rcH? oluom OD;aqmifaMumcJhonf/ uGefawmfum; olrsm;taMumom cH&\/
ajrSmufvkdY ajrSmufay;rSef;rod? acsmufvdkYacsmufrSef;rod? xkHayay tvGef
Edkif\/
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olMuD;tdrfwGif wnf;cdkaepOf xkd&GmrS &G,fwlavmuf uav;wa,mufu
uGefawmhftm;ajrSmuf AdkvfBuD;? AdkvfMuD;[kac:&m uGefawmfrSm rsm;pGm

oabmusum xef;vsuftjzLqkyfudk ac:wkdif;ac:wkdif; ay;cJhavonf/

uGefawmfonf vdrfvnfavhr&dS/ rvdrfwwf? vdrfcJhrdaomfvnf; cP
csufcsif; ajzmifhcsufay;\/ uGefawmfwdkYaeonfh bkef;BuD;ausmif;rSm
OykofaeYwkdif;ydwf\/ okdYaomf a,musfm;uav;rsm;rSm OykofaeYyif jzpfaomf
vnf; ausmif;odkYoGm;& a&cyfjrufEkyfvkyf&onf/ waeYaomf aeYcif;wGif
ausmif;om;rsm; tvkyfr&dS tvkyfr&dSvSsif tdyfaeMu? rupm;MueJY [k
bkef;BuD;u trdefY&dSavonf/ tm;vkH;aom ausmif;om;rsm;tm; rtdyfcsif
bl;vm;[k ar;aomtcg rtdyfcsifMuaomfvnf; tdyfcsifonf [k bkefBuD;
tvdkus avSsmufMuonf/ uGefawmfhtm; bkef;BuD;u atmifqef;aum rtdyf
csifbl;vm;[k txl;wnfar;&m uGefawmfu rtdyfcsifygbk&m;[k jyefavSsmuf
&m bkef;MuD;rSm NyHK;omaeavawmhonf/
uGefawmfonf i,fpOfu acsmifwacsmifwGif uyfrdIifawGum pOf;pm;
aeaomfvnf; aewwfonf? uav;ESifhrvdkuf trsm;tm;jzifh tda`EBuD;onf?
upm;cefpm;qdkvSsif rsm;pGmravhusifh? okdYaomf upm;onfhtcg Murf;wrf;\/
Murf;wrf;aom upm;enf;udkrS ESpfoufonf? wGwfxdk;jcif; Munf;om;
&dkufjcif; ponfwkdYudk 0goemygonf? jcif;vkH;cwfjcif;udkum; rBudKuf?
&G&Gav;vkyf&aom tvkyfqdkvSsif uGefawmfESifhrjzpf/
tcsKyfqkd&vSsif uGefawmf\ uav;b0rSm csD;rGrf;p&m tvGefenf;\/
npfywfaya& vSsdKajrmif acsmif;apmif;uJhodkY tzktxpf tjypftemtqm
rsm;onf pdrf;vef;pdkajy nDnmaom jrufcif;ozG,f &SKcsifp&m r[kwfay/
toufq,fESpfcefYtxd tema&m*g uif;onf[l r&dS/ aovkrwwf
tBudrfBudrf jzpfcJhbl;\/ 0JemtBuD;tus,f pGJcJhbl;\/ xdktcg uGefawmf
onf b,fawmhrsm;rS igusef;usef;rmrm tNrJae&ygrnfenf;[k wrf;w
rdonf/
uGefawmfonf xkduav;b0uyif olykef pdwfxm;&dSavonf/ tBuHBuD;
oljzpfavonf/ Armjynftm; t*FvdyfvufrS jyef&&ef olykefxenf; trsdK;rsdK;
udk pOf;pm;cJhbl;avonf/ wcgw&Hvnf; [kwfwdywfwd pdwful;\/ wcg
wcgvnf; jy'g;&SifvkH; ponfrsm;udk &SmazGvdkaom pdwfrsm;ay:ayguf\/
jy'g;&SifvkH;paom tpGrf;tm;jzifh Armjynfudk u,fwifvdk\/ uGefawmf
&efrjzpfwwf? okdYaomfuGefawmfonf owdxl;cGefonf[k rqdkEdkif?
o&JwaptvGefaMumufwwfonf/ &efjzpfcJ\/ uGefawmhftudk udkatmifoef;
um; cPcP&efjzpf\/ OD;atmif&dkufESuf tdrfjyefajy;vmcJh\/ odkYESifhrMum
rMumtwkdifcH& rdbrsm; t&dkufcH&\/ uGefawmfu uJhodkY rjzpfbl;?

&efwcgom tBuD;tus,fjzpfbl;onf/ xkdtcgvlcsif;vnf; xdk;owfykwfcwf

pOfu uGefawmfu Edkif\/ vlcsif;jzefajzonfhtcg ra&Smifrwdrf; xkHayay
aeojzifh cHkzdeyfESifh taygufcH& acgif;aygufzl;\/ xdktcgrS uGefawmf\
&efjzpfzufudk vkdufav&m acgif;rl;rrSD? xkdvdkufonfhtcsdeftxdu owd
aumif;yg\/ acgif;rl;vm acgif;prf;MunhfrS aoG;awGjrifojzifh acgif;ayguf
rSef;odaomtcg uGefawmf idkavawmhonf/ owdacoGm;avawmhonf/
&G,fwluav;csif;rsm;ay:wGif wcgwav tEdkifusifhcsif onfh pdwfum;
&dSavonf/ wcgwGifum; bkef;BuD;ausmif;aepOf ezl;om;rsm;udk Muufawmif
pdkuf Muufawmif&dkuf upm;ae&if;rS ausmi;fom;ESpfa,muf &efjzpf&m
ausmif;om;wa,muf xdyfayguf\/ odkYjzpf xdyfaygufcH&aom ausmif;
om;rdbrsm;u bkef;BuD;tm; vma&mufwkdifwef;&m bkef;MuD;u upm;
enf;rsdK;udk tm;vkH;ausmif;om;rsm;onf ausmif;0if;twGif;rSmaomfif;?
tjyifrSmaomfif;? rupm;&[k ynwf&avonf? xdkynwfcsufudk uGefawmf
ESifh nDtudk0rf;uGJrsm;u oabmrusojzifh tmPmzDqefum &GmxJwGif
upm;Muavonf/ uGefawmfwkdY upm;aeonfudk tjcm;ausmif;om;wOD;
ESpfOD;ujrifojzifh bkef;BuD;tm;oGm;a&muf wkdifwef;aomtcg bkef;BuD;u
uGefawmf\ rdcifESifh OD;av;rsm;udkyg ac: if;wkdYa&SYwGifyif uGefawmfwdkY
tm; jyif;xefpGm&kdufESufavawmh\/ uGefawmfrSm yXrBudwfrdSwf cHaomf
vnf;aemufydkif;wGif owdraumif;EdkifawmhyJ idkavawmhonf/ uGefawmfonf
xkdokdYoGm;a&mufwdkifwef;ol ausmif;om;udk ,aeYwkdif tcJrauscsifvS/
uJhodkY tvkyfydk arwm&d rsufESmvdkrsufESm& txufvlMuD;tm; wkdifjcif;
awmjcif;udk i,fi,fuav;up ,aeYwdkif uGefawmf txl;pufqkyf
vSonf/ ,ckacwfopf ausmif;rsm;wGif ausmif;om;rsm;tm; tusifhrsdK;udk
tm;ray;bJ azsmufzsufapoihfavonf/ tusihfrsdK;um; tusifh,kwf
jzpfavonf/ uGefawmfwkdYrdbum; ypnf;Opm tawmftwef&dS\/ aMuG;&Sif
ajr&Sifjzpf&m qif;&Jom;rsm;ESifh trsm;tjym; qufqH&avonf? uGefawmf
wdkY\ rdcifrSm "e&Sifuav; twef;tpm;xJwGif ormorwf&dS pdwfaumif;
&dSavonf/
odkYyifjzpfaomfvnf; &Hzef&Hcg qif;&Jom;rsm;u aMuG;rsm;rqyfEdkif Mudrf;
armif;aomtcg uGefawmf txl;yif pdwfraumif;jzpfrdonf/ xkdtcgu
uGefawmfum; aiGwdk;MuD;pepfqkd;0g;ykHudk rsuf0g; xifxif awGYcJh&avonf/
rsm;pGmaom qif;&Jom;wkdYrSm aMuG;wcg,lrdvSsif aMuEdkifp&m taMumif;
r&dSay/ pepfudk ,aeYacwfwGif tvsiftjrefjyifqifoihfonf/ tjyif
,ckvuf&dS qif;&Jom;aMuG;jrDrsm;udk tm;vkH;avSsmfypf&ef oihfavonf/
xdkaMuG;rsm;rSm twkd;\ tnGefYaMuG;rsm;om &dSawmhrnfrSm uGefawmf ,kHrSm;

oHo,r&dSay/ uGefawmfum; MuGm;&rnfqkdvSsif rsdK;MuD;aqGMuD;rS aygufzGm;

oljzpfonf/ uGefawmfwkdY a&S;tquftEG,fwkdYrSm yk*Hjynf w&kyfajy;
rif;vufxuf (*sif*spfcH) trSL;&dSaom w&kyfwdkY 0ifa&mufaESmuf,Suf
aomtcgwGif EdkifiHjcm;om;wkdY\ vufatmufwGif raevdk vGwf&muGwf&m
,ck uGefawmfarG;zGm;&m a'ookdY pkefqif;vmcJhavonf[k OD;av;wa,muf
u ajymbl;avonf/
tavmif;bk&m; wwd,EdkifiHawmf xlaxmifpOftcgu wdkif;jynfrSm z&dkz&J
jzpfae&m a&Tbkde,frS OD;atmifaZ,s x uGefawmfwdkY\ tquftEG,f
yif;rif;MuD;OD;jr (bGJYtrnf aumif;aumif;rrSwfrd) qdkolrSmvnf; rdrd e,fudk
tkyfpD;acgif;aqmif ArmhxD;eef;xlaxmif&ef MuHavonf/ aemufrS
tavmif;bk&m; taMumif; Mum;ojzifh vlrsm;apvTwfpkHprf;ap tavmif;
bk&m;\ bkef;vuf&kH;taMumif; Mum;odonfhtcg tavmif;bk&m;xH
0ifa&muf oufpGefYMudK;yrf;trIxrf;avonf[k rSwfom;&bl;onf/
rif;wkef;bk&ifvufxufwGif oufawmf&Snftrwfjzpfaom crf;ywfrif;MuD;rSm
uGefawmfwkdY\ trsdK;tEG,fyifjzpfonf[k Mum;bl;onf/ rif;wkef;bk&if\
orm;awmfwOD; (vltrnfrSm OD;ausmfZH jzpfavonf? bGJYudkum;rod)
rSmvnf; uGefawmfwkdY\ trsdK;taqGyifjzpfavonf/ pkHeHYomjrdKifa&;aom
q&maMumhrSm OD;ausmfZH\ ajr;yifwnf;/ t&Sift*rrm"drSmvnf; uGef
awmfwdkY trsdK;[kyif od&onf/ uGefawmfwdkYab;rSm ewfarmufjrdKY
olMuD;jzpfavonf/ pmwwfonf? OmPfxufonf? vufajrmufonf onf?
pdwfxufonf[l Mum;embl;avonf/ rdrdtxufjrdKY0efESifh rwJh tvkyf
jyKwfojzifh rEav; a&TjrdKYawmfodkYwuf t&mcHaeqJ tedpa&mufavonf[k
wcgu yk&ydkufrSwfwrf;wckwGif bwf&bl; avonf/
(pum;tvsOf;oifh a&;&OD;rnf? a&S;uvnf; 'dkif,m&Dac: aeYpOfrSwfwrf;
&dSavonf/ tac:ta0:um; arhoGmavjyD/ uGefawmfwkdY(ab;) tdrfMuD;wGif
awGYbl;aom yk&ydkufrsm;wGif uGefawmfwkdYab; aeYpOf bmvkyfonf
b,foGm;onf ponfwkdYudk rSwfom;xm;csufrsm; awGY&avonf/)
uGefawmfwdkY ab;wGif tpfudkMuD;wa,mufESifh nDESpfa,muf&Sdonf[k
od&onf/ tpfudkMuD;rSm &efukefqdyfurf;tkyf jzpfonf[k od&onf/
nDti,fwa,mufrSm wvkyfjrdKY0ef OD;bGm;,l[kac:\/ jrifuGef;- jrif;ckH
wdkifwdkY\ i,fq&mjzpfonf/ if;rif;om;rsm;txwGif jrif;uGef;rif;om;
wkdYtwGuf "m;jywkduf aiG&Smay;& avonf/ xdktcsufudk aejynfawmfu
odav OD;bGm;,l&mxl;rS usavonf/ uGef,kH\ opmMuD;rI aMumifhif;?

trIrxif&Sm;if;? rif;wkef;rif;uJhokdY odrfarGYaom rif;vufxufjzpfif;?

toufcsrf;om &avonf/
emrnfausmf OD;rif;a&mif (Adkvfva&mif) rSm uGefawmfwkdY tzGm;\
wlawmfonf/ OD;rif;a&mifum; vuf&kH;tm;udk;jzpfonf/ trdkufqkH;
qkdolrsm;ukd wynfhvkyfxm;onf/ if;\ wynfhwa,muf (emrnfum;
rrSwfrd)onf ZmwfyGJrsm;wGif vlysufysufonfhtcsdef vlrsm;&,fwkH;r&,f?
trsm;&,fjyD;rS wa,muf wnf; us,favmifpGm tMumMuD;&,fwwfonf[k
od&onf/ uJhokdY t&GJYwkduf&,fonfudk Adkvfrif;a&mifawGY tm;&um
qkcsavawmhonf/ wcgvnf; if;wynfhESifh if;\nD jrdKY0efOD;rif;armif\
wynhfwkdYonf if;wkdY\bGm;r r,fawmfysHwGif vufa0SYxkd;Muonf/
OD;rif;a&mif\ wynfh&IH;onf? nDjzpfol OD;rif;armifu rdrdwynfhEdkifojzifh
yk0gwydkif; qkcsavonf/ xkdtcg Adkfvfva&mifu rcHcsif rdrd wynfhukd
&IH;vsufESifhyif ykqdk;wxnf qkcsavonf/
wcgvnf; Muufom;[if; pm;vdk nDOD;rif;armiftm; Muuftowf
ckdif;avonf/ OD;rif;armif um; Adkvfva&mifESifhrwl vlajymhav;jzpfonf/
apmif; pnf oDcsif;qdkawmfonf/ pum;ajym csdKomonf/ txufvlMuD;\
tcspfawmfwOD;[k od&onf? OD;rif;armif MuufrowfEdkif xkdYaMumifh
Adkvfva&mifu oludk,fwdkifowf csufpm;avonf/ ydkYonfh[if;udk
nDtm;rauG;yJ acG;auG;ypfaom[l\/
(um; uGefawmf\ trsdK;tEG,ftaMumif; odorSsyifwnf;/)
ausmif;om;b0
uGefawmf\ rdcif? bcifESpfOD;pvkH;rSm OmPfaumif;aom trsdK;jzpfavonf/
uGefawmf\ bcifonf a&SYae pmar;yGJwGif ArmwjynfvkH; wwd,pGJ
cJhavonf/ uGefawmfwdkY nDtudktm;vkH;vJ OmPfaumif;Muonf/ odkYaomf
'kwd,tpfudkMuD;um; pmoiftxl;ysif;vS tjcm; nDtpfudkuJhodkY ayguf
aygufa&mufa&muf ynmrwwfay/ uGefawmf\ tpfudkrsm;? 0rf;uGJ
nDtpfudkrsm;? OD;av;rsm;rSm rdrdwkdYqkdif&m ausmif;pmar;yGJwGif xdyfwef;usus
atmifjrifMuolcsnf; jzpfavonf/ uGefawmfwdkY\ rdbrsm;onf ynm
udkvnf; txl;vdkvm;Muonf/ uGefawmf\ tpfudkrsm;udk ig;ESpfom;
t&G,frSp ausmif;xm;cJhavonf/ uGefawmfwa,mufom ti,fqkH;jzpf
tvdkvdkufxm;ojzifh touf 8-ESpf a&mufrSomvSsif ausmif;pae&ayonf/

uGefawmf ausmif;aevm&if;ajym&OD;rnf/ uGefawmf\txuf tpfudk

atmifoef;tm; touf 11-ESpfcefYwGif &SifjyKavonf/ xdktcg udkatmif
oef;onf jrefrm 6-wef;wGif&dSonf/ uGefawmhfrSm touf-8ESpfxJ
a&mufaomfvnf; ausmif;rae&ao;acs? &SifjyKtcrf;tem;jzifh tudkatmif
oef;wkdY &Sifavmif;qifaomtcg uGefawmfvJ &Sifavmif;jzpfcsifojzifh
rdciftm;ylpmao;onf/
xdktcg
rdcifu
&Sifavmif;vkyfwJhvlonf
pmwwfrSmjzpfrnf[k ajymojzifh ausmif;aeygawmhrnf[k uwday;um
xdkwGifrS ausmif;paejzpfonf/ wef;ausmfwufcJh &jyefojzifh av;eSpfESifh 10wef;atmifjrifonf/ t*Fvdyf-jrefrm owrwef;pmar;yGJwGif ArmwEdkifiHvkH;
e0rpGJcJh txufwef;paum;vm;&Spf &cJhonf/ Ak'bmomausmif;eSifh
trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm;wGif yXrpGJcJh OD;a&Tcdk qkudk &&dScJhNyD;aemuf
&efukefwuodkvfwGif 6-ESpfcGJrSs aecJhonf/ EdkifiHa&;pdwfoefrIaMumifh
ausmif;pmrsm;udk ravhusufojzifh (bD-at) twef;txd atmif,kHom
atmifcJhonf/
(bD-at) txufwef;ESpfwGif ausmif;om; oydwfacgif;aqmif wOD;jzpf
tvkyf&SKyfojzifh (bD-at) pmar;yGJukd wESpfrajzyJ aecJh&onf/ aemuf (bDt,fvf) twef;udk wufcJhonf/ twef;vnf; rSefrSefrwuf? pmtkyf
vnf;r&dS? rSwfpkvnf;rxm;? pmvnf;rMunhf? rdrdpdwfoef&m EdkifiHa&;udkom
vkdufpm;ojzifh (bD-t,fvf) yXrESpf pmar;yGJ &SKH;avonf/ onfum;
uGefawmhfb0wGif yXrqkH;ESifh aemufqkH; us&SHK; jcif;aywnf;/ us&SKH;
aomfvnf; Oya' &mZ0ifjzpfaom yXrar;cGef;wGif uGefawmf yXr&cJhonf/
'kwd, (bD-t,fvf) ESpfwGif ESpfaphatmif uGefawmfraeawmh/ Oa&my
wkdufwGif jrL;epfpmcsKyf rcsKyfqkdrD ppfjzpfrwwf tajctaeESifh ArmjynfwGif
t"du&kPf; tajctaersm;udk axmufq wdkif;jynftwGuf udk,fxd
vufa&muf vkyfudkif&ef ausmif;rS ESpf0ufwGifxGuf ocifb0odkY ajymif;
cJhonf/
jrefrmpmoif bkef;MuD;ausmif;ae&pOfu uGefawmf txl;raysmfydkufonfh
tcsufwcsuf &dSavonf/ xdktcsufrSm upm;ckefpm;jcif; uav;bmom
opfyifwuf? a&ul;? tvkyfrsdK; ydwfyifjcif;yif jzpfonf/ tcsufwGif
usaemfwkdY rdbrsm;vnf; woabmwnf;avmufyif &dSonf/ uGefawmfwdkYrSm
opfyifwufjcif;? a&ul;jcif;paom udk,fvufusef;rm usifvnfrIudk
avhvmcGihfr&? opfyifwufonfudkjrifvSsif tqdk?tjrnf cH&onf/ a&ul;
onfudkodvSsif t&dkufcH&onf/ xdkYaMumifh ,aeYtxd usaemhfrSm OmPfynm
bufrS tcGifhtvrf;&cJh aygufajrmufoavmuf udk,fvufusef;rm

usifvnfa&;wGif tcGifhtvrf; r&cJh rsm;pGm csdKY,Gif;aeayonf/ a&eHacsmif;

trsdK;om;ausmif; jzpfonfhtwkdif; qif;&Jojzifh upm;ckefpm; avhusifh
&mae&m? ud&d,m? wefqmyvmrsm; rxm;Edkifyif jzpfonf/
ArmjynfwGif bkef;MuD;rsm;ESifh a&S;vlMuD;rsm;\ wcsdKYt,ltqrsm;udk acwf
ESifhavsmfatmif jyKjyifoihfayonf/ odkYr[kwfvSsif ynmqkdonfrSm pmtkyf
pmwrf; wuf pmodrIudk ynm[k rqdkomay/ ynmonf twdkif;tqrxif
tvGefus,fajym eufeJvSayonf/ urmay:&dS pmtkyftm;vkH;yifvSsif
ynmtm;vkH;udk avmujyifus,fwnf; [laom ausmif;MuD; uGEkfyfwkdYonf
ykcufwGif;rSonf ajrMuD;xJa&mufonftxd ynmoifom;rsm; jzpfaeMu
aponf xkdYaMumifh ynmoifMum;rIonf trSefpifppftm;jzifh ol\ wouf
yefwGif ukefqkH;onf[k rqkdEdkifay/ ynmwwfolonf avmu&dS t&m&mudk
tcGifhtvrf;vdkuf qifjcifokH;oyf edkifpGrf;aom OmPftm;udkvnf;aumif;?
rdrdOmPftjrift& pdwfaepdwfxm; pdwf"mwfwkdYudk vnf;aumif; (Emotionof
the Education) jyKjyifjyKpk pDrHxm;cJholomvSsif jzpfonf/ bDatyif
atmifapumrl? ynmqkdaom obm0 t"dym,fudk aumif;pGmokH;oyf
em;vnfjcif; r&dScJhaomf wu,ft&mra&muf tokH;r0ifEdkifay/
ynm[lonf pmtkyfrsm;xJom &dSonfr[kwf/ pmtkyfrsm;udk ausmf
jrifEdkifpGrf;jcif;udk aqmifEdkif&ayrnf/ ynmonf vl\OmPfudkom jyKjyif
wkd;csJY,kHomr[kwf/ vl\ pdwfaepdwfxm; t,ltqrsm;udkvnf; wkd;wuf
ap&rnf/ vl\qEtm; vkyftm;udk El;nTwfap&rnf/ &mZ0if od,kHom
r[kwf &mZ0ifudk zefwD;Edkifap&rnf/ avmu"mwfynmudk od,kHomr[kwf?
avmu"mwfynmudk wdk;csJY Edkifap&rnf/ yXrynmudk od,kHomr[kwf
ajropf? a&opf? awm? awmifwkdYudk &SmazG pkHprf;EdkifpGrf; ap&rnf/ avmu
taMumif;udk em;vnfap,kHomr[kwf? onfhxufaumif;aom avmuudk
zefqif;Edkifap&rnf/ um; ynm\ o&kyftusOf;rSsyifwnf;/ ynmonf
umva'o? ya&m*ESifh ,SOf&rnf/ OmPfMuD;om wdk;wuf onm
r&dSygrlvnf; rSsydkrdk qef;Mu,f tajymus,fvSaom acwfopftaMumif;udk
em;rvnfEdkifay/ avmu"mwfynmudk rwwfrodyJ avmu"mwf ynm
OmPfudkom &vSsif avmu"mwf ynm\wefzkd;udk 'if;jynhf rokH;Edkifay/
wdkif;jynf tajctaejyoem? acwf\tajctaeESifh r,SOfygrl wkdif;jynf
axmifjcif;? acwfjyifjcif; rjyKEdkifay/ arG;uwnf;u aoonftxd t,l0g'
tajymif;tvJr&dSolonf ynmwwfonf[k rqkdEdkifay/ vlwa,muf\
oufwrf;wGif tpyXru odjrifvmaom pdwfaepdwfxm; 0g'wdkYonf
trSefcsnf;r[kwf? jyKjyif ajymif;vJ&rnfomwnf;/ ,aeY t,ltqESifh

eufzeft,ltqwdkYrSm wlcsifrS wlrnf? trSefum; vlwOD;\ wb0wGif

uGEkfyfwkdYonf t,l0g' ajymif;vJjcif;rsm;udk awGYaomtcg xdkvlonf
orm"drwnf? a&SYaemufrnD[k xifrSwfrSm;wwfavonf/
orm"drwnfjcif;rSm udk,fusifhw&m; azmufvGJazmufjyef jzpfjcif;aywnf;/
0g'ajymif;vJrIrSm OmPftjrif\ ajymif;vJrIaMumifh orm"d rwnfjcif;
r[kwfay/ wenf; wdk;wufjcif; aywnf;/ trSeftm;jzifh orm"dqkdaom
pum;udk eufeufeJeJ qifjcifvSsif avmu&dS vltaygif;wkdYrSm orm"d
vufudkifMu&ol &Sm;ayonf/ orm"d qdkonfrSm avmu\ taumif;?
tqdk;? tusdK;? tjypf? tysuf pepfpkHudk ydkif;jcm;xifxif odjrif
qif;&Jvnf; 0rf;renf;? csrf;omvnf; 0rf;rom? yuwdpdwfxm;
OmPftjrift& vlcsD;rGrf;? vluJh&JhrI ab;'ku tE&m,fudk rxdwfrvefY
worwfwnf; wnfNidrfpGm &dSjcif;udk qkdavonf/ bk&m; tp&Sdaom
olawmfaumif;wkdY\ pdwfwnfaeykHrsdK;wnf;/
okdYjzpf&m omrefudk,fusifhw&m; trlt&m? tajymtqdk? brf;jywnfNidrfrIudk
vltaygif;wkdYu orm"d[k omrn ajymprwfjyKMuavonf? trSefpifppfum;
xkdbrf;jy wnfNidrfrIaemufwGif rnfrSs twGif;azmufvGJazmufjyefrIrsm;
wdk;yGm; rsm;jym;vmonfudk vltaygif;wkdY rpOf;pm;rdMuacs/ uGefawmfonf
ajEMuD; rsufESmxm; tvGefwnfol wa,muf[k todtrSwfjyK cH&
avonf/ uGefawmf\ udk,ftrlt&m pdwfxm;o&kyfwkdYonf azmufvGJ
azmufjyef oabmudk rjyay/ odkYaomf tu,fyif uGefawmfonf orm"d
&dS\/ rnfrSs orm"dudk ydkifqkdifay oenf;/ uGefawmfomvSsif uGefawmf\
twGif;vSKyf&Sm;rIwkdYudk pmtkyfudk zwf&if;zwf&if; awGYjrif Mu&ay
vdrhfrnf/
todqkH; jzpfayonfh uGefawmf\ twGif; vSKyf&Sm;rIrsm;um;? orm"dw&m;udk
vkH;0rydkifqdkifao;jcif;\ trSwf vuPmyifwnf;/ ,ckvnf; uGefawmf
orm"dw&m;udk ykdifNyDavm/ vkH;0 rydkifqdkifao;ay/ xdkYaMumifh vlwdkif;
ykdifqkdifjcif; r&dSao;aom orm"dw&m;udk pum;vkyf rqdkMuygESifhOD;/
vlwa,muf\ OmPftjyif vSKyf&Sm;rI 0g'ajymif;vJrIudk orm"drwnf[k
wHqdyft&dkuf rapmoihfMuay/ Oyrmtm;jzifh vGefcJhaom ESpfrsm;u t&Sif
tm'dp0Ho qkdaom udk,fawmftm; omoemwGif bduLeDrrsm; &dSoifhonf[k
pmtkyfwtkyf a&;om;rIaMumifh 0dkif;y,fMu\/ oydwf arSmufMuukef\/
trSefum; ol\ ajymif;vJrIonf rSm;csifvJ rSm;ayvdrhfrnf/ odkYaomfvnf;
ykxkZOfwkdY\ *wdtvm;jzifh trSm;r&dSol r&dS/ trSm;odrS trSef jrifavonf/

trSm;wcgvkyfrdvSsif trSm;ESpfcgvkyfrdaomtcg rSefvmayvdrhfrnf/ okdYaomf

vnf; rSm;yifrSm;apumrl rdrdOmPftjriftavSsmuf ajymif;vJrIrIrSm &dStyf
onfomwnf;/ avSeH "m;xpfqkdaom tvkyf tajym tawG;wkdYrSm ynm\
t"dym,f qefYusifbufaywnf;/
Ak'a*gwronf oAnKwa&TOmPfawmfudk ajcmufESpfwkdifwkdif trSm;trsdK;rsdK;
udkausmfum &SmazGawGY&dScJhavonf/ xdkOmPfawmf &SmazG&ef pdwfykdif;jzwfaom
tp od'wrif;om;onf rdrdOmPf tjrift& tEkrme rsufrSef;&rf;q
ajymif;vJrI &dSavonf/ tvS,fvS,f tajymif;ajymif; taomif;tuaom
armif;rrdH ajcG&Hy&dowfwdkYESifhwuG eef;aqmifokH;0,f rif;pnf;pdrfudk
pGefYy,f aomifrjrif urf;rjrif &aoh&[ef; toGif? avSsmfaw ouFef;udk
0wfqif bduLeD avm,mpe oDavmwd bduL [lonfESihftnD?
olawmif;pm;b0rsdK;okdY ajymif;vJrIonf omrefyuwd rsufpdtm;jzifh
MunhfvSsif &l;rdkufonf[k qkd&ayrnf/ rdrd\ rif;pdwf rif;0g'udk qefYusif
aom avmupdwf avmu0g'tm; odkY ajymif;vJcJhavonf/
(AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;)

atmifqef;Zmenf
azaz:0g&D q,fhoHk; [m
AdkvfcsKyfarG;aeUyg?
wpfaxmifhudk;&mwpfq,fhig;
a&SUae OD;zmom;?
Zmwd ewfarmuf rauG;c&dkif
odMursm; ckwdkif?
BuHhBuHhcdkifwJh ZmenfbGm;
rdcifa':pkom;?
wpfaxmifhudk;&mav;q,fhcGef
ajymif;MuG wrvGef?
rsuf&nfjzdKifvdkU b0ifndI;
Zlvdkif wpfq,fhudk;/
jynfaxmifvGwfa&; BudK;yrf;atmif
jynfcspf'dkYacgif;aqmif
qdk&S,fvpfabmifvrf;pOfrsm;
AdkvfcsKyfcsrSwfoGm;/
jynfaxmifpk&JU aus;Zl;&Sif
AdkvfcsKyf wdkUzcif?
aumif;apcsifwJh rSmpum;
igwdkU rarhtm;/

atmifqef;Zmenf
azaz:0g&D q,fhoHk; [m
AdkvfcsKyfarG;aeUyg?
wpfaxmifhudk;&mwpfq,fhig;
a&SUae OD;zmom;?
Zmwd ewfarmuf rauG;c&dkif
odMursm; ckwdkif?
BuHhBuHhcdkifwJh ZmenfbGm;
rdcifa':pkom;?
wpfaxmifhudk;&mav;q,fhcGef
ajymif;MuG wrvGef?
rsuf&nfoGefvdkU b0ifndI;
Zlvdkif wpfq,fhudk;/
jynfaxmifpk&JU aus;Zl;&Sif
AdkvfcsKyf wdkUzcif?
aumif;apcsifwJh rSmpum;
igwdkU rarhtm;/
(rluGJ)

"Invictus"
Outofthenightthatcoversme,
BlackasthePitfrompoletopole,
Ithankwhatevergodsmaybe
Formyunconquerablesoul.
Inthefellclutchofcircumstance
Ihavenotwincednorcriedaloud.
Underthebludgeoningsofchance
Myheadisbloody,butunbow'd.
Beyondthisplaceofwrathandtears
Liesbutthehorroroftheshade,
Andyetthemenaceoftheyears
Finds,andshallfindme,unafraid.
Itmattersnothowstraitthegate,
Howchargedwithpunishmentsthescroll,
Iamthemasterofmyfate:
Iamthecaptainofmysoul.
EngravethisquoteinOurStore!|Ratethis
Quote!|TellaFriend

WilliamErnestHenley,1875

tEdkifrcH
ightm; zkH;vTrf;xm;aom vuG,foef;acgif
tarSmiftwGif;rSae tEdkifrcH t&IH;ray;wwfaom
ig\pdwf"mwfudk zefqif;ay;onfh ewfodMum;wkdYtm; igaus;Zl;wif\/
avmu"Hw&m;wdkY\ &ufpufMurf;MuKwfaom vufqkyfwGif;odkY
usa&mufae&jim;aomfvnf; igum; rwkefvIyf ridkaMuG;
uHw&m;\ &kdufykwfjcif; 'PfcsufwdkYaMumifh
ig\ OD;acgif;onf aoG;oHwkdYjzifh &J&JeD\ nGwfum; rnGwf
avmba'gowdkY MuD;pdk;&mXme\ tjcm;rJhum;
aojcif;w&m;onf iHhvifhvsuf&Sd\/
odkYaomf ightm; rwkefvIyfonfudk awGY&tHh/
aemifudkvnf; b,fawmhrS raMumufonfudkom awGY&tHh/
ok*wdodkY oGm;&m wHcg;0onf rnfrSs usOf;ajrmif;onfjzpfap
,rrif;\ acG;a&yk&ydkuf ightjypfwdkYudk rnfrSsyif rsm;pGm
rSwfom;xm;onfjzpfap igum; *&krjyK
igomvSsif ighuH\ t&Sifocifjzpf
igomvSsif ighpdwf\ tMuD;tuJ jzpfownf;/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
(tdk;a0r*Zif;? twGJ 6 trSwf 1? 1936 ck)

]]AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ b0NzpfpOfae hpGJrsm;}}

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf olYuGsefrcHvdkol OD;rif;a&mif\aNr;Nzpf a&SYaeMuD;
OD;zmESifh a':pkwdkY\om;Nzpfonf/
1915/ / azaz:0g&Dv 13 &uf? 1276 waygif;vqef; 1&uf paeae hwGif
rauG;wdkif;ewfargufNrKd hzGm;Nrifonf/aA'if q&muZmwmwGif xdefvif;[k
trnfa&;aomfvnf; tudkNzpfolatmifoef;ESifhvdkufzuf&ef atmifqef;[kac:
wGifcJ honf/
1922/ / touf(7) ESpfwGifewfarmufNrKdY q&mawmfOD;aombdwxHwGif
ausmif;aecJ honf/
1928/ / a&eHacsmif;trsdK;om;txufwef;ausmif;odkY aNymif;aecJYonf/
1930/ /owrwef;atmifum OD;a&T&dk; paumvm;&Spf&onf? wpfv 10
NzifhoHk;ESpfpmpaumvm;&Spf&cJ honf/
1932/ /a&eHacsmif; trsdK;om;txufwef;ausmif;rS txufwef;atmifum
&efukefwuodkvfa&mufonf/
1934/ /Oypmwef;atmifonf(pmar;yGJcHktrSwf231)/
a&G;aumufyGJ&SHK;edrfhonf/

wuotrSLaqmif

1935-36 / /wuotrSLaqmifa&G;aumufyGJ0if&m ta&G;cH&onf/ tdk;a0

r*Zif; t,f'DwmtNzpfaqmif&Gufonf/xdkodk haqmif&GufpOf tdk;a0r*Zif;
]acG;o&rf;MuD;vGwfaeonf} (Hell Hound At large) aqmif;yg;a&;oludk
xkwfaz:raNymwuodkvfrSxkwfy,fcH&onf/
1936/ /wuo 'kOuXa&G;cs,fcH&onf? &efukefNrdKY *sLbvDa[mcef;r
usif;yaom ArmedkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;nDvmcHwGifrdefYcGef;aNymMum;
onf/

1937/ /t*Fvdyfpmay?
0dZmwef;atmifNrifonf/

Oa&my&mZ0if?

edkifiHa&;aA'bmom&yfrsm;Nzifh

1937-38 /wuo'kOuXtNzpfaqmif&GufNyD; ArmedkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;

rsm;or* OuXtNzpfvnf;aqmif&Gufonf/
1937/ /&efukefwuodkvf yJcl;aqmif o[m&ESifhpmzwftoif; OuXtNzpf
aqmif&Gufonf?yJcl;aqmiftcef;trSwf(113)wGifaecJYonf/
1938/ /Oya'oifMum;ae&mrS4if;? ArmedkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm; or*
OuXae&mrS4if; ESKwfxGufonf/
t*FvdyfbmomNzifhxkwfa0aom e,l;bm;rm; owif;pmt,f'DwmtzGJYwGif
acw0ifa&mufvkyfudkifonf/ yxrOD;qHk;wuodkvfausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f
wuodkvfaumifpD0iftNzpf wifaNrSmufNcif;cH&onf/ atmufwdkbmvwGif
ocifudk,fawmfrSKdif;OD;aqmifaom wdkYArmtpnf;t&Hk;odkY 0ifa&mufonf/
1938-39 / wuoOuXtNzpfaqmif&Gufonf/
1939/ /Zefe0g&DvwGif &efukefta&;wMuD;vHkNcHKa&;tufOya'Nzifh (15) &uf
zrf;qD;axmifcscH&onf/ azaz:0g&Dv(25)&ufaeY oef;acgifausmf 2em&DcGJ
wGifusif;yaom ArmedkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or* toif;tvkyf
trSLaqmiftpnf;ta0;odkY wufa&mufonf/
azaz:0g&Dv 26&uf nae5em&DFcGJwGif ArmNynfeef;&if;0ef? NrdKYrdNrdKYz tzGJY0if
vlMuD;rsm;ESifh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; (ausmif;om;oydwfta&;ESifh
pyfvsOf;) awGYqHkaqG;aEG;onfh tpnf;ta0;odkY wufa&mufonf/ {NyD 6
&ufrS 9 &uftxdusif;yaom armfvNrdKifnDvmcHwGif twGif;a&;rSL; tNzpf
wm0efcH aqmif&Gufonf/ Mo*kwfv13 &ufaeYwGif &efukefa&ausmf&yf
wdkYArmtpnf;t&Hk;wnf&mXme ocifatmifqef;? ocifvSaz? udkodef;az?
udkA[def;? rpwm'wm;wdkYonf wdkYArmtpnf;t&Hk;twGif;wGif uGefNrLepftzGJY
av;w&yf pwifzGJ hpnf;onf/ Mo*kwfv 15 &ufae hwGif&efukefta&S hydkif;
49vrf;tdrfeHygwf 188wGif ArmNynfuGefNrLepfygwDudkvsdK h0SufpGmwnfaxmif
zGJYpnf;NyD; ocifatmifqef;u taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;tNzpf wm0ef,l
cJYonf/ pufwifbm 1 &ufwGif a'gufwmbarmftdrfusif;yaom tpnf;
ta0; xGuf&yf*dkPf;\ twGif;a&;rSL;tNzpf wifaNrSmufNcif;cH&onf/

edk0ifbm 18 &ufaeYwGif aNratmufawmfvSefa&;A[dktzGJYudk pwifwnfaxmif

um ocifatmifqef;tm; Nynfyacgif;aqmiftNzpf wifaNrSmufMuonf/
1939 'DZifbmvrS 1940 Zefe0g&Dv twGif;Armwpf NynfvHk;odkY
w&m;vSnfhvnfa[maNymcJhonf/
1940/ / rwfv 22 &ufaeY tdEd,ekdifiH &rf;*g;NrdKYwGifusif;yaom
tdEd,trsdK;om; uGef*&ufnDvmcHodkY ocifoef;xGef;? ocifcifatmif?
ocifwifarmif?ocifqif*lywm;?udkxGef;&Sdef(Adkvf&efedkif)?udkA[def; wYdkESifhtwl
wufa&mufcJhum arv 5 &uf &efukefNyefa&mufonf/ ZGefv 29 &ufwGuf
[oFwc&dkif &mZ0wf0efrpwmaZ;AD;,m;u ZGefv 1 &ufae hZvGefNrdK h
csif;awmiftaMumif;a[maNymrINzifh ocifatmifqef;udkzrf;&ef 5 usyfwef
0&rf;udkxkwfcJ honf/ Mo*kwfv 8 &ufae hwGif ocifvSNrdKifESif htwl [dkifvD
trnf&SdoabFmNzifh ArmNynfrS w&kyfNynfodkY vsdKY0SufpGmxGufcGmcJYMuonf/
Mo*kwfv 24 &ufaeYwGif w&kyfNynf trGdKifodkY a&muf&Sdum xdkrSwqiYf
edk0ifbm 12 &ufaeYwGif *syefNynf wdkusdKNrdKYodkY a&muf&SdcJYonf/
1941/ / rwfv 3 &ufaeYwGif ArmNynfodkYNyefvmNyD; rwfv9 &ufaeY
&JabmfoHk;usdyfxJrS yxrtokwfvli,fwpfpkudk wygwnf;ac:,lNyD; *syef
NynfodkY vsdKY0SufpGmNyefvnfxGufcGmcJYonf/ rwfv 27 &ufaeYwGif *syefNynf
wdkusdKNrdKYodkY Nyefvnfqdkufa&mufcJYonf/ xdkESpfedk0ifbmv 0&rf;aNy;aepOf
wuodkvftkwfcsKyfa&;tzGJYrS ESkwfxGufonf/ 'DZifbm 27 ? 1941 paeae hn
1 em&DtcsdefwGif ,dk;',m; NynfbefaumufNrdKY&Sd rsdK;cspfyk*dKvfMuD;OD;vGef;
az\aetdrfwGif bDtdkifat ac: ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfudk pwifzGJ hpnf;
NyD; vufarmif;aoG;azgufaomufMuonf/
1942/ / Zefe0g&Dv 1 &uf wGif t*Fvdyftpdk;&u ocifatmifqef;udk
bm;rm;vpf (Burma List) ac: t*Fvdyftpdk;& \&efolawmfpm&if;wGif t
rSwfpOf 5 tNzpfaMunmcJhonf/ ZlvdkifvwGif AdkvfrSl;MuD;&mxl;Nzifh Armhum
uG,fa&;wyfrawmf ppfaoemywdtNzpfaqmif&Gufonf/ No*kwfv 1 &uf
wGuf bDtdkifat ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfrS bD'Dat ArmhumuG,fa&;
wyfrawmftNzpfodkY aNymif;vJ&mwGif AdkvfrSL;MuD;&mxl;Nzifh bD'Datwyfrawmf
\aoemywdNzpfvmonf/ pufwifbmv 6 &ufwGif a':cifMunfESifh
vufxyfonf/ vufxyfyGJudk aq;&Hk ,ckppf&Hk;csKyfay:yif usif;yonf/
edk0ifbmv 8 &ufwGif NrdKYawmfcef;rusif;yaom acwfopfq&mNzpfoifwef;
wGif aoe*FAsL[mppfynm taMumif;a[maNymonf/

1943/ / rwfvwGif AdkvfcsKyf&mxl;odkY wdk;NrSifhNcif;cH&onf/ rwfv 17

&ufwGif a'gufwmbarmfESifhtwl *syefNynf wdkusdKNrdKYodkY zdwfMum;Ncif;cH&NyD;
1943 rwfv 22 wGif *syeftifyg,m\ bGJYxl;*kPfxl;wHqdyf (Order Of
The Risingsun) NzifY csD;NrSifhNcif;cH&onf/ Mo*kwfv 1 &ufwGif Armh
wyfrawmf ppfOD;pD; aoemywd &mxl;tNyif ppf0efMuD;tNzpfaqmif&Gufonf/
*syeftpdk;&\ ( First Class Order Of The Sacred Treadsure) csD;NrSifh
Ncif;cH&onf/ atmufwdkbm 2 &ufwGif OD;0dpm&aMu;kyfESifh ausmufwdkif
zGifhyGJwGif rdefYcGef;aNymMum;onf/
1944/ / No*kwfv 4 &ufwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifNyD; zufqpf
wdkufzsufa&;ESifYNynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzGJYcsKyfMuD; (zqyv)udk yJcl;NrdKY Armh
wyfrawmf wdkif; 4 pcef; vsdKY0SufpGm zGJYpnf;cJYonf/ xdkodkYzGJYpnf;&m
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf zqyv A[dkOD;pnf;tzGJYwGif4if;? zqyv A[dk
ppfaumifpDwGif4if;? ppfa&;acgif;aqmiftNzpf wifaNrSmufNcif;cH&onf/
Mo*kwfv 23 &uf Ak'[l;aeYwGif &efukefNrdKYywfvrf;ESifh OD;xGef;Nrifh
vrf;axmifh&Sd ppf0efMuD;AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;\aetdrf Armhwyfrawmf
ArmNynfuGefNrLepfygwDESifh NynfolYta&;awmfyHkygwDwdkY yg0ifzGJYpnf;aom
zufqpfwdkufzsufa&; NynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzGJYcsKyfudk NyefvnfzGJ hpnf;onf/
pufwifbm 3 &ufwGif AdkvfrSL;MuD; apmMum'dk;? AdkvfMuD; apmpHbdk;oif?
AdkvfrSL;&JxGwf? AdkvfcsKyfuawmfa':cifMunfESifhtwl aNrmif;NrNrdKYodkY a&mufvm
Muonf/ pufwifbmv 7 &ufwGif AdkvfrSl;MuD;apmMum'dk;? AdkvfMuD;
apmpHbdk;oif? 'kAdkvf odef;aq?G AdkvfrSL;MuD;aZ,s? AdkvfrSL;&JxGwf wdk hESifhtwl
ykodrfc&dkif uefMuD;axmifh&Gmodk hc&D;xGufMuonf/
1945/ / rwfv 17 &ufwGif &efoludkwdkufcdkuf&eftwGuf wyfrawmf
udkOD;aqmif ppfaNrNyifodkYxGufcJYonf / rwfv 27 &ufaeYwGif zufppf
*syefrsm;udk pwifawmfvSefonf/ arv 16 &ufwGif AdkvfcsKyfpvif;ESifh
yxrOD;qHk;tMudrf awGYqHkonf/ ZGefv 20 &ufwGif t*FvdyfppfoabFm
urfbmvif ( H.M.S. Cumberland) ay: tNcm;edkifiHa&; acgif;aqmif
rsm;ESifhtwl bk&ifcH qma':refprpfESifh awGYqHkaqG;aEG;onf/ Mo*kwfv 19
&uf aeol&drftpnf;ta0;wGif rdefYcGef;aNymMum;onf/ Mo*kwfv 29 &uf
NrdKYawmfcef;rusif;yonfh ta&SYtaemuftoif; ( East And West
Association) wGift*FvdyfbmomNzifh a[maNymcJYonf/ pufwifbmv 4
&ufwGif ta&SYawmiftm&Sqdkif&maoemywd avmharmifhbufwefESifh Armh
wyfrawmf qufvufwnfwHha&;twGuf aqG;aEG;&ef ocifoef;xGef;? Adkvf
vuFsm? Adkvfae0if;? OD;bazwdkYESifhtwl oD[dkuGsef; *ED NrdKYodkYoGm;onf/

1946/ /Zefe0g&D 20 &ufwGif a&Twd*Hk tv,fyp,Husif;yaom edkifiHvHk;

qdkif&m zqyv nDvmcHwGif zqyvOuXtNzpf wifaNrSmufcH&onf/ rwfv
4 &ufwGif ocifNr? [oFmwOD;Nr? OD;atmifpHazwdkYESifhtwl &efukefrS &cdkifodkY
c&D;xGufonf/ rwfv 6 &ufwGif awmifukwfa&mufonf/ rwfv 7
&ufwGif awmifukwf w&m;a[monf/ rwfv 10 &ufwGif ppfawGudk
a&mufNyD;? rwfv 11 &ufaeY ppfawGNrdK hwGif w&m;a[monf/ rwfv 26
&ufwGif px&if; a[mfw,ftdEd,acgif;aqmif y@pf ae&l; ESifh 3
em&DMumaqG;aEG;onf/ arv28 &uf nae 4 em&D tcsdef NynfolY
&JabmfwyfzGJYtm;vHk;udk avmif;0pf vrf;XmecsKyf tzGJ hwnf&mXme Mo0g'
rdefYcGef;ay;onf/ pufwifbm 26 &ufwGif bk&ifcH\trSLaqmifaumifpD
'kobmywd tNzpf&mxl;vufcH tpdk;& tzGJ htopf udkzGJ honf? edk0ifbmv
2 &uf NrpfMuD;em;&Sd wdkif;&if;om; ucsifppfwyf udkppfaq;onf? edk0ifbmv
14 &ufrS edk0ifbmv 30 &ufaeYtxd txufArmNynfodk hc&D;xGuf
onf/ 'DZifbmv 23 &ufaeYwGif u,m;Nynfe,f vG,faumfNrdKY
usif;yonfh u&iftrsdK;om; ESpfopful;yGJawmfodkY wufa&mufonf/
'DZifbmv 24 &ufaeY eHeufwGif awmifMuD;NrKdYanmifa&Ta[mf apmfbGm;rsm;
ESifhyxrqHk;tMudrf aqG;aEG;onf/
1947/ / Zefe0g&Dv 2 &ufwGif ocifNr? OD;wifxGwfwdkYESifYtwl bdvyfodkY
oGm;onf/ Zefe0g&D 5 7ufaeY nae 5 em&D 10rdepftcsdefwGif a'vDa&'D,dkrS
ArmNynfodkY[laom rSmMum;csufrdefYcGef;udktoHvGifhonf/ at&SnDnGwfa&;oYdk
[laom AdkvfcsKyf toHoGif;rdefYcGef;udkvnf; xdkaeYn 8 em&DcGJtcsdefwGif
a'vDa&'D,dkrS toHvGifhonf/ Zefe0g&Dv 13 &ufwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
OD;aqmifaom udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJYESifh NAdwdosS0efMuD;csKyftufwvD acgif;
aqmifaom NAdwdosSudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJYwdkY aqG;aEG;yGJudk vef'efNrdK htrSwf 10
a'gif;eif;vrf;&Sd NAdwdosS 0efMuD;csKyfa*[m usif;yonf/ Zefe0g&Dv 28
&ufwGif atmifqef;tufwvDpmcsKyftm; vufrSwfxdk;onf/ azazmf0g&Dv 2
&ufaeY &efukefNyefa&mufonf/ azaz:0g&Dv 8 &ufaeY &Srf;Nynfawmifydkif;
yifvHkNrdKYodkY oGm;a&mufonf/ azaz:0g&Dv 12 &ufae hyifvHkpmcsKyfvufrSwf
a&;xdk;onf/ azaz:0g&Dv 28 &ufaeY NrdKYawmfcef;rwGif usif;yaom
NrdKYawmf0ef\{nfhcHyGJ rdefYcGef;aNymMum;onf/ rwfv 10 &ufaeYwGif
ArmNynf t*FvdyfukefonfMuD;rsm; toif;ESpfygwfvnfaeYwGif rdefYcGef;
aNymMum;onf/ rwfv 15 &ufrS rwfv 17 &ufaeYtxd avaMumif;c&D;Nzifh
Nrdwf?xm;0,f?armfvNrdKifNrdKYrsm;odkY c&D;xGufonf/ rwfv 17 &ufaeYnae 4
em&DtcsdefwGif armfvNrdKifNrdK hbk&ifryef;NcH rdefYcGef;aNymMum;onf/rwfv 20
&ufaeYwGif ausmufqnfESifhrEav;NrdKYrsm;wGif w&m;a[monf/ rwfv 21

ppfudkif;NrdKYwGif w&m;a[monf/ rwfv 23 &uf anmifOD;NrdKYwGif w&m;

a[monf/ rwfv 24 &uf rauG;NrdKYwGif w&m;a[monf/ rwfv25 &uf
ewfarmufNrdKYwGif w&m;a[monf/ rwfv 27 &uf tmvH (atmifvH)
wGifw&m;a[monf/ xdkaeYwGifyif &efukefNyefa&mufonf/ {NyDv 1 &ufwGif
av,OfNzifhppfawGodkY c&D;xGufonf/ xdknaewGif a&wyfrawmfrS ppfoabFm
Nzifh aNryHkNrKdYodkY c&D;qufonf/ {NyDv 2 &ufae hwGifppfawGrS &efukefodkY
av,mOfNzifhNyefvmonf/ {NyDv 4 &ufwGif tkwfwGif; awmifil ysOf;rem;
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