Pnm hnZym`ymk kanXn

]mwXcw A[nI]T\kma{Kn
ckX{w

XmdmnbXv :

BapJw
mv dqw {]h\fn apSanmsX ]sSpm IgnbmXv DX]T\n\p tbmKyX t\SmIgnbmsX t]mIpXns {][m\ ImcWfn HmWv . kmnI {]bmkhpw, AmZanI klmbw \evIm\p ]cnNbpdhpw, cnXmsf ]etmgpw \nlmbcmppv. ChnsSbmWv Krlki\w \Sn Ipnsb icnbmhw XncndnbpI, A[nI ]T\mpI kwLSnnpI, {]mtZinI ]T\tI{ Bcw`npI, FnhbpsSsbmw {]kn. IpnIfpsS km[yXbv pw Xmev ] cyn\pa\pkcnv ]T\{]h\ Bkq{XWw sNpI FXv Chsc klmbnptm {]tXyIw DutXmWv. AXn\p klmbIcamb {]tXyI ]T\kma{KnbmWv CXv. Ign s]mXp ]cobn IpnIv {]bmkw t\cn 5 hnjbsfbmWv ChnsS sXcsSpncnpXv. A[nI]T\mpIfnepw, {]mtZinI ]T\tI{fnepw Revision {]h\fSap ]com XmsdSppIv Cu ]T\kma{Kn kaambn D]tbmKnpI.

sU]yqn UbdIvS (hnZym`ymkw)

]memSv

{]nknm
Ubv, ]memSv

]mwXcw A[nI]T\kma{Kn
ckX{w
s]mXp\nti
]T\ {]h\ptijw s]mXp]copthn IpnIsf kampXn\v {]tbmP\sSpWw. ]mT`mKsf ASnm\amnbp {][m\ Bibfpw Ahp aqey\nb {]h\fpamWv CXn DsmnncnpXv.

{]tbmP\sSpptm kzoIcnt {]{Inb

BZyw {][m\ Bib a\nempXn\p Ahkc HcpWw. tNmZy tNmZnv. Nmn {]Zinnv hmbnm\hkcw \Insmv. sNdp{KqpIfn hmbnm\hkcw \Insmv. {Kqn hmbnv tNmZy Xmdmm\hkcw \Insmv. XpSn km[yamb X{ CXn\mbn BhnjvIcnmw. Bib ]cnNbsp Ignm AXpambn _sp \Inb tNmZy Nmn {]Zinnv DcsagpXm Ahkcsamcpmw. AXn\ptijw DcSemkpI ]ckv]cw ssIamdn \evIpp. Dc hmbnpt\mm\hkcw \Ipp. XpSv s]mXpNbneqsS Hmtcm tNmZyntbpw Dchpw AXn\p \tI kv t Imdpw Xocpam\npp. DcSemkn icnbpcp kvtIm \Ipp. BsI kvtIm FgpXn DcSemkpI XncnsI \Im Ahkcsamcppp. kzw DcSemkpI Hmtcmcpcpw ]cntim[nv XncpepI Dsn A[ym]nIsb t_m[ysSpn kvtIm Xncppp. mkns s]mXp\nehmcw hnebncppp. Hmtcm bqWnpIfpw Cu {]{Inb {]tbmP\sSpn A\p`hapmm {inWw.

1. hmXI\nba
Xm{Xm {IaoIcWw
hfsc AIp nXnsNpp. BIjW_ew Xosc IpdhmWv. Xm{XIv kzX{ambn Nenm\mIpw. FmbnSpw hym]npw. Xm{XInSbn [mcmfw eapv.

hmXIfpsS {]tXyIXI
AansbmXpmw. AansbmXpn {ZmhIammw. NqSmnbm s]sv hnIknpw. DuXnbm hopw.

hmXI\nba
1. t_mbn \nbaw hym]vXhpw (V) ahpw (P) Xnep _w aw IqSptm hym]vXw Ipdbp. AXmbXv hym]vXw an\v hn]coX A\p]mXnemWv. (Xm]\nebnepw Xm{XIfpsS Fhpw ncamhptm)

KWnXcq]w

1 V P

kahmIyw

PV = nckwJy

{]mtbmKnI kahmIyw

P1V1 = P2V2

2. Nmkv \nbaw hym]vXhpw (V) ahpw (P) Xnep _w Xm]\ne IqSptm hym]vXw IqSpw. hym]vXw Xm]\nev t\ A\p]mXnemWv. (amhpw Xm{XIfpsS Fhpw ncambncnptm)

KWnXcq]w V T

kahmIyw

V = nckwJy T

{]mtbmKnI kahmIyw

V1 V2 = T T1 2

3. AhKmt{Um \nbaw hym]vXhpw (V) Xm{XIfpsS Fhpw (n) Xnep _w Xm{XIfpsS Fw IqSptm hym]vXw IqSpw. hym]vXw Xm{XIfpsS Fn\v t\ A\p]mXnemWv.

KWnXcq]w V n

kahmIyw

V = nckwJy n

kwtbmPnX hmXI kahmIyw

P1 V1 T1

P2 V2 T2

hmXI\nbasf kqNnnp {Km^pI

t_mbn \nbaw Nmkv \nbaw AhKmt{Um \nbaw

Cu Bibsf ASnm\amn \Inbncnp GXm\pw tNmZy. 1. Xmsg sImSpncnp {]kv X mh\Ifn hmXIpam{Xw _m[Iambh sXcsSpsgpXpI. Xm{XIv Ne\kzmX{yw IpdhmWv. AansbmXpn {ZmhIamm\mIpw. Xm{XI Xnep AIew IqSpXemWv. Hcp`mKv HXpn\npp. Xm{XIv BIjWw Xosc IpdhmWv. hfsc s]sv hym]npp. Xm{XIv Ne\kzmX{yapv. 2. (a) hym]vXhpw Xm]\nebpw Xnep _w kqNnnp hmXI\nbaw GXv? (b) Cu hmXI\nbaw {]kvXmhnpI. (c) Cu hmXI\nbans KWnXcq]hpw hmXIkahmIyhpw FgpXpI. (CtX coXnbn ap cp hmXI \nbasf kw_n tNmZyfpw tNmZnmw).

3. hmXI \nbasf kqNnnp {Km^v NphsS tNpp. (A) V (B) V (C) V

1 p

(a) CXn t_mbn \nbas kqNnnp {Kmt^Xv? (b) t_mbn \nbaw {]kvXmhnpI. (c) Cu \nbans KWnXcq]hpw kahmIyhpw FgpXpI. (CtX coXnbn ap cp hmXI\nbafpw tNmZyfmmw). 4. Hcp hmXIns aw 4 atm Bnbtm hym]vXw 200 L \npw 300 L Bbn. Fn (a) ChnsS aw IqpIbmtWm IpdpIbmtWm sNbvXnpmhpI? (b) hmXIns BZyaw F{Xbmbncnpw? 5. hmXI\nbasf kqNnnp {Km^pIfmWv Xmsg sImSpncnpXv. CXn icnbmbtXXv? (A) V (B) V (C) V (D) V

1 p

1 p

1 p

6. aw ncamnshpsImv Hcp hmXIns Xm]\ne 300k bn\npw 400 k Bn amn Fn (a) hym]vXw IqSpIbmtWm IpdbpIbmtWm sNpI? (b) Ctmgs hym]vXw F{Xbmbncnpw? 7. hmXI \nbasf kqNnnp cp Nn{X NphsS \Inbncnpp. Nn{Xw A Nn{Xw B

(Htcbn\nep hon _eqWpI) (a) Hmtcm Nn{Xhpw GtXXv hmXI\nbasf kqNnnpp? (b) Cu hmXI \nba {]kvXmhnpI. Hmtcmntbpw KWnXcq]sagpXpI. 8. (a) V n Cu _w GXv hmXI\nbas kqNnnpp. (b) Cu hmXI\nbaw FgpXpI.
6

9. Xmsg sImSpncnp k`sf GsXms hmXI\nbafpambn _nnmw? (a) _eq DuXnhonpp. (b) LPG Kymkv knen. (c) th\mev hml\fpsS Sbdn Imv Ipdp am{Xsa ASnmdpq. (d) hon _eqWpambn Ipfn\Snbntev Dufnbnm _eq sNdpXmIpp. (e) hon _eq shbnenm s]mpp. (f) sskn]p]tbmKnv ImSnpp. 10. Hcp hmXIns hym]vXw ]IpXnbmbm aw F{XbmIpw? (Xm]\ne hyXymksSpn). 11. Hcp hmXIns Xm]\ne 5 aSp hnm hym]vXw F{X aSv hnpw? 12. honcnp Hcp _eq hopw DuXn BZytXnt\m 3 aSv hepXmn. Fn hmbphns Afhnepmb amw F{X? 13. 300 K Xm]\nebn 300 L hym]vXap Hcp hmXIns aw 2 atm BWv. aw 6 atm Bnbm hym]vXnepmb amsa{X? 14. km[mcW Acoan nXnsNp Hcp hmXIns Xm]\ne 300 K Bbncnptm hym]vXw 200 L BWv. hym]vXw 400 L Bphm Xm]\nebn hcpt amsa{X? 15. Xmsg sImSpncnp {Km]pI Hmtcmpw GtXXp hmXI\nbahpambn _shbmsWv ]dbpI. (A) V (B) V 0 (D) V p (E) 0 PV T (F) (C) V 0 V T 0 T n

1 P

16. icnbmb {Km^v GsXv IspI. (A) T (B) V n (C) V 0 (D) 1 p 0 V

7

V (E) PV

n (F)

V T 0 V

2. cmk{]h\fpw tam kev]\hpw

{][m\ Bib
cmk{]h\w A`nImcIw Dev]w cmk{]h\thKX A`nImcI Dev]fmIpXv. cmk{]h\n ]sSpp ]Zm cmk{]h\^eambn DmIp ]Zm bqWnv kabwsImpmIp Dev ] ns Afhv IWmpXv g / sec F bqWnn.

cmk{]h\ thKXsb kzm[o\np LSI

KmVX IqSptm cmk{]h\thKX IqSpw. Xm]\ne IqSptm cmk{]h\ thKX IqSpw. aw IqSptm cmk{]h\thKX IqSpw. Dt{]cI cmk{]h\thKX IqSpw. {]XehnkvXow IqSptm cmk{]h\ thKX IqSpw.

sImfnj knmw
cmk{]h\w \SWsan A`nImcI Xm{XI ^ehmb Iqnapen\v hnt[bamIWw. IqnapepIfpsS Fw IqSptm cmk{]h\thKX IqSpw.

Dt{]cI
cmk{]h\n ]sSpmsX cmk{]h\thKX hnnp ]Zm.

BIvSnthj F\Pn
cmk{]h\ntesSm A`nImcI Xm{XIpth Ghpw Ipd Duw. KmVX IqSptm cmk{]h\thKX IqSpw. ImcWw KmVXIqSptm Xm{XIfpsS Fw IqSpw. Iqnap IqSpw. Xm]\ne IqSptm cmk{]h\thKXIqSpw. ImcWw Xm]\ne IqSptm BIvSnthj F\Pnbnsenb Xm{XIfpsS Fw IqSpw. Iqnap IqSpw. aw IqSptm thKX IqSm ImcWw aw IqSptm hym]vXw Ipdbpw. Xm{XI Xnep Iqnap IqSpw. Dt{]cI BIvnthj F\PnbpsS AfhpIpdpp. Iqnap IqSpp.

tam
B, Xm{XI FnhbpsS Fw IWmpXn\p bqWnv. 1 tam = 6.022 x 1023 Fw. 6.022 x 1023 F kwJy AhKmt{Um kwJy FdnbsSpp.

{Kmw Bw
Hcp aqeIns AtmanIv amkv F{XbmtWm A{Xbpw {Kmw. {Kmw Bn Hcp tam B DmIpw.

{Kmw Xm{Xm amkv

Hcp ]Zmns Xm{Xm amkv F{XbtWm A{Xbpw {Kmw. {Kmw Xm{Xm amkn Hcp tam Xm{XIfpmhpw.

tamfm hym]vXw
STP bn Hcp tam hmXIns hym]vXw. CXv 22.4 L BWv. AXmbXv 22.4 L hmXIn 1 tam (6.022 x 1023) Xm{XIfpmhpw.

BfpsS Fw Ip]nSnm
Xncnp amkns\ {Kmw BwsImv lcnpI.

Xm{XIfpsS Fw Ip]nSnm
Xncnp amkns\ {Kmw Xm{Xm amkwsImv lcnpI.

hym]vXw Xm Xm{XIfpsS Fw Ip]nSnm

Xncnp hym]vXs tamfm hym]vXwsImv lcnpI.

aqey\nb {]h\
1. sImfoj knmw {]kvXmhnpI. 2. BIvSnthj F\Pnbpw cmk{]h\hpw Xnep _sav? 3. Htc `mcap cp Zn IjvWfnsemv t\ HClDambpw atXv KmV HClDambpw {]hnpp. Fn (a) GXnemWv cmk{]h\w thKn \SpI? (b) FpsImv? 4. Xm]\ne IqSptm cmk{]hXX\ thKX IqSpw. Cu {]kv X mh\tbmSv tbmPnpptm? ImcWw hniZampI. 5. ahpw cmk{]h\thKXbpw Xnep _hpw ImcWhpw hniZampI. 6. Dt{]cI Fmsev? Dt{]cI cmk{]h\ thKX IqSpsXs\? 7. cmk{]h\thKX Fmsev? 8. A`nImcI Jc]ZmfmsWn s]mSnp tNpXv {]h\thKX Iqpw. Cu A`n{]mbtmSv tbmPnpptm? FpsImv?

3. CeIvt{Sm hn\ymkhpw ]ncntbmUnIv tS_nfpw

{][m\ Bib
Hcp aqeI Bnep t{]mtmWpIfpsS Fw. aqeIns kz`mhs \nbnp LSIw. CXp]tbmKnv Hcmnep t{]mtmWpIfpsSbpw CeIvt{SmWpIfpsSbpw Fw Ip]nSnmw. CeIvt{Sm hn\ymkw FgpXn kwtbmPIX Ismw. CeIvt{Sm hn\ymkw : \yqnbkn\p Nppw sjpIfn CeIv t {SmWpIfpsS {IaoIcWw. sj apJy Du\ne K, L, M, N.... Fns\ 7 Fw. k_vsj D] Du\ne s, p, d, f.... Fns\ 4 Fw. k_vsjnemWv CeIvt{SmWpI ImWsSpXv. s k_vsjn 2-Dw p k_vsjn 6-Dw d k_vsjn 10-Dw f k_vsjn 14Dw CeIvt{SmWpI Dsmm\Ipw. Fm sjpIpw k_vsjpIfpv. Hcp k_vsjns\ kqNnnphn[w : k_vsjns {]XoIns CSXp`mKv sj\dpw. heXp`mKv apIfn CeIvt{SmWpIfpsS Fhpw FgpXpp. DZm; 2p3 - cmas sjnse p k_vsjn 3 CeIvt{SmWpI. 4d6 - \memas sjnse d k_vsjn 6 CeIvt{SmWpI. asmcp coXnbn aqmas sjnse s k_vsjn Hcp CeIvt{Sm FXv 3s1 -FsgpXmw. Amas sjnse f k_vsjn 5 CeIvt{Sm FXv 5f5 FsgpXmw. k_vsjn CeIvt{Sm \ndbp {Iaw. Hm^vt_m XXzw 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d k_vsj CeIvt{Sm hn\ymkhpw ]ocntbmUnIv tS_nfpw Xnep _w. aqeIns tmv : k_vsj CeIvt{Sm hn\ymkw FgpXptm Ahkm\ CeIvt{Sm \ndbp k_vsj. aqeIns ]ncoUv : k_vsj CeIvt{Sm hn\ymkw FgpXptm Ghpw IqSnb sj \. aqeIns {Kqv s tmv aqeIfmsWn s k_vsjnep CeIvt{SmWpIfpsS Fw. p tmv aqeIfmsWn p k_vsjnep CeIvt{SmWpIfpsS FtmSv 12 IqpI. d tmv aqeIfmsWn s, d k_vsjnep CeIvt{SmWpI Xn IqpI. AtmanI \ :

CeIvs{Sm s\Knhnn
CeIvt{SmWpIsf t\SnsbSpm\p Bns Ignhv.

10

CeIvs{Sm s\Knhnnbpw ]ncntbmUnIv tS_nfpw

Bns hepw Ipdbptm CeIvs{Sms\Knhnn IqSpw. ]ocntbmUnIv tS_nfn ]ncoUn hetmp t]mIptmdpw Bns hepw Ipdbpp. CeIvs{Sms\Knhnn IqSpp. {Kqn Xmtgmphcptmdpw Bns hepw IqSpp. CeIvs{Sm s\Knhnn Ipdbpp. CeIvs{Sm s\Knhnn IqSnb aqeI ]ncntbmUnIv tS_nfn heXp`mKpw Ipdh CSp`mKpw ImWpp.

CeIvs{Sm s\Knhnnbpw kwbpfpsS kz`mhhpw

cpaqeI tNv Hcp kwbpapmIptm B aqeIfpsS CeIvs{Sm s\KnhnnI Xnep hyXymkw 1.7 IqSpXemsWn AtbmWnIkz`mhhpw 1.7 IpdhmsWn klkwtbmPI kz`mhhpambncnpw.

AbWoIcW Duw
Bns _mlysjn\npw CeIv t {SmWpIsf \owsNm\mhiyamb DuamWnXv. Bns henw IqSptm AbWoIcW Duw Ipdbpp. ncX IqSptm AbWoIcW Duw IqSpp.

]ncntbmUnIv tS_nfpw AbWoIcW Duhpw Xnep _w

]ncoUn hetmpt]mIptmdpw Bns henw IpdbpXn\m AbWoIcW Duw IqSpp. {Kqn Xmtgmp hcptmdpw Bns henw IqSpXn\m AbWoIcW Duw Ipdbpp. d tmv aqeI : khntijXI kw{IaW aqeI Fpw ]dbpw. Fmw temlfmWv. \ndap kwbpfpmpp. hyXykvX HmIvkoIcWmh ImWnpp. ImcWw d k_vsjntebpw CeIvt{SmWpI cmk{]hntesSpp.

aqey\nb {]h\
AbWoIcW Duw
1. GXm\pw aqeIfpsS CeIvt{Sm hn\ymkw \Ipp. ({]XoI bYma). A - 1s2 2s2 2p3 B - 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 C - 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3 4s2 D - 1s2 2s1 E - 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 CXns\ ASnm\amn Xmsg sImSpncnp tNmZyv DcsagpXpI. (a) C F aqeIns AtmanI \ F{X? (b) Htc tmn ImWp aqeI Gh? GXv tmn? (c) Htc ]ncoUn ImWp aqeI Gh?
11

2.

3.

4.

5.

Htc {Kqn ImWp aqeI Gh E F aqeIns ]ncoUv, {Kqv Fnh ImWpI. Chbn kw{IaW aqeItaXv? Bns hepw IqSnb aqeIhpw Ipd aqeIhpw GXv? Chbn AbWoIcW Duw Ghpw Ipd aqeItaXv? CeIvs{Sms\Knhnn IqSnb aqeItaXv? Cu aqeIsf AbWoIcW Duw IqSnhcp {Ian FgpXpI. AtbmWnI kz`mhw IqSpXep kwbpfpmIm GsXms aqeI Xn kwtbmPnWw. 4 aqeIfpsS AtmanI \dpI \Inbncnpp. P - 17, Q - 19, R - 21, S - 10 (a) Hmtcm aqeIntbpw k_vsj CeIvt{Sm hn\ymksagpXpI. (b) Htc tmn ImWsSph GXv? (c) Hscw DIrjvSaqeIamWv. GXmWXv? (d) d tmv aqeItaXv? (e) Chbn Bh\nIbn CSXp`mKpXv GXv? (f) Chbn AbWoIcW Duw Ipd aqeItaXv? IqSnbtXXv? (g) 4-mw ]ncoUn ImWp aqeI GsXms? (h) hyXykvX HmIvkoIcWmh ImWnp aqeItaXv? (i) Chbn Ateml aqeItaXv? (j) 1-mw {Kqn ImWp aqeItaXv? (k) Chbn AtbmWnI kwbpapmIm GsXms aqeI Xn kwtbmPnWw? (l) Cu aqeIsf AbWoIcW Duw IqSnhcp {Ian FgpXpI. 2 aqeI ]ncotbmUnIv tS_nfn ImWp m\w \Inbncnpp. A - aqmw ]ncoUn cmw {Kqn B - cmw ]ncoUn ]Xn\mdmw {Kqn (a) Cu aqeIfpsS k_vsj CeIvt{Sm hn\ymkw FgpXpI. AtmanI \ FgpXpI. (b) Cu aqeIfpsS kwtbmPIX FgpXpI. (c) Ch GsXms tmpIfnshbmWv. (d) Ch Xn tNcptmgpmIp kwbpns kz`mhw FmWv? (e) Ch tNpmIp kwbpns cmkkq{Xw FgpXpI. aqp aqeIfpsS CeIvs{Sm s\KnhnnI \Inbncnpp. Chbn GsXms tNm AtbmWnI kwbpapmIpw? GsXms tNm klkwtbmPI kwbpapmIpw? A = 1.0, B = 2.5, C = 3.5 Hcp aqeIns k_vsj CeIvt{Sm hn\ymkw FgpXnbncnpp. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 (a) Cu aqeIns AtmanI \ F{X?
12

(d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k)

(b) (c) (d) (e)

GXv {Kqn ImWpp? CXns CeIvt{Sms\Knhnn IqSpXtem Ipdthm? FpsImv? Cu aqeIw temlamtWm AtemlamtWm? Cu aqeIw cmk{]h\ns `mKambn AtbmWmbn amptm Nmv GXmhpw? F{X NmpmIpw? (f) Cu AtbmWns k_vsj CeIvt{Sm hn\ymkw FgpXpI. 6. cp d tmv aqeIfpsS AtmanI \dpI 29 Dw 30 Dw BWv. (a) Cu aqeIfpsS k_vsj CeIvt{Sm hn\ymkw FgpXpI. (b) Cu cp aqeIfpw s]mXpsh ImWnm km[yXbp HmIvkoIcWmhI Gh? (c) d tmv aqeIv hyXykvX HmIvkoIcWmh DmIm ImcWsav?

13

4. teml cmkkz`mhw
{][m\ Bib
{Inbmioet{iWnsb ASnm\amn temlfpsS {]h\w
shhp ambn s]mmkyw (K) AXnbmb Cuanm XWp Imkyw (Ca) {Inbmioew hmbphntmepw shhpambpw tkmUnbw (Na) HmIvknP\pambn NSp shhpambpw aojyw (Mg) tNcpp. {]hnv Aepan\nbw (Al) ssl{UP\p mhpp. {Inbmioew hmbphpambn knv (Zn) Ccpv (Fe) \n (Ni) Sn (Sn) seUv (Pb) sNv (Cu) sapdn (Hg) knh (Ag) mn\w (Pt) kzw (Au) {Inbmioe t{iWn t\ BtZiw BknUpambn sN AXnXo{hambn {]hnv ssl{UP\p mIpp kwbpfpsS temlw ncX \nn sshZypX hntjWw hgn GsXmcp IqSpX temlhpw AXn\p Xmsgbp atsXmcp teml tbpw anXamb Cuns \ocmhnbpambn ssl{UPs\ AXns XmcXtay\ {Inbmioew kmnyn {]hnv BtZiw ehWn ncXbpXv ssl{UP\p sNpp hmbphnse \npw HmIvknP\pambn mhpp BtZiw tNcpp sNpp.

C, Co Fnh D]tbmKnv \ntcmIvko Icnv

{Inbmioew Db NqSn shhpambn {]h\w Ipdhv HmIvknP\pambn {]h\an C tNcpp. {Inbmioew {]h\w C C {]h\w {]h\w C C

ncX Ipdhv inbmbn NqSmn kzX{mh KmwKn bn \npw thXncn sSp

1.

{Inbmioe t{iWnbnse GXm\pw teml {Ian \Inbncnpp.

tkmUnbw (Na) aojyw (Mg) Ccpv (Fe) sNv (Cu) kzw (Au)

CXns\ ASnm\amn \Inb tNmZyv DcsagpXpI. (a) Xnphbn {Inbmioew Ghpw IqSnbXpw, IpdXpw GXv? (b) Xnp temlfnsemn\v aphsb AhbpsS ehWfn\npw BtZiwsNm IgnbpXv? (c) Xnphbn Hcp temltbpw AXns ehWn\npw BtZiw sNm Ignbm temlw. (d) \ocmhnbn {]hnv ssl{UP ]pdphnSp temlw? (e) XWpshhpambn t\cnv {]hnm Ignbp temlw? (f) inbmbn NqSmptm am{Xw hmbphnse HmIvknP\pambn IqSp temlw? (g) {]h\tijnbnm temlw. (h) aojyw, sNv Fo teml tNpmp Kmh\nIv sknse Bt\mUpw ImtYmUpw GXv? (i) Ghpw IqSpX thmXbp Kmh\nIv sk \nnm Chbn GsXms Xn tNWw? (j) Chbn sshZypXn D]tbmKnv kwbpfn\npw thXncnp temlw. (k) Chbn anXamb {Inbmioeap teml.
14

(l) ncX Ghpw IqSpXep kwbpfpmp temlw? (m)Im_ / Im_ tamtWmIvsskUv D]tbmKnv Abncn\nv thXncnsSpp temlw? (n) Xnphbn inbmbn NqSmn \nnp temlw?

teml \nmWw {][m\ Bib

[mXp - {]IrXnbn ImWsSp Fm temlkwbpfpw. Abncv Hcp temlw thXncnsSpm\p]tbmKnp [mXp. KmwKv Abncn ASnbncnp amen\y. Abncns {]tXyIXI Cu [mXp [mcmfw e`yamWw. Ffpnepw _ew Ipd coXnbnepw thXncnm\mIWw. temlmwiw [mcmfapmbncnWw. thXncnpInp temln\v KpWtabpmIWw. Ghpw IqSpXembn D]tbmKnp temlfpw AhbpsS AbncpIfpw. Ccpv slassv (Fe2 O3 2H2O) sNv tImmkv (Cu2 S) Aepan\nbw t_mIvsskv (Al2 O3 2H2O) knv knv s v (ZnS) Ieman (ZnCo3) sapdn kn_ (HgS) teml\nmWns L Abncns km{oIcWw KmwKv \owsN temlw thXncnsSp temlkwbps hnPbnn teml ipoIcWw temlnep amen\y \owsN Aepan\nbw \nmWw t_mIvsskns ipoIcWw eonwKv {]{Inb. t_mIvsskv KmV NaOH ebnnpp. amen\y \opp. NaOH ebnptm Inp tkmUnbw Aepant\ns\ t\npp. Atm NaOHDw Al(OH)3 Dw DmIpp. \mbn Cfn Al(OH)3 inbmbn NqSmn Al2O3 Dmpp. KmV NaOH + Al2O3 2H2O amen\y Acnpampp. NaAlO2 t\npp. NaOH + Al(OH)3 Al(OH)3 tNv Cfpp. Al(OH)3 Acnpamn inbmbn NqSmpp. Al2O3
15

sshZypX hntjWw Al2O3 bn\npw Al thXncn. Bt\mUv Im_ ZpI ImtYmUv {Kmss^v sse\nwKp Ccpp]{Xw CeIvt{Smssev DcpInb {Itbmssen 5% Al2O3 ebnnXv. sshZypX hntjWw \Sptm Aepan\nbw HmIvsskUv (Al2O3) hnLSnv Aepan\nbw ImtYmUn thXncnbpp. ImtYmUn Bt\mUn 2 Al 3 + + 6e 3O2 + 6e 2Al 3O2

Ccpns \nmWw Abncn\npw thXncnm

1.

Im_ tamtWmIv s skUv D]tbmKnv \ntcmIvkoIcn. \nmWn\p koIcWw mv ^Wkv mv ^Wkn D]tbmKnp ]Zmfpw D]tbmKhpw. slassv Abncv NpmpIv Abncnse amen\y \owsNp (Imkyw Im_tWv CaCo3) ^vfIvkv Bb CaO (Imkyw HmIvsskUv Dmm) tImv (Im_) Abncns\ \ntcmIvkoIcnv Ccpv thXncnpXn\p Co Dmm. mv ^Wkn \Sp {]h\w Nqfbnse Db NqSn NpmpIv hnLSnv ImkywHmIvsskUv DmIpp. CaCo3 CaO + Co2

Cu Imkyw HmIvsskUv knen (SiO2) t]mep amen\yfpambn tNv CaO + SiO2 CaSiO3 (^vfIvkv + KmwKv mKv) 2. Im_ HmIvknP\pambn tNv Im_ssUHmIvsskUv DmIpp. CXv IqSpX Im_Wpambn IqSntv Im_ tamtWmIvsskUv DmIpp. C + O2 Co2 + C 3. Co2 2Co

Cs\bpmIp Im_ tamtWmIvsskUv (Co) slassnse AtbHmIvsskUns\ \ntcmIvkoIcnv Ccpmn ampp. Fe2O3 + 3Co 2Fe + 3Co2

]nKv Atb : mv ^Wkn\npw e`np Im_Wns Afhv IqSnb Ccpv.

16

o : Ccpnep Im_Wns Afh\pkcnv \nnpXv. ssaUv o 0.05% apX 0.2% hsc Im_ aoUnbw o 0.2% apX 0.6% hsc Im_ sslIm_ o 0.6% apX 1.5% hsc Im_ temlkc Hne[nIw teml Hcp \nnX A\p]mXn tNpmph. temlsf At]nv temlkcfpsS {]tXyIXI Ddv, ImTn\yw Fnh IqSpp. Xm]sshZypXNmeIX Ipdbpp, {]Xntcm[w IqSpp. {ZhWmw, Xnf\ne Fnh Ipdbpp. Aepan\nbns temlkc A\ntm atenbw Uypdmepan Ccpns temlkc o sbnsekv o

aqey\nb {]h\
1. teml, AhbpsS Abncv, cmkkq{Xw Fnh aqp tImffn \Inbncnpp. A\ptbmPyambh tNsgpXpI. temlw Ccpv Aepan\nbw tIm Abncv tIm mkv slassv t_mIvsskv cmk\maw Al2O3 2H2o Cu2S Fe2O3 2H2o

2.

Ccpns hymhkmbnI \nmWn\p]tbmKnp cmkhkv X pfmWv NpmpIv (CACo3), slassv (FeO3 2H2O), tImv (C) Fnh. Fn (a) Ch Hmtcmntbpw Bhiysav? (b) mv ^Wkn Ch Hmtcmn\pw DmIp amsav? (c) {]h\fpsS cmkkaoIcWw FgpXpI.

3. 4.

]nKv Atb Fmsev? CXns {]tXyIXsbv? Aepan\nbw \nmWn t_mIvsskns ipoIcW{]{Inb ^vtfmNmns\ ASnm\amn hniZampI.

17

KmV NaOH + Al2O3 2H2O NaAlO2

NaOH + Al(OH)3 Al(OH)3 Al2O3 5. Aepan\nbw sshZypX hntjWn\p]tbmKnp kma{KnI NphsS \Inbncnpp. Im_Zv / {Kmss^v Zv {Kmss^v sse\nwKp Ccpp]m{Xw DcpInb {Itbmssepw Aepan\nbw HmIvsskUpw tN an{inXw. (a) Bt\mUv, ImtYmUv, CeIvt{Smssev Ch GXv? (b) HmIvknP kzX{amIpsXhnsS? (c) Aepan\nbw kzX{amIpsXhnsS? (d) DmIp Aepan\nbw 100% ipambncnpw. FpsImv? temlkc Fv? Ccpv, Aepan\nbw FnhbpsS temlkc FgpXpI.

6.

18

5. Nne Ateml kwbp

{][m\ Bib
AtamWnb (NH3) et_mddn \nmWw : AtamWnbw tmssdUpw (NH4Cl) Npmpw (Ca(OH)2)
tNv. 2NHCl + Ca(OH)2 CaCl2 + 2H20 + 2NH3 CuclnXamm Imeykyw HmIvsskUv (CaO)/\opI. hymhkmbnI \nmWw : tl_ {]{Inb Db anepw 5000C Xm]\nebnepw Dt{]cIamb Ccpns kmnyn ss\{SP\pw ssl{UP\pw 1:3 F A\p]mXn Ien {]hnnpp. N2 + 3H2 2NH3 NH3 KpW : cqKw, hmbphnt\m km{X, shn \mbn ebnpw. t_knIv kz`mhw (Nphv \oebmIpw). D]tbmKw : cmkhf \nnm, ss\{SnIv BknUv \nnm, et_mddnbnse {][m\ cmkhkvXp. ioXoImcn (Cooling agent - sFkv mpIfn). XncndnbpXv : sslt{UmtmdnIv BknUn apnb mkvZv AtamWnbbn ImWnm ]pIbpw. D`bZnim {]h\ : ]ptcm ]mXv{]h\ Htckabw \Sph. ]ptcm{]h\w : A`nImcI Dev]fmIpXv. ]mXv {]h\w : Dev] A`nImcIfmIpXv. khntijXI : {]h\w Hcnepw ]qnbmIn (A`nImcIw apgph Dev]amIn). \nnXkabn\ptijw {]h\w kpe\mhbnemIpw. (A`nImcIfptSbpw Dev]fptSbpw KmVXv hyXymkw hcm Ah). kpe\mhbnembm kzbwam\v hnt[bamIn. kpe\mhv amwhcpm Ignbp LSI: KmVX, aw, Xm]\ne, Dt{]cIw. sejmvenb XXzw : kpe\mhbnep Hcp hyqln\v KmVX, Dujvamhv, aw Fnhbn amw hcpnbm CXns ^ew CmXmphn[w {]h\w kzbw {IaoIcnv ]pXnb kpe\mhbnemIpw. D`bZnim{]h\n ]ptcm{]h\w thKnempXn\p/{]h\w ]qnbmpXn\p am. 1. A`nImcIfpsS KmVXIqSpI (\nnX A\p]mXn tNpsImSppI). 2. Dev]fpsS KmVX IpdpI (DmIp Dev] Atm \owsNpI). 3. ]ptcm{]h\w Xm]timjIamsWn Dujvamhv IqpI. Xm]tamNIamsWn Dujvamhv A\ptbmPyambhn[w {IaoIcnpI. 4. Dev]ns hym]vXw (BsI Xm{XIfpsS Fw) IpdhmsWn aw IqpI. hym]vXw IqSpXemsWn aw IpdpI. 5. A\ptbmPymb Dt{]cI D]tbmKnpI.
19

k^yqcnIv BknUv (H2SO4) : k {]{Inbaqew \nnpp. 1. k^ HmIvknP\n Inv k^ ssUHmIvsskUv Dmpp. SO2 S + O2 2. Dban 450 0C Xm]\nebn ht\Unbw s]tmIv s skUv (V 2O 5) Dt{]cIambn D]tbmKnv k^ssUHmIvsskUv HmIvknP\pambn 2:1 F A\p]mXn {]hnnv SO3 (k^ ss{S HmIvsskUv) Dmpp. 2SO2 + O2 2SO3 3. DmIp SO3 KmV H2SO4 ebnnv Hmenbw (H2S2OT) Dmpp. SO3 + H2SO4 H2S2OT 4. Hmenbn Bhiyamb Afhn shwtNv Bhiyap KmVXbp H2SO4 Dmpp. H2S2OT + 2H2O 2H2SO4 Pehpambp {]h\w H2SO4 Hcp timjImcIamWv: Cuw hensSppXn\p Ignhpv. H2SO4 Hcp \neoImcIamWv: Hcp ]Zmn\npw ssl{UP\pw HmIvknP\pw 2:1 F A\p]mXn hensSpp {]{Inb. Eg: ]kmcbn (K10H22O11), H2SO4 tNm Icn Ahtijnpp. {][m\ D]tbmK ss\{SnIv BknUv, sslt{UmtmdnIv BknUv Fnh Dmm. et_mddn {]h\fnse AhiyLSIw. Htsd cmkhkvXpfpsS \nmWn\v (cmk{ZhyfpsS cmPmhv FdnbsSpp). ehWsf Xncndnbp hn[w 1. kt^pI : t_cnbw tmssdUpambn {]hnptm shfp Ahn]vXw DmIpp. 2. tmssdUpI : knh ss\t{Smpambn {]hnptm shfp Ahn]vXw DmIpp. 3. Im_tWpI : t\ sslt{UmtmdnIv BknUpambn {]hnv \pcbpw Xbpw DmIpp. 4. ss\t{SpI : Atm Xmdmnb s^dkv kt^pambn Ien Hcp sSv Syq_nseSpv sSv Syq_ns hifneqsS KmV k^yqdnIv BknUv Hgnn BknUpw s^dkv kt^pw ehWhpw tN emb\nbpw Xn _np ev Xhnp\ndap dnwKv DmIpp.

Nne amXrIm tNmZy

1. 2. AtamWnb et_mddnbn \nnpXn\p]tbmKnp cmkhkvXp GsXms? AtamWnb \nmWn Imkyw HmIvsskUns (CaO) Bhiysav? 2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 CaCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O (a) Cu cmk{]h\w GXv ]Zmw DmpXn\p thnbpXmWv ? CXn\p]tbmKnp cmkhkvXpfpsS t]scgpXpI.
20

(b) Cu {]h\n Pemwiw DmIppv . CXv \owsNpsXs\? CXn\p]tbmKnp cmkhkvXp GXv? 3. AtamWnb hmXIw D]tbmKnp Hcp ]coWns Nn{XamWv sImSpncnpXv. CXns\ ASnm\amn Xmsg sImSp tNmZyv DcsagpXpI.

(a) AtamWnbbpsS GXv khntijXbmWv ChnsS ImWpXv? (b) ^nt\m^veo tN shw ^vfmkvIntev Ibdptm ]nv \ndamIpp. FpsImv? 4. k^yqdnIv BknUv \nmW Ln k^ ss{S HmIvsskUv \nnp cmk kaoIcWamWv NphsS \InbncnpXv. 2SO2 + O2 2SO3 + Xm]w (a) Cu {]h\ns {]tXyIXsbv? (b) SO3 IqSpX e`nm KmVXbn hcpt am Fsms? (c) Xm]\nebn hcpt {IaoIcWsav? Cu {]h\n\v A\ptbmPyamb Xm]\ne F{X? (d) Cu {]h\n aw IqSptm cmk{]h\ thKX IqSw Cu {]kvXmh\tbmSv tbmPnpptm? Dcw kanpI. (e) Cu {]h\n\p]tbmKnp Dt{]cItaXv? CXns BhiyIXsbv? 5. H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)

(a) Cu {]h\ns {]tXyIXsbv? (b) A`nImcIfpsS BsI Xm{XIfpsS Fw F{X? Dev ] fpsS BsI Xm{XIfpsS Fw F{X? (e) Cu {]h\n ans kzm[o\sav? 6. AtamWnb hymhkmbnIambn \nnp {]h\nsc cmkkaoIcWw \Inbncnpp. (a) Cu {]h\w GXv t]cnednbsSpp? (b) AtamWnbbpsS (NH3) Afhv Iqm\p hnhn[ am \ntinpI. 7. k^yqcnmknUns {]tXyIXIfpambn _s Nne ImcyfmWv NphsS tNncnpXv. 1. ]kmc KmV k^yqcnmknUnenSptm Idppt]mIpp. 2. SO2 \nnptm k^yqcnv BknUneqsS ISnhnSpp. 3. CaSO4 KmV H2SO4 tNptm \ndanmXmIpp. 4. Hcp Nqc KmV k^yqcnIv BknUn Xmgvptm Idppt]mIpp. (a) k^yqcnIv BknUns GtXXv KpWfmWv ChnsS ImWpXv? (b) Ch Hmtcmpw FssgpXpI.

21

6. HmKm\nIv kwbp \maIcWhpw sFtkmsadnkhpw

Adnncnt ASnm\ [mcWI
HmKm\nIv sIankv{Sn
Im_WnI kwbpsfpdnv ]Tnp ckX{imJbmWv HmKm\nIv sIankv{Sn. Im_Wns khntijXI : Im_ (C) - AtmanI \ 6 ]ncoUv 2, {Kqv 14 kwtbmPIX 4, CeIvt{Sm s\Knhnn 2.5 Im_Wns kwbpsfw klkwtbmPI kwbpfmWv. Im_ Bn\v GI_\w (C-C), Zzn_\w (C = C), {Xn_\w (C C) Fo coXnIfn F{X Im_ Bfpambpw _\n GsSm\pw As\ hfsc hepw IqSnb Xm{XI Dmm\pw Ignbpw. Cu khntijXbmWv Imnt\j. Im_Wn\v henb cq]nepw irwJemcq]nepap kwbpfpmm Ignbpw.

C C C C
hebcq]w Im_WnIkwbpfn Im_ B Hmtcmpw kwtbmPIX ]qnbmIpXv Xmsg ImWp GsXnepw Hcp coXnbnembncnpw.

C C

CCCCC ...........
irwJemcq]w

sslt{Um Im_WpI : Im_Wpw ssl{UP\pw am{Xw tNpmIp HmKm\nIv

kwbpfmWv sslt{UmIm_WpI. DZm: CH4 (aosYbv), C2H6 (CusYbv) etc.

LS\sb ASnm\amn sslt{Um Im_WpIsf cmbn XcwXncnncnpp.

Hm sNbn (Ben^mnIv sslt{UmIm_WpI) sslt{Um Im_WpI. irwJemcq]nep sslt{UmIm_WpI. eg. : CH3 CH2 CH3 (s{]msbv) heb sslt{UmIm_WpI (ssknIv sslt{UmIm_) hebcq]nep sslt{UmIm_WpI. eg. :

CH

CH

CH
(s_ko)

CH CH CH

22

]qcnXkwbp : Im_ BnSbn GI_\w am{Xw ImWsSp

HmKm\nIv kwbp. DZm: Bsbv\pI (aosYbv, CusYbv, ............), Im_ sS{SmtmssdUv (CCl4) etc. A]qcnX kwbp: Im_ BnSbn GI_\w am{Xw ImWsSp HmKm\nIv kwbp. DZm: Bo\pI (CuYo, s{]mo, ......) Bss\pI (CussY, s{]mss, ......) tlmtamtemKkv kocokv: ASpSp cv AwK Xn LS\bn CH2 {Kqns hyXymkapXpw Hcp s]mXphmIywsImv {]Xn\n[oIcnmhpXpamb HmKm\nIv kwbpfmWv tlmtamtemKpI. Ccw kwbpfpsS (tlmtamtemKpIfpsS) Iqs tlmtamtemKkv kocokv Fp hnfnpp. tlmtamtemKkv kocoknse AwK cmkKpWfn kmZriyw ImWnpIbpw `uXnIKpWfn {Iaamb amw ImWnphbpamWv. eg : Bsbv\pI, Bo\pI, Bss\pI etc. Bsbv\pI : Im_ BnSbn GI_\w am{Xap Hm sNbn sslt{Um Im_WpI (]qcnX sslt{UmIm_WpI) eg : aosYbv (CH4), CusYbv (C2H6) etc. Bsbv\pIfpsS s]mXphmIyw CnH2n + 2 Bo\pI : Im_ BnSbn Hcp Zzn_\sanepap Hm sNbn sslt{UmIm_WpI (A]qcnX sslt{UmIm_) eg : CuYo (C2H4), s{]mo (C3H6) etc. Bo\pIfpsS s]mXphmIyw CnH2n Bss\pI : Im_ BnSbn Hcp {Xn_\sanepap Hm sNbn sslt{Um Im_WpI. (A]qcnX sslt{UmIm_) eg : CussY (C2H2), s{]mss (C3H4) etc. Bss\pIfpsS s]mXphmIyw CnH2n-2 ]Zaqew (Word Root) : Hcp Im_ irwJebnep (sNbn\nep) Im_ BfpsS Fs kqNnnpXn\p]tbmKnp hmv. sNbn\nse Im_WmfpsS Fw 1 Im_ 2 Im_ 3 Im_ 4 Im_ 5 Im_ 6 Im_ 7 Im_ 8 Im_ 9 Im_ 10 Im_
23

]Zaqew saYv FYv s{]m]v _yqv s] v slIvkv sl]vv HIvv s\m sUv

Hm sNbn (Ben^mnIv) sslt{Um Im_WpIfpsS \maIcWw :

imJIfnm sslt{UmIm_WpI : t]cv \Ip coXn sslt{UmIm_Wnse Im_ BfpsS Fn\v A\ptbmPyamb ]Zaqew sXcsSppI. Im_ BnSbnep cmk_\coXnsb kqNnnp ]Zw [GI_\w am{Xsan Fbv (yne)] ]ZaqetmSv tNsgpXpI. Bo / Bss BsWn Zzn_\w/{Xn_\ap Im_ Bn\v Ipd m\hne e`np coXnbn Im_ B \ sNpI. AXn\ptijw Zzn_\w/{Xn_\ap Im_Wmns m\hne ]Zaqen\pw _\s kqNnnp ]Zn\panSbn ssl^sImv thXncnsgpXpI. DZm: 1. Im_ sNbn\n 5 Im_ Bfpv. GI_\w am{Xw. Fn ]Zaqew s] v, _\s kqNnnp ]Zw Fbv. t]cv s] v + Fbv s]sbv (CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2- CH3)

]Zaqew + _\s kqNnnp ]Zw

2. Im_ sNbn\n 5 Im_ Bfpv. cmatbpw aqmatbpw Im_ BnSbn Zzn_\w /{Xn_\w Dv. Fn ]Zaqew s] v, _\s kqNnnp ]Zw Cu/sF s] v 2 - Cu (Zzn_\amsWn) t]cv s] v 2 - sF ({Xn_\amsWn)

]Zaqew _\ns m\hne _\s kqNnnp ]Zw imJIfp Bsbv\pI t]cv \Ip coXn
Ghpw \ofwIqSnb Im_sNbn\pw (IqSpX Im_ B D sNbn) _\coXnbpw Isn ASnm\ t]scgpXpI. imJ/imJIfpsS t]cv Isn [CH3 (aossY/saYn) CH2 CH3 CussY/ FYn, CH2CH2CH3 s{]mss/s{]mn....) ASnm\t]cns CSXphiv FgpXpI. hyXykvX imJIfmsWn Acamem {Ian FgpXWw. Htc imJXs Hne[nIw Fapsn Fs kqNnnp hmv (1tamtWm, 2ssU, 3ss{S, 4ss{S Fns\) imJbpsS t]cns CSXphiv FgpXpI). Hmtcm imJbptSbpw m\hne Isn (imJbp Im_ Bns m\hne) imJbpsS t]cns CSXphiv ssl^sImv thXncnsgpXpI. Htc imJXs Hne[nIw Fapsn Hmtcmntbpw m\hneI tImabnv thXncnsgpXWw. Hcp Im_ Bn 2 imJI Dsn m\hne cv XhW FgpXWw. imJbpsS m\hne ImWptm imJbp Im_ Bn\v Ipd m\hne e`n coXnbn Im_ Bsf \ sNpI (CSp\nv hetmv/hep\nv CStmv)
24

HnIqSpX imJIfpsn imJIfpsS m\hneIfpsS XpI Ghpw Ipdncn coXnbn \ sNpI. ^MvjW {KqpI : Hcp Im_WnI kwbpns cmk`uXnIKpWsf \nbnp Btfm Bw {KqpItfm BWv ^MvjW {KqpI.

{][m\s GXm\pw ^MvjW {KqpI

^MvjW {Kqv OH COOH CHO CO NH2 O NO2 F, Cl Br, I t]cv sslt{UmIvkn {Kqv Imt_mIvkn {Kqv BUnsslUv {Kqv Im_Wn/Iotm {Kqv Aant\m{Kqv BtmIvkn {Kqv ss\t{Sm {Kqv ^vfqtdm, tmtdm, t{_mtam, Abt{Um (ltem {Kqv) kwbpfpsS s]mXp t]cv BtlmfpI Imt_mIvknenIv BknUpI BUnsslUpI IotmWpI Aao\pI CuYdpI ss\t{Sm kwbp lmtem kwbp

BtlmfpI t]cv \Ip coXn: sslt{UmIvkn {Kqv (OH {Kqv)

ASnb HmKm\nIv kwbpfmWv BtlmfpI. t]cv \Im Im_ sNbn\nse Im_ BfpsS Fn\\pkcnv ASnm\ Bsbv\ns t]scgpXpI. Bsbv\ns t]cnep e F Acw amn ]Icw OH {Kqns\ kqNnnp {]Xybamb Hm Fv tNpI. cn IqSpX Im_ Bfpsn OH {Kqns m\hne Bsbv\ns t]cn\pw Hm F {]Xybn\pw CSbn ssl^sImv thXncnsgpXpI. (Im_ Bv \ \Iptm OH {Kqn\v Ipd m\hne e`ncoXnbn \ sNWw).

lmtem kwbp
lmtem {Kqv (^v f qtdm, tmtdm, t{_mtam, AbtUm) ASnb HmKm\nIv kwbpfmWv lmtem kwbp. lmtem {Kqv ASnb Bsbv\pI lmtem Bsbv\pI

t]cv \Im
sNbn\nse Im_ BfpsS Fn\\pkcnv Bsbv\ns t]scgpXpI. Bsbv\ns t]cns CSXphimbn lmtem {Kqns t]cv (^vfqtdm/tmtdm/ t{_mtam/AbtUm) tNpI. Htc {Kqv Hn IqSpX Fw Dsn lmtem {Kqns t]cn\v CSXphimbn Fs kqNnnm ssU, ss{S, sS{Sm XpSnb ]Z tNWw. hyXykvX lmtem {KqpIfmsWn Acamem{Ian FgpXWw.
25

cn IqSpX Im_Wmfpsn lmtem {KqpIfpsS/{Kqns m\hneI t]cn\v CSXphimbn ssl^sImv thXncnsgpXWw.

CuYdpI : BtmIvkn {Kqv (O{Kqv) ASnb HmKm\nIv kwbpfmWv

CuYdpI.

t]cv \Im
BtmIvkn{Kqv (CuY {Kqns) s Ccphipap Bn {KqpIfn \ofwIqSnb {Kqv Isn AXnse Im_WmfpsS Fa\pkcnv Bsbv\ns t]scgpXpI. \ofwIpd {Kqnse Im_ BfpsS Fa\pkcnp ]ZaqetmSpIqSn HmIvkn F {]Xybw tNv Bsbv\ns t]cn\v CSXphiv tNpI.

BknUpI : Imt_mIvkn {Kqv (COOH {Kqv) ASnb HmKm\nIv kwbpfmWv.

HmKm\nIv BknUpI (Imt_mIvknenIv BknUpI).

t]cv \Im
Im_ sNbn\nep Im_ BfpsS Fn\\pkcnv (COOH {Kqnse Im_ BsIqSn IWmWw) ASnm\ Bsbv\ns t]scgpXpI. Bsbv \ ns t]cnep e F Acwamn ]Icw COOH {Kqns\ kqNnnp HmbnIv BknUv F {]Xybw tNpI.

t]cn\npw LS\mhmIyw Ism

ASnm\ t]c\pkcnv Im_ sNbn\pw _\hpw FgpXpI. imJIfpsS m\hne, t]cv, Fw Fnh ]cntim[nv Im_ sNbn\n imJI tNpI. XpSv sNbn\nep Hmtcm Im_ Bntbpw kwtbmPIX 4 BIpXn\v Bhiyap A{Xbpw ssl{UP B Im_Wns {]XoItmSv tNsgpXpI.

sFtkmsadnkw
Htc cmkkq{Xhpw hyXykvX LS\mhmIyhpap kwbpsf sFtkmsadpI Fp ]dbpp. Htc cmkkq{Xhpw hyXykvXLS\mhmIyhpap kwbpfmbn ImWsSp {]Xn`mkw sFtkmsadnkw FdnbsSpp.

sNbn sFtkmsadnkw
ASnm\ Im_ sNbn\nep hyXymkw sImpmIp sFtkmsadnkw. CH3 eg : CH3CH2CH2CH3 (_yqsbv) CH3CHCH3 (2aossY s{]msbv

^MvjW {Kqv sFtkmsadnkw : ^MvjW {KqpIfpsS hyXymkwsImpmIp

sFtkmsacnkw. eg : CH3CH2OH (FYt\m) CH3OCH3 (aotYmIvkn aosYbv)
26

{ { { { { cmkkq{Xw C H O
2 6

s]mknj sFtkmsadnkw
^MvjW {Kqns m\nep hyXymkwsImpmIp sFtkmsadnkw. eg : CH3CH2CH2OH (s{]mm 1 Hm) CH3CHCH3 (s{]mm 2 Hm) OH

{ cmkkq{Xw C H O
3 8

tNmZy
1. Xmsg Xncnp kwbpfpsS t]cpI, LS\mhmIy, cmkkq{X Fnh ]cntim[nv kwbpsf Bsbv , Bo, Bss Fns\ XcwXncnpI. (a) aosYbv, _yqss, s{]mo (b) CH2 = CH2, CH3CH2CH3, CH3C (c) C4H6, C6H12, C5H12 2. Xncnp cmkkq{X ]cntim[nv tlmtamtemKpIsf Isn FgpXpI. tlmtamtemKkv kocokns t]scgpXpI. (a) C2H6, C4H10, C5H12, C7H16 (b) C3H4, C4H6, C6H10, C8H10, C8H14 (c) C2H4, C4H8, C6H12, C7H14 3. GXm\pw sslt{UmIm_WpIfpsS LS\mhmIy \evInbncnpp. Hmtcmntbpw IUPAC \maw Isn FgpXpI. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 4. CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH3CH = CHCH3 CH3C CCH2CH3 CH3CH2CH = CHCH3 CH3C CCH3 CH

Xmsg sImSpncnp kwbpfpsS LS\mhmIyw FgpXpI. (a) slIvskbv (b) _yqv1Cu (c) slIvkv3sF (d) s] v1sF (e) slIvkv3Cu Xmsg sImSpncnp sslt{UmIm_WpIfpsS IUPAC \maw Isn FgpXpI. CH3 (a) CH3CHCH3 (b) CH3CHCH2CH3 CH3
27

5.

(c) CH3CHCH2CHCH3 CH3 CH3

(d) CH3CH2CHCH3 CH3 CH3 (e) CH3CCH2CH3 CH3 (f) CH3CHCHCHCH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 (g) CH3CHCHCH2CH3 CH3 CH2CH3 (h) CH3CHCHCH2CHCH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH3 CH3 (i) CH3CH2CH2CHCHCH2CH2CHCH3 CH2CH2CH3 6. Xmsg sImSpncnp kwbpfpsS LS\mhmIyw FgpXpI. (a) 2 - aossY s]sbv (b) 3 - CussY slIvskbv (c) 2, 2, 3 - ss{S aossY s]sbv (d) 4 - CussY 2 - aossY slIvskbv (e) 4 - CussY 2, 5 - ssUaossY sl]vsbv A\ptbmPyambh tNsgpXn ]nI ]qnbmpI. kwbpw CH3CH2CH2OH CH3CH2COOH CH3CH2CH2Cl CH3OCH3 CH3CH2CHO CH3COCH3 ^MvjW {Kqv Im_Wn {Kqv BUnsslUv {Kqv BtmIvkn {Kqv sslt{UmIvkn {Kqv Ivtfmtdm {Kqv Imt_mIvkn {Kqv ^MvjW {KqSnb kwbpfpsS s]mXphmb t]cv tmtdm kwbpw IotmWpI BtlmfpI Imt_mIvknenIv BknUpI CuYdpI BUnsslUpI

7.

28

8.

Xmsg sImSpncnp kwbpfpsS IUPAC \maw IsnsbgpXpI. (a) CH3CH2CH2Cl (b) CH3CHCHCH3 Cl Cl Cl (c) CH3CCHCH3 Cl Cl (d) CH3CH2CH2CH2OH (e) CH3CH2CHCH3 OH OH (f) CH3CHCHCH3 OH (g) CH3CH2CH2COOH (h) CH3CH2CH2CH2COOH (i) CH3OCH3 (j) CH3OCH2CH3 (k) CH3CH2OCH2CH2CH3

9.

Xmsg sImSpncnp kwbpfpsS LS\mhmIy ]cntim[nv sFtkmsa tPmSnI IsnsbgpXpI. Hmtcmnepw GXpXcw sFtkmsadnkamsWpw IspI. (a) CH3CH2CH2CH3 (b) CH3OCH2CH3 (c) CH3CH2CH2OH (d) CH3CHCH3 CH3 (e) CH3CHCH3 OH (f) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 (g) CH3CHCH2CH3 CH3 CH3 (h) CH3CCH3 CH3
29

(i) CH3CH2CH0 (j) CH3COCH3 (k) CH3CH2CHCH3 (l) CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl 10. Xmsg sImSpncnp kwbpfpsS LS\mhmIy ]cntim[nv tNmZyv DcsagpXpI. (a) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 (b) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH (i) a - bpsS km[yamb sNbn sFtkmsadpIfpsS t]cpw LS\mhmIyhpw FgpXpI. (ii) b - bpsS km[yamb s]mknj sFtkmsadpIfptSbpw ^MvjW sFtkmsadpIfptSbpw t]cpw LS\mhmIyhpw FgpXpI.

30

7. HmKm\nIv kwbp cmk{]h\

{][m\ Bib
sslt{UmIm_WpIfpsS hnhn[Xcw cmk{]h\. BtZi cmk{]h\w : Hcp ]qcnX sslt{UmIm_Wnse (Bsbv\nse) Htm AXne[nItam ssl{UP Bsf amn ]Icw av Btfm, Bw {KqpItfm hptNcpXcw cmk{]h\fmWv BtZi cmk{]h\. (Bo\pIfpw Bss\pIfpw BtZi cmk{]h\ntesSn) eg: CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl +HCl (aosYbv\pw tmdn\pw Xnep BtZi cmk{]hw)

AUoj cmk{]h\w : A]qcnX sslt{UmIm_WpI (Bo\pI/

Bss\pI) H2, Cl2, HCl, HBr Fnhbpambn IqSntv ]qcnX kwbpfmbn amdpXcw cmk{]h\fmWv AUoj cmk{]h\ (kwtbmP\ cmk{]h\) Bo\pI t\cnv ]qcnXkwbpfmbn amdpp. Bss\pI BZyw Zzn_\ap A]qcnXkwbpfmbpw XpSv GI_\ap ]qcnXkwbpfmbpw amdpp. (Bsbv\pI AUoj {]h\fn GsSn) eg: 1. 2. CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 CH CH + Cl2 CHCl = CHCl CH2Cl CH2Cl CHCl = CHCl CHCl2 CHCl2

Pze\w : Hcp sslt{UmIm_ HmIvknP\pambn kwtbmPnp {]h\w.

eg: 1. CH4 + 2O2 Co2 + 2H2O GsXmcp sslt{UmIm_Wntbpw Pze\^eambpmIp Dev ] Im_ssUHmIvsskUpw PehpamWv. Xm]ob hnLS\w : Xm{Xm`mcw IqSpXep sslt{UmIm_WpIsf hmbphns Akmn[yn NqSmn. `mcwIpd Xm{XIfmbn (sslt{UmIm_WpIfmbn) hnLSnnpXcw cmk{]h\fmWv Xm]ob hnLS\w. C2H6 + C4H8 eg: C6H14 (slIvskbv) (CusYbv) (_yqsbv) hnLS\^eambn e`np Dev] sslt{UmIm_WpI Xsbmbncnpw. hnLS\n\v hnt[bamIp sslt{UmIm_Wns kz`mhw, aw, Xm]\ne, Dt{]cI Fnhbn amwhcppXn\\pkcnv e`np Dev]fn hyXymkw DmImw. t]mfnassdtkj : eLphmb LS\bp A]qcnX sslt{UmIm_WpI Db Xm]\nebnepw, anepw, Dt{]cIfpsS kmn[ynepw AUoj {]h\ntesv henb Xm{XIfmbn amdpXcw cmk{]h\fmWv t]mfnassdtkj {]h\. tamtWmsadpI t]mfnassdtkj\v hnt[bamp eLphmb LS\bp A]qcnX sslt{UmIm_WpI BWv tamtWmsadpI. t]mfnsadpI t]mfnassdtkj {]h\ns ^eambn e`np Dev]fmWv t]mfnsadpI.
31

eg: n CH2 = CH2 [CH2CH2]n (CuYo) (t]mfnCuYo) GXm\pw t]mfnsadpIfpw Ah Dmm\p]tbmKnp\\ tamtWmsadpIfpw t]mfnsa t]mfno (PE) t]mfnhnss\ tmssdUv (PVC) t]mfnsdo (PS) t]mfns{]mo (PP) t]mfnsb tamtWmsa CuYo hnss\ tmssdUv ssdo s{]mo F

tamtWmsadns t]cn\p CSXphimbn t]mfn F {]Xybw tNmWv km[mcWbmbn t]mfnsadns t]cv ]dbpXv.

{][m\s Nne HmKm\nIv kwbp

FYt\m (CussY Btlm) : hfscb[nIw hymhkmbnI {]m[m\yap

Hcp Btlm. C\w embIw s]bn v \nmWw {]nkthohv HmKm\nIv kwbpfpsS \nmWw aZyhyhkmbw

FYt\m {][m\ D]tbmK

FYt\m \nmWw : ]kmcemb\nbpsS s^atj hgnbmWv km[mcWbmbn

FYt\m \nnpXv. GItZiw 10% ]kmcemb\nbn bov tNv hm, bonep ChtSkv, ssktakv Fo FsskapIfpsS {]h\^eambn ]kmc FYt\m Bbn amdpp. ChtSkv C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 (]kmc) (qtmkv) (t{^mIvtSmkv) C6H12O6 ssktakv 2C2H5OH + 2Co2 (FYt\m)

s^atj : bov, _mIvSocnb, ^wKkv apXemb kqvaPohnI Dev]mZnnp

FsskapIfpsS kmn[yn \Sp cmkamamWv s^atj. ]kmc emb\n s^atj hmjv BwinItkzZ\w sdIvnss^Uv kv]ncnv

hnhn[Xcw FYt\m an{inX

hmjv : ]kmcemb\nbpsS s^atj hgn e`np 8-10% FYt\m emb\n. sdIvnss^Uv kv]ncnv : hmjns\ BwinItkzZ\w \Sptm e`np 95.6%
ipamb FYt\m emb\n.

A_vskmeyqv Btlm : 100% ipamb FYt\m. ]h Btlm : A_vskmeyqv Btlmfpw s]t{Smfpw tN an{inXw. CXv
tamtm hml\fn C\ambn D]tbmKnpp.
32

Uot\tUv kv]ncnv : aZy]m\n\pthnbp Zpcp]tbmKw XSbm FYt\mfn

hnj]Zm Ienb an{inXw. Cu {]h\w Uot\dnv FdnbsSpp. saYnteUv kv ] ncnv : FYt\mfpw saYt\mfpw tN an{inXw. FYt\mfn hnj]Zmambn saYt\m Iep {]h\w saYntenv FdnbsSpp.

FYt\mbnIv BknUv (AsknIv BknUv)

{][m\s Hcp Imt_mIvknenIv BknUv (CH3COOH). 100% AsknIv BknUv tjy AsknIv BknUv FdnbsSpp. AsknIv BknUns 5-8% KmVXbp Peobemb\n hn\mKncn FdnbsSpp. CsXmcp {]nkthohmWv. FYt\mfns\ Fsskans kmn[yn HmIvkoIcnv FYt\mbnIv BknUv \nnmw. Fsskw CH3CH2OH + O2 CH3COOH + H2O AsknIv BknUv (FYt\mbnIv BknUv) BenIfpambn {]hnv ehWhpw Pehpw Dmpp. eg: CH3COOH + NaoH CH3COONa + H2O (tkmUnbw Aktv)

AsknIv BknUv Im_tWpI, ss_Im_tWpI Fnhbpambn {]hnv Im_UtbmIvsskUpmpp. eg: 2CH3COOH + Na2Co3 (tkmUnbw Im_tWv) 2CH3COONa + H2O + Co2

CH3COONa + H2O + Co2 CH3COOH + NaHCo3 (tkmUnbw ss_Im_tWv)

FtpI
Hcp Btlmfpw Hcp Imt_mIvknenIv BknUpw Xn {]hnpmIp ehWfmWv FdpI. FdpIfpmIp {]h\w Fdn^ntj FdnbsSpp. eg: CH3COOH + HOCH2CH3 CH3COOCH2CH3 + H2O (FYt\mbnIv (FYt\m) (CussY FYt\mtbv) BknUv) FdpIv ]gfptSbpw ]qfptSbpw lrZyamb kpKhpw ]gfpsS cpNnbpapXn\m Ahsb Ir{Xna kpK{Zhy, Ir{Xna]m\ob FnhbpsS \nmWn\p]tbmKnpp.

tkmpw UnPpw
FIfpw sImgppIfpw NaOH, KOH Fo BenIfpambn {]hnptmgpmIp ehWfmWv tkmpI. ITn\Pen tkmv \mbn ]Xbpn. Fm UnPpI ITn\Penepw D]tbmKnmw.

33

heb kwbp
hebkwbpsf AhbpsS kz`mhfnep hyXymka\pkcnv AenssknIv kwbpsfpw BtcmamnIv kwbpsfpw cmbn XcwXncnncnpp. Aen ssknIv kwbp eg: H H H C C H H C C H H H (ssktm_yqsbv) C4H8 H C H H C H H H C C C H H C H H

H H (ssktmslIvskbv) C6H12

Ghpw {][m\s Hcp BtcmamnIv kwbpamWv s_ko. H H C H H C C C H (s_ko) C6H6 C C H H Or H H C C C H C C C H H

s_ko Xm{Xbnse ssl{UP Bs av ^MvjW {KqpI BtZiw sNpXpaqew XnIpw hyXykvX kz`mhfp kwbp DmIpp. eg: Cl OH No2

(tmtdm s_ko) COOH

(^ot\m) or (sslt{UmIvkn s_ko)

(ss\t{Sm s_ko) NH2

(s_tUmbnIv BknUv)
34

(Aant\m s_ko or A\nen)

tNmZy
1. A\ptbmPyambh tNsgpXpI. A CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 CH4 + Cl2 nCH2 = CH2 CH3CH2CH3 C4H10+ 13/2 O2 2. B CH3Cl + HCl [CH2CH2]n CH4 + CH2 = CH2 4Co2 + 5H2O CH2Cl CH2Cl Pze\w Xm]ob hnLS\w AUoj {]h\w t]mfnassdtkj BtZi cmk{]h\w C

Xmsg sImSpncnp kwbpfpsS LS\mhmIy ]cntim[nv kwbpsf hKoIcnpI. (a) CH3CH3 (b) CH2= CH2 (c) CH CH (d) CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3

(e) CH3 CH = CH2 (i) BtZicmk{]h\n\v hnt[bamIp kwbp. (ii) AUoj {]h\n\v hnt[bamIp kwbp. (iii) t]mfnassdtkj\v hnt[bamIp kwbp (iv) Xm]ob hnLS\n\v hnt[bamIp kwbp. (v) Pze\n\v hnt[bamIp kwbp. A 3. (a) CH2= CH2 + H2 (b) (i) (ii) A + Cl2 kqcy{]Imiw B+C

A, B, C Fnh GXv kwbpsfv IsnsbgpXpI. Hmtcmpw GXpXcw cmk{]h\amsWv IspI.

4. kahmIyw ]cntim[nv tNmZyv DcsagpXpI. CH CH + H2 A A + Cl2 B (a) (b) A, B Fo kwbpfpsS LS\mhmIy FgpXpI. A, B Fo kwbpfpsS KIPAC \maw FgpXpI.

5. ]nI ]qcnnpI (i) (ii) tamtWmsa CH2 = CH2 (CuYo) CH3 CH = CH2 (s{]mo) ...................... t]mfnsa ................ [ CH2 CH ] n CH3 [ CH2 CH ] n Cl
35

t]mfnsadns t]cv t]mfno ................

(iii)

t]mfnhnss\ tmssdUv

6. ]kmc emb\nbn\npw FYt\m \nnpsXs\? {]h\ns cmkkahmIy FgpXpI. 7. tNcpw]Sn tNpI. A (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) hmjv sdIvnss^Uv kv]ncnv ]h Btlm A_vskmeyqv Btlm Uot\tUv kv]ncnv B 100% ipamb FYt\m 100% AsknIv BknUv FYt\mfpw hnj]Zmfpw tN an{inXw 95.6% ipamb FYt\m emb\n A_vskmeyqv Btlmfpw s]t{Smfpw tN an{inXw 5-8% KmVXbp AsknIv BknUv 8-10% FYt\m emb\n

(f) tjy AsknIv BknUv (g) hn\mKncn

8. an hnjaZyZpcpw ImcWw Uot\tUv kv]ncnmWv Fv dntmpI kqNnnpp. (a) Uot\dnv Fm FmWv? (b) Uot\dnv sNpXv Fn\pthnbmWv? (c) saYnteUv kv]ncnv FmWv? 9. Hcp Ipn, Hcp Btlmfpw Hcp Imt_mIvknenIv BknUpw Xn {]hnntm ]YfpsS Kn\v kam\amb Kap Hcp ]Zmw e`np. (a) Ccw {]h\ Fv t]cn AdnbsSpp? (b) {]h\^eambpmb ]Zmns s]mXphmb t]scv? (c) Ccw ]Zmv \nXyPohnXnep D]tbmKsav? 10. Hcp Fdn^ntj {]h\ns cmkkahmIyw \Inbncnpp. CH3COOH + HOC2H5 CH3COOC2H5+ H2O (AsknIv (CussY BknUv) Btlm) (a) {]h\^eambpmb F GXmWv? (b) Cu {]h\n AsknIv BknUn\p]Icw s{]mt\mbnIv BknUv (CH3CH2COOH) D]tbmKnpIbmsWn e`np F GXmbncnpw? {]h\ns cmkkahmIyw FgpXpI. 11. Xmsg sImSpncnp {]kvXmh\I ]cntim[nv tkmpIpw UnPpIpw A\ptbmPyambh IsnsbgpXpI. (a) ^mn BknUv ehWfmWv. (b) ITn\Penepw \mbn ]Xbpp. (c) ITn\Pen \mbn ]Xbpn. (d) kt^mWnIv BknUns ehWfmWv. 12. s_ko Xm{Xbnse ssl{UP Bs Xmsg sImSpncnp ^MvjW {KqpI BtZiw sNptm e`np kwbpfpsS LS\ hcbv pI. Hmtcmntbpw t]cv FgpXpI. (a) COOH {Kqv (d) NH2 {Kqv (b) OH {Kqv (e) SO34 {Kqv (c) Cl {Kqv (f) NO2 {Kqv
36

8. ckX{w \nXyPohnXn
Adntb {][m\ Bib
km[mcWbmbn D]tbmKnp {][m\s Huj[hn`mKfpw, AhbpsS D]tbmKfpw, DZmlcWfpw. hn`mKw A\mPknpI Bnss]dnpI Bn_tbmnpI D]tbmKw thZ\ IpdbvpXn\v icocXm]\ne IpdbvpXn\v tcmKImcnIfmb kqvamWpsf \innp Xn\pw AhbpsS hf XSbp Xn\pw. DZmlcWw Bkv]ncn, {_q^ ssUtms^\mIv ]mcsktam, sa^\anIv BknUv s]\nknen, Bw]nknen, AtamIvknen, tmdmw s^\ntm

Bnsk]vnpI

icoctImiv SnMvN AbUn, tISpmImsX kqvamWpsf sUtm, kmhvtem \nb{npXn\v. AknUnn IpdbvpXn\v. t_m[w sISppXn\v. dm\nnUn, Hsa{]tkm tmtdmt^mw, ssU CussY CuY

AmknUpI A\kvXnpI

saUncwKv \ne\np A\mtcmKy{]hWXI

kzbw NnIn. tUmIvS \ntin acpv ]qambpw IgnmXncnpI. tUmIvS Hcmp \ntin acpv asmcmpthn hmpI AanXambn acpv \ntinpI. IrXyambn tcmK\nbw \SmsX Db tUmkn acpv \ntinpI. BhiyanmsX tcmK\nbn\v em_vsSpIpw apw t{]cnnpI. tcmK\nbnse ]mfnI.

qtmkv sSv
aq{Xnse (Hcp emb\nbnse) qtmkns kmn[yw IspXn\p sSv. Hcp sSv Syq_n 10 Xpn ]cntim[nt emb\n FSpv AXntev 5 ml _\UnIvSv emb\n tNv sSyq_v NqSmpI. e`np Ahn]v X ns \ndw _\UnIv S v emb\nbpsS t_mnent\msSmap IfNmpambn XmcXaywsNbvXv (Ifdn ao) F D]IcWns klmbtmsS) qtmkns iXam\w \nnbnpp. qtmkns Afhv IqSpXn\\pkcnv aIe ]\ndw apX Nphv hscbp \ndn Ahn]vXw e`npp.

mnpI
Cv \nXyPohnXn Ghpw IqSpXembn D]tbmKnp t]mfnsadpIfmWv mnpI.
37

{]tXyIXI
ZoLImew \ne\npp `mcpdhv hnepdhv ssIImcyw sNms\fpw GXpcq]nepw hmsSpmw kpXmcyamtbm AXmcyamtbm \nnmw BIjIamb \ndw \Imw. sshZypXn, Xm]w Fnh ISnhnSpn NqSmptm \Sp ams ASnm\amn mnpIsf s]mXpsh cmbn XcwXncnncnpp. 1. sXtam mnpI, 2. sXtamsknv mnpI sXtam mnpI NqSmptm `uXnIamw kw`hnpp. NqSmptm XmmenIamw kw`hnpp. Hmtcm XhWbpw NqSmptm arZphmbn XocpXn\m Chsb hopw NqSmn ]pXnb cq]nep hkvXp Dmm \p]tbmKnmw. Im_WnI embIfn ebnpp. Ddpw _ehpw IpdhmWv. dosskn sNm Ignbpp. DZm: ss\tem, t]mfno t]mfnhnss\ tmssdUv (PVC) sXtamsknv mnpI NqSmptm cmkamw kw`hnpp. NqSmptm ncamw kw`hnpp. Hcp XhW NqSmn XWpnptm ncambn ZrVambnocpXn\m hopw NqSmn ]pXnb cq]nep hkvXpfpmm Ignbn. Im_WnI embIfn ebnpn. Ddpw _ehpw IqSpXemWv. dosskn sNm Ignbn. DZm: t_ssev, t]mfnsb bqdnb t^mamUnsslUv

mnIvaqeap aen\oIcW {]iv\

mnIv ssPhhnLS\n\p hnt[bamImXn\m ]cnnXnv lm\nIcamWv. hensdnbsSp mnIv hkvXp \Kcfnse AgppNmepIfpw kothPv ss]pIfpw apw ASpt]mIm\nSbmpp. hensdnbsSp mnIv hkvXp hjtfmfw an ebnmsX InSpXn\m ans PeBKncWtijn Ipdbvpp. sNSnIfpsS thcpIfpsS hf XSbpp. hensdnbsSp mnIv hkvXpfn agmev shw sInnSpXpaqew sImXpIpI s]cpIpIbpw, sImXpIpP\ytcmK ]Scm ImcWamhpIbpw sNpp. mnn\v \ndw \Im\p]tbmKnp ]e cmkhkvXpfpw `W]Zmfn Iev icocn\pn {]thinpIbpw BtcmKy{]iv\ DmpIbpw sNpp. mnIv InptmgpmIp hnjhmXI Aco aen\oIcWn\v ImcWamIpp.

38

mnIvaen\oIcWw Ipdbvm\p am
mnns D]tbmKw ]camh[n IpdbvpI. mnIv D]v _Z kwhn[m\ IspI. mnIv hkvXp Aeyambn hensdnbmXncnpI. mnns ]p\cp]tbmK, ]p\:Nw{IaW km[yXI ]camh[n {]tbmP\sSppI. mnIv hkvXp InmXncnpI. mnIv ]m{Xfn `W]Zm kqnmXncnpI. _tbm mnpIfpsS D]tbmKw t{]mmlnnpI.

Jcamen\ykwkvcWw {]iv\]cnlmcam
Jcamen\ykwkvcWw Hmtcm hynbptSbpw ISabmbn ImWpI. Jcamen\y, ssPhamen\y, AssPhamen\y, Cthv Fns\ {]tXyIw {]tXyIw tiJcnpI. Hmtcm {]tZitbpw Jcamen\ysf D]Imc{]Zamb coXnbn kwkvcnpI. B[p\nI imkv{XkmtXnIhnZyI {]tbmP\sSpn kwkvcWw ^e{]ZampI. amen\ysf DdhnSfnXs kwkvcnpXn\p km[yXI IspI.

IoS\min\n{]tbmKns BhiyIX
hnpIfnse IoSm{IaWw. sNSnI Xnv \inn. `y[m\y Xnp \inn. sNSnIv tcmKw ]c Fns\bp {]iv\ XSbpXn\mWv IoS\min\nI D]tbmKnpXv.

IoS\min\n{]tbmKiw aqeap KpW

Dev]fpsS e`yX Ddphcppp. IqSpX hnfhv e`npp. Irjn BZmbIcamIpp. hnfIsf IoSfn\npw kwcnpp. etc.

cmkIoS\min\nI tZmj^e
av, Pew, hmbp Fnhsb aen\ampp. cmkIoS\min\nI D]ImcnIfmb sNdpPohnIfptSbpw an{X IoSfptSbpw \min\v ImcWamIpp. cmkIoS\min\nIfpsS D]tbmKwaqew `yhkvXpfn hnjmwiw IecpIbpw CXv amcI tcmKpw P\nXIsshIeypw ImcWamhpIbpw sNpp. DZm: FtUmk^m, ametbm, ]mcmXtbm etc.

ssPhIoS\min\nI KpW
av, Pew, hmbp Fnh aen\amsSpn. D]ImcnIfmb sNdpPohnItfbpw an{XIoStfbpw \innpn. ]cnnXnv A\ptbmPyambXn\m Bhmkhyhv tImw Xpn. ssPhIoS\min\nI amcItcmKtfm P\nXIsshIeytfm Dmpn. DZm: thnIpcp Ijmbw, ]pIbne Ijmbw, shfppnjmbw, tkmpemb\n etc.
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kna v
NpmpIv, Ifnav Fo AkwkvIrX ]Zm \mbn s]mSntijw tdmdn Nqfbnenv DXXm]\nebn (15000C) NqSmptm Imyw knentntbpw Imyw Aepant\ntbpw Hcp ko an{inXamWv kna v n. CXn 2% Pn]vkw tNv s]mSnv knampp.

sknv Hm^v kna v : knan Pew tNptm knanse Aepant\pIfpw

knentpIfpw Pehpambn {]hnv PekwtbmP\w (sslt{Uj) \SpIbpw kna v Ddp InbmhpIbpw sNpp. Cu {]h\amWv sknv Hm^v kna v. knans sknv Hcp Xm]tamNI {]h\amWv. knans sknv kabw \nb{npXn\mWv CXn Pn]vkw tNpXv.

mkv
hyXykvXbn\w mkpI, KpW, D]tbmK Fnh kqNnnp ]nI Xmsg sImSppp. mkv tkmUm mkv (knen mkv) D]tbmK P\mfnI, __pI, ZW, t_mnepI, XpSnbhbpsS \nmWw. D]tbmKn\Snm\amb KpW tkmUm mkv arZphmbXpw Ffpw s]mntmIpXpamWv. Db Xm]\ne XmpXn\p Ignhv.

lmUv mkv et_mddn D]IcW, (lov sdkn v ASpf D]IcW, mkv) FnhbpsS \nmWw. ^vfn v mkv (Hm]vnIv mkv) seUv mkv

ISI, sekpI, {]nk Db A]h\mw, XpSnb {]IminI D]IcW amen\y IpdhmbXn\m FnhbpsS \nmWw. IqSpX kpXmcyamWv.

t_mtdm et_mddn D]IcW, ASpf Db Xm]\ne knentv mkv D]IcW XpSnbhbpsS XmpXn\p Ignhv. \nmWw ss^_ mkv hyhkmbimeIfn, ^Wo Ckpte FnhbpsS \nmWw Ffpw s]mpIbn, Xm]sshZypXhmlnb, Dcpnt\mfw _eapXpw Xo]nSnmXpamWv.

tk^vn mkv : 2 mkv tpInSbn t\ mnIv jov tNv HnsSpp

emant\Uv mkpIfmWv tk^v n mkv . mkv s]mnbmepw mnIv jon XdncnpXn\m IjWfmbn sXdnv A]ISapmIpn. AXn\m hml\fpsS hnUv joUv \nnm tk^vn mkp]tbmKnpp. kw{IaWtemlfpsS kwbp D]tbmKnv mkn\v hnhn[ \nd \Im Ignbpw.

{Ko sIankv{Sn (lcnX ckX{w)

]cnnXnv tZmjapmmsXbpw PohPmefpsS kpc DdmpXcnepw cmkhkvXp \nmWthfbn A]ISIcamb cmkhkvXpsf \ncp]{ZhImcnIfpw
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D]ImcnIfpamn amnsmv ]cnnXn kulm Dev]fpsS \nmWn\v {]m[m\yw \Ip imkv{XimJbmWv lcnXckX{w AYhm {Ko sIankv{Sn. h ]mcnnXnI {]iv \ fpmp Dev ] v ]Icw Aev ] w sNehv IqSpXemsWn t]mepw ]mcnnXnI {]iv \ Dmm Dev ] ]Icwshpw ]mcnnXnI {]iv\fpmp Dev]sf \nhocyamm\p FXn cmkhkvXp \nnXamb Afhn D]tbmKnpw {]iv\ eLqIcnpItbm CmXmpItbm BWv {Ko sIankv{Sn sNpXv.

tNmZy
1. tNcpw]SntNpI
A B C

1. A\mPknpI 2. AmknUpI 3. Bn_tbmnpI 4. Bnss]sdnpI 5. Bnsk]vnpI 2. 3. 4.

icocXm]\ne Ipdpp tcmKImcnIfmb kqvamWpsf \innpp. AknUnn Ipdpp.

sUtm s]\nknen ]mcsktam

icoctImiv tISpmmsX Hans{]tkm kqvamWpsf \nb{npp. thZ\ Ipdpp. Bkv]ncn

saUncwKv Cv \ne\np GsXnepw cv A\mtcmKy {]hWXIfpw Ahbvp ]cnlmcamfpw \ntinpI. mnIv hkv X pfpsS A\nb{nXamb D]tbmKwaqew \mw A`napJoIcnp GsXnepw cv {]iv\fpw Ahbvp ]cnlmcamfpw \ntinpI. Xmsg sImSpncnp {]kvXmh\I ]cntim[nv sXtammnn\pw sXtamsknwv mnn\pw A\ptbmPyambh IspI. (a) NqSmptm `uXnIamw kw`hnpp. (b) dosskn sNm Ignbn. (c) NqSmptm XmmenIamw kw`hnpp. (d) dosskn sNm FfpamWv. (e) NqSmptm cmkamw kw`hnpp. (f) NqSmptm ncamb amw kw`hnpp. Jcamen\ykwkvcWhpambn _s GsXnepw cv {]iv\fpw Ahbvp ]cnlmcamfpw \ntinpI. IoSsf \nb{npXn\v ssPhIoS\min\nItfm \Xv cmkIoS\min\nIfmWv. Cu {]kvXmh\tbmSv \n tbmPnpptm? Dcw km[qIcnpI. kna v ssIImcyw sNptm kzoIcnt apIcpXepI Fsmw? Xmsg sImSpncnp D]tbmKv \n GXpXcw mkv BWv sXcsSppI? FpsImv? (a) (b) (c) (d) P\]mfnIfpsS \nmWw ]coWimebnep]tbmKnp sSvSyq_pI \nnm {]nk \nnm hml\fpsS hnUv joUpI \nnm
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5. 6. 7. 8.

{]IrXnsb \innp mnns Dev]mZ\hpw D]tbmKhpw \nemWw. Cu {]kvXmh\tbmSv \n Fs\ {]XnIcnpw? kanpI. 10. A\ptbmPyambh tNsgpXpI. 9. A ]mcsktam ametbm s_\UnIvSv emb\n t_ssev ss\tem ^vfn v mkv ssPhIoS\min\n sknv Hm^v kna v B Pn]vkw qtmkv sSv IS \nmWw ay_\ h\I sXtamsknv mnIv ]pIbne Ijmbw cmkIoS\min\n icoc Xm]\ne Ipdbvm

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

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