IR & thermal Image guidance Pt 1

M S Prasad

Infrared laws

IR radiations from a Typical aircraft Tail Pipe behaves as a gray body with emissivity of 0.9

= 0.85

Egt = exhaust Gas temp

Typical seeker head

1.Optical System : to collect IR radiation 2. Reticule : Optical Modulator 3. Detector electronics

IR Homing
Atmospheric Attenuation = where = a+ . a is due to absorption and Y is due to scattering. Scattering causes change in direction of the beam. Rayleigh Scattering : for smaller particles . However, rain, fog particles and aerosols are larger and consequently scatter IR and visible radiation equally being independent of the wavelength. Aircraft Skin Temp ( aerodynamic Heating is : = 1 1+ 2 2

Ta ambient temp , Ts is skin temp and is recovery factor ( 0.75 to 0.98)

Detectors
Quantum
Intrinsic ( PV) InGaAs , Hg Cd Te Extrinsic Si :As , Ga:As Photo Emissive Quantum Effect Ga As Al Therrmal thermocouple Bolometers : Change in internal resistance is measured Pyroelectric : Change In polarisation

D*

Detectors Figure of merit Detectivity.* This parameter varies inversely with the square root of both the detectors sensitive area, A, and the electrical bandwidth, f.

where e is the spectral radiant incident power. D* is defined as the rms signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)ina1Hz bandwidth per unit rms incident radiation power per square root of detector area. D* is expressed in cmHz1/2W1. Expressed as D* ( 500,1000) Responsivity of an IR detector is dened as the ratio of the root mean square (rms) value of the electrical output signal of the detector to the rms value of the input radiation power.

NEP ( Noise Equivalent Power ) The NEP is the incident power on the detector generating a signal output equal to the rms noise output. OR the NEP is the signal level that produces a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 1.

The NEP is also quoted for a xed reference bandwidth, which is often assumed be 1 Hz. This NEP per unit bandwidth has a unit of watts per square root hertz W/Hz1/2).

Detectivity The detectivity D is the reciprocal of NEP:

For many detectors, the NEP is proportional to the square root of the detector signal that is proportional to the detector area, Ad .This means that both NEP and detectivity are functions of the electrical bandwidth and detector area . A normalized detectivity D

Cooling Techniques IR thermal detectors

4 stage thermo elestric Cooler ( Peltier effect )

Joule Thomson cooler

Sterling cycle Cooler

Cold Shields impacts the D * by a factor ( pi/) ^ . D** = ( /pi) ^1/2 D*

LOCK ON Range
Tail pipe : as a gray body with emissivity 0.9 ( assumed ) Plume temperature = 0.85 of exhaust temp
Assumption

Thermal radiations are emanating from One point ( radiating in Hemisphere)

Parameters are : a. Transmittance thru atmosphere b. Transmittance thru IR optics The total received IR radiance at Missile seeker should be equal to SNR required.