• Embed Doc
  • Copy Link
  • Readcast
  • Collections
  • 9
    CommentGo Back
Download
 
AP Biology Lab 8: Population Genetics
Introduction
G.H Hardy and W. Weinberg developed a theory that evolution could be described as achange of the frequency of alleles in an entire population. In a diploid organism that hasgene a gene loci that each contain one of two alleles for a single trait t the frequency of allele A is represented by the letter p. The letter q represents the frequency of the aallele. An example is, in a population of 100 organisms, if 45% of the alleles are A thenthe frequency is .45. The remaining alleles would be 55% or .55. This is the allelefrequency. An equation called the Hardy Weinberg equation for the allele frequencies of a population is p
2+
2pq+ q
2
= 1. P represents the A allele frequency. The letter q representsthe a allele. Hardy and Weinberg also gave five conditions that would ensure the allelefrequencies of a population would remain constant.
A. The breeding population is large. The effect of a change in allele frequencies isreduced.B. Mating is random. Organisms show no mating preference for a particulargenotype.C. There is no net mutation of the alleles.D. There is no migration or emigration of organisms.E. There is no natural selection. Every organism has an equal chance for passing ontheir genotypes.
 
 If these conditions are met then no change in the frequency of alleles or  genotypes will take place.
 A simple class experiment will take place to serve as model of the evolutionary process in a stimulated population. This experiment is great in order to test a few of the basic parts of population genetics. In the experiment the class will place a piece of paper in their mouth to see if they can taste the chemical PTC which is
 phenythiocarbamide
.People with the alleles AA, which is homozygous, and Aa, which is heterozygous, will beable to taste the PTC. People that can’t taste PTC are aa.
Hypothesis
By allowing a class to see if they can taste PTC and recording the results the HardyWeinberg equation can be used to determine the allele frequencies of the class.
Materials 
The materials used in this experiment are as follows: strips of PTC test paper, paper anda pencil.
Methods
Begin by placing a piece of the PTC test paper in your mouth. Tasters will have a bitter taste in their mouth. The frequency of tasters (p
2
+2pq) is a found as a decimal bydividing the total number of tasters by the total number of students in the class. The
 
frequency of nontasters (q
2
) is found by dividing the number of tasters by the number of  people in the class. Using the Hardy Weinberg equation the frequency of p and q can befound. q is found by taking the square root of q
2
. p is found by using the equation 1-q=p.Also calculate the frequencies of the North American population. Finally find 2pq thatrepresents the percentage of the heterozygous tasters in the class. Record the results intable 8.1
ResultsTable 8.1 Phenotypic Proportions of Tasters and Nontasters and Frequencies of theDetermining Alleles
 
Phenotypes
Allele FrequenciesTasters
P
2
+ 2pq
 
Nontasters
Q
2
 
p QClassPopulation# % # %7 77.78 2 22.22.53 .47NorthAmericanPopulation55 45 .33 .671.
 
What is the % of heterozygous tasters 2pq in your class?
49.82%
2.What % of the North American population is heterozygous for the tastertrait?
44.15%
Case I Ideal Hardy Weinberg Populations
Introduction
In this experiment the entire class will represent an entire breeding population. In order to ensure random mating, choose another student at random. The class will simulate a population of randomly mating heterozygous individuals with an initial gene frequencyof .5 for the dominant allele A and the recessive allele a and genotype frequencies of .25AA, .50 Aa and .25 aa. Your initial genotype is Aa. Record this on the data page. Eachmember of the class will receive four cards. Two cards have a and two cards have A.The four cards represent the products of meiosis. Each “parent” contributes a haploid setof chromosomes to the next generation.
 
Hypothesis
By conducting the experiment under ideal conditions we will be able to show an idealHardy Weinberg population.
Materials
The materials used in this experiment are as follows: cards labeled A and a, a pencil anda piece of paper.
Methods
Begin the experiment by turning over the four cards so the letters are not showing, shufflethem, and take the card on top to contribute to the production of the first offspring. Your  partner should do the same. Put the two cards together. The two cards represent thealleles of the first offspring. One of you should record the genotype of this offspring inthe Case I section on page 98. Each student pair must produce two offspring, so all four cards must be reshuffled and the process repeated to produce a second offspring. Then,the other partner should record the genotype. The very short reproductive career of thisgeneration is over. Now you and your partner need to assume the genotypes of the twonew offspring. Next, the students should obtain the cards requires to assume their newgenotype. Each person should then randomly pick out another person to mate with onorder to produce the offspring of the next generation. Follow the same mating methodsused to produce offspring of the first generation. Record your data. Remember toassume your new genotype after each generation. The teacher will collect class data after each generation.
ResultsCase I
 
AA Aa aaF
1
1 5 2F
2
2 4 2F
3
1 6 1F
4
1 5 2F
5
1 5 2Number of offspring with genotype AA =6x2= 12 A alleles
of 00

Leave a Comment

You must be to leave a comment.
Submit
Characters: ...
Anu Roy

omg! u are such an awesome person...thanks a lot for all the labs <3 and i use this to enhance my lab reports :)

reply01 / 26 / 2011
Sanjay Singh

CoolAsianDude my friends and I half worship you We wanna be like you when we grow up

reply05 / 02 / 2010
CoolAsianDude

Haha, sweet! The world could use more free help! =]

05 / 05 / 2010
coolpoptarts

Hey CoolAsian Dude! These labs are extremely helpful. But is this your own data & answers that you got yourself? Or is this the "key" or "sample data" for the labs?

reply04 / 15 / 2010
CoolAsianDude

Combo-nation, say the 'O' before nation

04 / 16 / 2010
mikamoo

thank u so much for all the bio labs <3 lol im eternally grateful.

reply04 / 10 / 2010
CoolAsianDude

Thanks dude. Use them as you see fit!

04 / 11 / 2010
all93

Why is this rated so low ?

reply03 / 05 / 2010
sehruhh

you, sir, are my hero for putting these bio labs up!

reply01 / 18 / 2010
Show More
You must be to leave a comment.
Submit
Characters: ...