tariel futkaraZe (qsu qarTveluri dialeqtologiis instituti)

moTxrobiTi brunvis niSnis variantTa istoriisaTvis

qarTuli samwignobro enisa da qarTveluri dialeqtebis monacemebis
mixedviT
(-an > n; -man > -ma/-m/-em; -qo > q)1

qarTveluri enobrivi samyarosTvis damaxasiaTebeli moTxrobiTi brunva

samecniero literaturaSi orgvarad ganixileba: specialistTa didi nawili mas
ergativad (ergatiuli wyobis erT-erT mTavar elementad) miiCnevs; zogi ki
Tvlis, rom qarTuli enis moTxrobiTi brunva nominativis variantia (megruli -i
da -q sufiqsebis alomorfobis Sesaxeb ix. g.klimovi, 1973, gv. 54. qarTveluri
saxelobiTisa da ergativis igiveobis Sesaxeb ix., g.nebieriZe, 1987).
arsebul qarTvelur enobriv qvesistemebSi saxelobiTi da moTxrobiTi
brunvebi mkafiodaa gamijnuli formobrivadac da funqciuradac; Sesaabamisad,
Tanamedrove monacemebis mixedviT gaumarTlebelia maTi gamocxadeba erT
brunvad.
sayovelTaod gaziarebuli azris mixedviT, ergatiuli wyobas qmnian:
gardamavali moqmedebis gamomxatavi zmna, specifikur brunvaSi (ergativSi)
mdgomi subieqti da obieqti, romelic formobrivad emTxveva gardauvali zmnis
subieqts, romelic, rogorc wesi, saxelobiTi brunviT (/absolutiviT) aris
gamoxatuli; mag., g.klimovis azriT, gardamavali moqmedebis subieqti
gamoixateba ergativiT, gardauvalis subieqti da gardamavalis obieqti ki
absolutiviT/saxelobiTiT; ergativs aqvs subieqtisa da iribi obieqtis (xSirad -
moqmedebis instrumentis) gamoxatvis funqcia, absolutivs (/saxelobiTs) ki -
subieqtisa da pirdapiri obieqtisa (g.klimovi, 1973, gv. 260); miCneulia, rom
ergativs axasiaTebs bivalenturoba: ergativis forma gvevlineba
instrumentalisis (an naTesaobis) rolSic; Sdr., arn. Ciqobava: gardamavali
zmnasTan realuri subieqts ergativi gamoxatavs, xolo realur obieqts -
saxelobiTi da ara akuzativi (arn. Ciqobava, 1961, 126-127); am avtorTan
aucilebel pirobad ar aris miCneuli ergativis bivalenturoba.
qarTveluri moTxrobiTi brunvis Semcveli konstruqcia (svanuri -d-
alomorfiani variantis CaTvliT) ganxiluli unda iqnas ergatiuli wyobis erT-
erT Tavisebur modelad.
gasaziarebelia mosazreba, rom iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi ergatiul
konstruqcias dasabami eZleva klasovan uRlebaSi (arn.Ciqobava, 1961, gv. 127-128);
Tavdapirvelad, ergativi da saxelobiTi iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi
gaudiferencirebeli iyo da gauformebeli fuZiT gamoixateboda (arn.
Ciqobava, 1948, gv. 117; arn.Ciqobava, 1979, gv. 140-142, 146; qarTveluri
gaudiferencirebeli ergativis Sesaxeb ix., agreTve, g.maWavariani, 2002, gv. 79;
l.palmaiti, 1979 da sxv.). arn. Ciqobavas azriT, iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis
Tanamedrove brunvaTa sistemaSi ergativi orgvaria: TavisTavadi (qarTul-
zanurSi da CaCnur-inguSurSi) da saziaro (ergativ-instrumentalisi - xunZursa
da andiurSi, ergativ-genetivi - lakurSi, ergativ-lokativi - lezgiurSi)...
qarTvelurSi ergativi pirvelad Cndeba xolmeobiTobis semantikis
(mudmivi viTarebis, gangrZobiTi moqmedebis) gamomxatvel zmnebSi (Sdr.: arn.
Ciqobava, 1948, gv. 119-127; arn.Ciqobava 1961, gv. 3-4; 1979, gv. 137).
amJamindeli qarTveluri ergativi Taviseburebebs avlens aramxolod
ergatiuli wyobis/konstruqciis mqone sxva enebTan SedarebiT, aramed,
araerTgavrovania qarTveluri qvesistemebis SigniTac. sxva enobriv velSic, erTi

1
statiis Semoklebuli varianti dabeWdilia ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis sax-
elmwifo universitetis mier 2008 wels gamocemul krebulSi (gv. 112-128): "akademikos
qeTevan lomTaTiZes" (krebuli miZRvnilia q. lomTaTiZis samecniero-pedagogiuri moRva-
weobis 75 wlisTavisadmi).
enis farglebSi qvesistemebis mixedviT sxvaobs morfemis semantikac da
alomorfTa distribuciac: araiSviaTad, semantikuri da distribuciuli
kriteriumebis zusti dacva SesaZlebelia mxolod erTi enobrivi qvesistemis
(dialeqtis, enis arqauli variantis...) farglebSi; Sesabamisad, morfTa
identifikaciis procesSi gasaTvaliswinebelia enobrivi velis
erTgvarovnoba/araeTgvarovnoba. aqve arsebiTia aRvniSnoT:
arqaul samwignobro enasa da qarTvelur kiloebSi (zanur-svanuris
CaTvliT) istoriulad da amJamad mimdinare movlenebi ZiriTadad erTi
enisTvis (/erTi enobrivi sistemisTvis) damaxasiaTebel kanonzomierebebs
emorCileba da erT konteqstSia gansaxilveli; Sdr., zogi avtori miiCnevs, rom
svanuri, zanuri da samwignobro qarTuli sxvadasxva enaa, ris gamoc aSkarad
igiveobriv enobriv faqtebs gverdigverd ar ganixilavs (sxvadasxva enobrivi
sistemaao); Sesabamisad, misi daskvnebic araadekvaturia (ix. qvemoT).
warmodgenil statiaSi Cveni mizania qarTveluri moTxrobiTi brunvis
zogi alomorfis warmomavlobis Zieba. Cveni msjeloba aigeba Semdegi zogadi wesis
gaTvaliswinebiT:
mocemuli enobrivi erTeulis (enis, kiloTa jgufis, kilos,
kilokavis...) farglebSi erTi morfemis alomorfebad unda miviCnioT is
morfebi, romlebic erTnairia mniSvnelobisa Tu funqciis TvalsazrisiT
da vlindebian identur, an urTierTgamomricxvel poziciebSi (termin
"alomorfs" viyenebT i.naidas mixedviT: mocemuli brunvis niSnis
alomorfebad miiCneva rogorc fonologiurad, aseve morfologiurad
Sepirobebuli alternatebi; ix. t.futkaraZe, 1986, gv. 32).

* * *
ergatiuli wyobis mqone enaTagan mravalsaukunovani da uwyveti
samwignobro tradicia aqvs qarTuls; qarTuli enis magaliTze SesaZlebelia
Tvali gavadevnoT ergativis istorias erTi enobrivi samyaros istoriis
farglebSi.
qarTveluri ergativis niSnis ZiriTadi alomorfi ukavSirdeba CvenebiTi
nacvalsaxelisgan momdinare determinaciul "man" morfemoids, Sesabamisad,
pirvel rigSi gasaazrebelia nacvalsaxelTa brunebis istoria qarTveluri
dialeqturi monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
Tanamedrove qarTulSi man gaiazreba is/igi nacvalsaxelis moTxrobiT
brunvad: igi, ma-n, ma-s, m-is-Tvis... Cans, adreul etapze wrfelobiT brunvaSi
myofi mesame piris fardi CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebi: isi/is, igi, egi/ege/eg,
mag/magan, man, aman, iman... saxelobiTisa da moTxrobiTis formirebis Semdeg
qarTveluri qvesistemebis mixedviT gansxvavebulad inawileben "rolebs"; mag.,
samwignobro qarTulSi igi gardauvali zmnis subieqts gamoxatavs, man ki -
ZiriTadad, gardamavlisas; Sdr.: qarTvelur CvenebiT nacvalsaxelTa
samwevrovani sistema momdinareobs orwevrovanisgan: es/eg - is; agi/ege - igi
(sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix., n.CarTolani, 1985, gv. 12, 40). saerToqarTveluri
(amosavali) viTareba daculi aqvs svanur kiloebs (ala<*aman "es"/"eg" - eja<"ega
"is" (ej da eg erTmaneTTan daakavSira h.Suxardtma); qarTv. man warmomavlobiT III
piris nacvalsaxelia da opoziciur wyvilebs dieqtur nawilakTa darTviT iZens:
man - aman - iman; Sdr., mag/magi (mag-an, magas...) da agi (aman, amas): aseTive zogadi
mniSvneloba unda hqonoda mag nacvalsaxelsac; kerZod. "mag" qarTuli enis
dialeqtebSi sakmaod xSirad miuTiTebs saganze an pirze sivrceSi konkretizaciis
gareSe: mag wyals somdnen", "magan uTxra", "magens hqondaT", "magins yavden erTi
biWiSvili" (iqve, gv. 79-81); ase iyo Zvel qarTulSic: "arc magan coda, arca
mSobelTa magisTa", "vin aRuxila magas Tualni" (il.abulaZe, 1973, gv. 145).

2
droTa ganmavlobaSi fuZis mawarmoebeli sufiqsebi (m-an, m-as) enobrivi
koleqtivis mier sxva brunvebis niSanTa rigSi gaiazreba; Sdr.: igi, m-an, m-as (< man-
s?), m-is; mag-i, mag-an, mag-as, mag-is, mag-iT...
SeniSvna: Zvel qarTulSi aqtiurad dasturdeba magan: ege, magan, magas, magis, magiT, magad; egeni,
magaT… (i.imnaiSvili, 1957, gv. 498; i.abulaZe, 1973). al.focxiSvilis varaudiT (1985, gv. 119), maga+man
> maga-n (agreTve: ma+man>ma-n); n.CarTolanis azriT, ma+ag(a): ma- piris nacvalsaxelis Ziria (ma-n), "-g
Tanxmovnuri Ziri ki agi, eg(e), igi CvenebiT nacvalsaxelSi gvxvdeba; Serwymis gziT miRebuli maga
fuZis II pirTan dakavSireba gvian moxda orwevrovani sistemidan samwevrovanze gadasvlisas, iseve
rogorc eg nacvalsaxeli gvian daukavSirda II pirs" (1985, gv. 82). d.meliqiSvilis varaudiT magan
miRebuli Cans ege da man fuZeTa kontaminaciiT (1980, gv. 54). ori nacvalsaxeluri fuZis Serwymis
daSveba met dasabuTebas iTxovs. vfiqrobT, mag-an formaSi gamosayofia -an sufiqsi (Sdr.: meg/mag da
mag-an; Sdr.: m-an).
zanur kiloebSi man-s Seesatyviseba *mun "is" (TviTon; munefi "isini"; Sdr.:
mu "ra" - mudomu "raebi") da *muT (muTefi): saxelobiTi brunva: mu/mun (megr.)
"is", mu(q)/muT (laz.) "is" (Sdr., Zveli qarTuli mun "iq": rogorc cnobilia, araiSviaTia
nacvalsaxeluri da zmnisarTuli fuZeebis saerTo warmomavloba: igi - iq, agi - aq; Sdr., agreTve, n.mariseuli
mun-d > mun-T (sadac -d mimarTulebiTis niSania). zog sxva qarTvelur kiloSi saxelobiTSi
igi-s paralelurad (winadadebaSi igis nacvlad!) man formac gvaqvs; mag.; aWar.:
"man midis", "man ambobs". istoriulad man formaSi unda gamoiyos fuZis
mawarmoebeli -an sufiqsi (brunvis -n niSnis gamoyofas bevri dabrkoleba axlavs):
Tavdapirveli man erTian fuZedaa gasaazrebeli; am mosazrebas mxars uWers isic,
rom zog qvesistemaSi man saxelobiT-moTxrobiTis saziaro formad gvevlineba
(aseve, vin nacvalsaxeli) da amjamindeli saxelobiTi da moTxrobiTi wrfelobiTi
brunvisgan gvian yalibdebian.
SeniSvna: Sdr.: n.mari: man formaSi -a(+n) Zveli micemiTis niSania; man formis -n segments
Tavdapirvel brunvis niSnad miiCneven h.Suxardti da ak.SaniZe; sainteresoa ak.SaniZis msjeloba (1980,
gv. 619-621): moTxrobiTis niSani Tavdapirvelad unda yofiliyo n, romelic aqamomde Semonaxuli
gvaqvs ma-n-Si. gansazRvrul moTxrobiTs unda hxleboda "man" nawevari: ganusazRvreli moTxrobiTi:
kac-n da gansazRvruli moTxrobiTi: kacn man... sakuTar saxelebs marto erTi forma unda hqonodaT:
daviT-n, luka-n... arn.Ciqobavas azriT, -n aris nacvalsaxeluri Zirisgan (savaraudod: *ga/*da/*na?)
momdinare sufiqsia, romelic brunvis niSnad gaazrianda (arn.Ciqobava, 1929, gv. 173-178); "-T- WanurSi
da -n- megrulSi erTi da imave Rirebulebis morfologiuri odenoba unda iyos" (arn.Ciqobava, 1936, gv.
77). -n-s determinantad Tvlis g.maWavariani (2002, gv. 79); b.kikviZe fiqrobs, rom -n ar aris ergativis
niSani: na determinanti elementis naSTia (b.kikviZe, 1960, gv. 62); -an determinantad miaCnia
d.meliqiSvilsac, oRond, misi azriT, -n elementi sinqronul WrilSi brunvis niSnadaa gasaazrebeli
(d.meliqiSvili, 1980, gv. 56; d.meliqiSvilma Tavisi mosazreba daazusta zepir saubarSi)...
g.maWavariani: n sufiqsis moTxrobiTidan saxelobiTSi gadasvla inovaciad unda miviCnioT megrul-
WanurSi. aseTi inovacia unda iyos n-s momdevnod -em sufiqsi gaCena svanur nacvalsaxelebSic
(g.maWavariani, 1960, gv.99-101; sxva literaturis mimoxilvisaTvis ix., d.meliqiSvili, 1980; k.gabunia,
1998; am ukanasknelis azriTac, n warmoSobiT fuZis mawarmoebeli derivaciuli sufiqsia da ara
ergativis arqauli niSani; 1998, gv.37-38).
sayovelTaod gaziarebuli Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, samwignobro
qarTulisa da qarTveluri "sisina" kiloebis -ma/-m sufiqsi momdinareobs man III
piris nacvalsaxelisagan (arn.Ciqobava, 1939, gv. 168,173; g.klimovi, 1962, gv.55; g.
deetersi, 1930, gv.95):
arn.Ciqobavas mixedviT, "moTxrobiTi qarTvelur enebSi - esaa
nacvalsaxeluri ZiriT gansazRvruli fuZe" (arn.Ciqobava, 1936, gv.174);
"moTxrobiTis niSani warmoSobiT nacvalsaxelobiTi Ziri unda iyos. es Tanabrad
exeba rogorc qarTul n-s, ise Wanursa da megrul q-s da svanur d-s (Ciqobava, 1936,
gv.173). megrul-Wanuri q- igive g-a, rac i-g-i, e-g-e nacvalsaxelSi gvaqvs, oRond
fonetikuradaa saxecvlili: g>q. es naTlad Cans adgilis zmnizedebidan: a-g (a-g-
re) zmnisarTi < aq (megr., qarT., Wan., xof.), haq//haqo (viw.-arq., aTin.), i-g (i-g-i) <
iq (qarT.), hiq//hiqo (viw.-arq., aTin.), eq (meg. xof.) ma-g (mag-is) < ma-q (das.
kiloebi). balsqvemourSi Senaxulia zmnisarTi, sadac daculia g: im-e-d "sad",
dem-e-g (ara, arsad) e-g CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelisagan momdinarea (arn.Ciqobava,
1936, gv.173-174; arn.Ciqobava, 1979, gv.144).
bes. kikviZem da g.maWavarianma damajereblad aCvenes, rom svanurSic gvaqvs
man/aman ganmsazRvreli nawevari romlisganac miRebulia ergativis -em/-m
niSani (Sdr.: m formanti adiReurSic nacvalsaxeluri warmomavlobis
3
gansazRvrebiTi nawevarisgan momdinareobs (s.janaSia, 1942, gv. 263). miuxedavad
imisa, rom svanuri -em/-m-iani ergativis qarTveluroba (da ara adiReuroba!)
aSkaraa, saerToqarTveluri da adiReuri ergativis msgavsebac uTuoa: ergativi
momdinareobs determinanti nawilakisgan); kerZod, Zveli qarTulis
moTxrobiTisTvis damaxasiaTebeli aman nacvalsaxeli unda aRdges svanur-i -em/n
niSnisTvisac da amnem "aman" formis fuZisTvisac: *aman > *aman-em > amn-Lm; sadac -Lm
meoreuli danarTia (bes.kikviZe, 1958, gv. 91: "m-iani bruneba svanurSi
nacvalsaxeluri, gansazRvruli tipis brunebaa. saxels daerTvis nacvalsaxeli
ama Tu im brunvis formiT...).
g.maWavariani fiqrobs, rom e-s sigrZe man-is a-s reduqciis Sedegia...
(bes.kikviZe, 1958, gv.91-93; g.maWavariani, 1960, gv. 97-100; g.maWavariani, 1985, gv.
237-238); ix. agreTve: d.meliqiSvili, 1980, gv. 56: svanurSi -an determinanti
sufiqsis xmovani SeikumSa moTxrobiTis -em-is gavleniT: am+an-em > amn-em.
k.gabunia, 1998, gv. 39-40: man fuZis Semadgenelma -m da -n segmentebma moTxrobiTi
brunvis niSnis adgili daikaves: *mana nacvalsaxeluri fuZe svanurSi erTi mxriv
gvaZleva -m ergativis niSans (*ma-na > ma > m/em/am > am-d), meore mxriv - ergativis -n
niSans: *ma-na > *-na > *na-em > -nLm-d da savaraudo *ma-da > -*da > d...
Sdr., svanurSic saxelobiT brunvaSic SeiZleba aRvadginoT *ama/*aman: ala
<*ama (m.Cuxua, 2003, gv. 49-50); *ama < aman. svanuris monacemebi da Zveli qarTulis
ama da aman variantebi (il. abulaZe, 1973, gv. 4) saSualebas gvaZlevs saerToqarT-
velurSi aRvadginoT: *man, *aman/*ama; Sdr.: g.klimovi, 1964, 124-125: *a-ma, *ma;
h.fenrixi, z.sarjvelaZe, 2000, gv. 314: *ma; m.Cuxua, 2003, gv. 50: *a-m-(a)....
calke ganxilvis sagania svanuri *ejnem forma:
Sdr.: sax. ala, mic. ala-s/amis, moTx. amnLm, moqm. amnoS, viT., amn@r(d), naT. amnLmiS,
amMS da
sax. eja, mic. ejas, moTx. ejnLm, moqm. ejnoS, viT., ejn@r(d), naT. eCMS (mogvyavs
n.CarTolanis mixedviT, 1985, gv. 124).
ala (<*aman) nacvalsaxelis moTxrobiTis amnLm formis msgavsad (amnLm <
aman-em) xom ar SeiZleba ejnLm formaSic fuZed *ejan- aRvadginoT (Sdr., ejn-oS
"imiT"; amn-oS "amiT")? Sdr.: agi - magi/mag-an; ega - mega/*meg-an; Sdr., svan eja/*ejan
(<*ega/*egan) > ejn-Lm. ar gamoiricxeba aseve ejnLm formis warmoqmna analogiiT:
amnLm: eja - *ej-em > ej-n-em. Sdr., agreTve, sakamaToa -n-s kvalifikacia imn@r "ra-
tom?" (sityvasityviT "rad?), amn@r "amitom?" (sityvasityviT "amad?); ejn@r "imi-
tom?" (sityvasityviT "imad?) formebSi; vfiqrobT, aq amosavalia *am-nair-d/*eg-
nair-d formebi, romelic saerToqarTvelurSia savaraudo: *am-nair-d > *amn@rd
> amn@r; *eg-nair-d > *ej-@r-d > *ej-@r (gaqvavebulma formam ganicada cveTa).
SeniSvna: Sdr.: amn@r(d) formas aRadgens, magram -n- segments micemiTis niSnad miiCnevs T.SaraZeniZe
(1955, gv. 130); am-n-@r formaSi -n- da -@r- segmentebs orgvari viTarebiTi brunvis niSnebad Tvlis
g.maWavariani (1985, gv. 237-238); l.palmaiti, vfiqrobT, samarTlianad fiqrobs, rom amn@rd formaSi -
n- segmenti nairi sityvis nawilia, oRond, misi azriT, amnairi, imnairi qarTulidanaa nasesxebi (ase
SemTxvevaSi bundovani rCeba ejn@r formis "nasesxoba"); -n-s micemiTobas (Tu viTarebiTobas) ar
iziarebs a.oniani (1989, gv. 164-165, 214); misi azriT, rom amn@r, imn@r, ejn@r formebSi gamosayofia -
n@r morfologiuri erTeuli (1998, gv. 85; Sdr., iqve, gv. 150: safuZvliania varaudi, rom amn@r, imn@r,
ejn@r qarTulis gavleniT mirebulia formebia da aq -n- da -@r- morfologiur erTeulTa gamoyofis
safuZveli ar arsebobs). Cveni azriT, aqac da sxva SemTxvevebSic e.w. -n-iani (Tu -n@r-iani) brunvis ga-
moyofa saeWvo masalas emyareba: svanur masalaSi -n zogan deterninanti sufiqsis naSTi Cans, zogan -
fonetikuri procesis Sedegi.
g.maWavarianis azriT, qarTvelur enaTa diferenciaciis periodSi
moTxrobiTi brunva gaformebuli ar iyo. qarTvelur enebSi es brunva saerTo
principis mixedviT - nacvalsaxeluri warmoSobis elementebis gamoyenebiT - ga-
formda (g.maWavariani, 1960, gv. 98-104; g.maWavariani, 2002, gv.79); kerZod, misi az-
riT, svanuri -m uSualod ar momdinareobs qarTuli -man nawevarisgan; svanurSic
arsebobda Zveli qarTulis tipis "gansazRvruli bruneba" (msaz-
Rvreli/determinanti - iyo *-aman - CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelisgan momdinare
nawevari); substantivisa da postpoziciuri nawevaris erTad brunebis gamo, enk-
4
litikurad darTuli nawilaki Seerwya substantivs: *mKr-ad a-ma-n(a)/e-ma-n(a) >
*mKrKman/*mKrLman > *mKrKm/mKrLm (1960, gv. 102-103).
SeniSvna: Sdr., g.maWavarianis es msjeloba Taviseburad esmis a.onians; a.oniani Tvlis, rom
g.maWavarianis azriT, Zveli qarTulis man nawevari da svanuri -em saSualebas ar iZleva saerToqarT-
veluri arqetipis rekonstruqciisTvis (a.oniani, 1989, gv. 148); arada, aSkaraa, rom g.maWavarianis
mtkicebiT svanuri -m -aman/iman nawevarisgan modis, romelic igivea rac Zveli qarTulis aman (gv. 100);
e.i g.maWavarianisTvis aman nawevari ufro saerToqarTveluri monacemia; vfiqrobT, logikuria, rom
saerToqarTveluri -man/-aman/-iman determinati nawilaki (momdinare CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelisgan)
davsaxoT amosavlad rogorc samwignobro enis -ma/-m, ise svanuri kiloebis -m/-Lm morfebisTvis (am
ukanasknelSi L CvenebiTi/dieqturi da fuZiseuli xmovnebis SerwymiTaa miRebuli). swored -aman, -amas,
-amis nawilakebis daSvebiT ixsneba g.maWavarianis mier svanuri zedsarTavi saxelebis irib brunvebSi -am
segmentis arseboba (xoCKm dMna-d, xoCKm dMnas...).
l.palmaitma samarTlianad ar gaiziara g.maWavarianis mier *aman, "iman/eman
nawevrebis daSveba e, L, K xmovanTa monacvleobis asaxsnelad: "ufro SesaZlebelia,
rom yvelgan a-m-iani nawevari SeerTebuliyo" (l.palmaiti, 1979, gv. 115)...
safiqrebelia, rom amn-Lm formaSi -Lm analogiiT gaCnda, xolo e.w. micemiTis -Km
(arKm) da -Lm segmentTa xmovnebis sxvadasxvaoba SeiZleba aixsnas warmomavlobiT:
micemiTis forma adrindelia, Sesabamisad, K fuZiseul da nawevriseul a-s asaxavs,
xolo Lm-is xmovani saxelobiTis analogiiTaa miRebuli. vfiqrobT, qarTveluri
moTxrobiTi brunva saxelobiTze axali Cans; Zvel samwignobro enaSi saxelobiTi
ukve Camoyalibebulia, moTxrobiTi ki - ara (Sdr., arn.Ciqobava, 1939, gv. 173;
a.oniani, 1989, gv. 152).
CvenTvis aseve Znelad gasaziarebelia sazRvrulis warmodgena -ad elemen-
tiani moTxrobiTis formiT; ufro logikuria davuSvaT, rom svanurSic (Zveli
qarTulis analogiurad!) nawevari saxelis fuZes daerToda: *mKra/e(a~) a-man >
*mKrLman > mKrLm.
svanuri man-iani bruneba Zveli qarTulis tipis gansazRvruli brunebidan
unda momdinareobdes, kerZod, svanurisTvis amosavalia Zveli qarTulisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli wyoba: "keTili igi kaci"; swored aseTi wyobis pirobebSi unda
ganxorcielebuliyo nawevaris Serwyma atributivTan svanurSi: *xoCa-d i-man(a)
mKra-d > *xoCLman mKra-d > xoCLm mKrad (g.maWavariani, 1960, gv. 97-104); am mosaz-
rebas gaamyarebs nacvalsaxel ala-s moTxrobiTi varianti: amnem, maremnem tipis
formebi. vfiqrobT, g.maWavarianis mosazrebaSi bundovania msazRvreliseulad
navaraudevi d-s sakiTxi; ufro logikuri gveCveneba, *xoCa-d i-man(a) mKra-d kon-
struqciis nacvlad aRvadginoT *xoCa i-man mKra-d, romlisganac, -iman nawevaris
bolokiduri -an segmentis dakargviT, gacilebiT martivi gziT (bunebrivad)
miiReba sintagma: *xoCLm mKrad; saerTod, logikuria msazRvrelSi daculi
iyos ergativis ufro arqauli varianti; Sdr., agreTve, ormagi sufiqsaciis
dros fuZes uerTdeba ZirTan ufro axlosaa arqauli varianti; mag.: laSxur ki-
loSi gvaqvs mKrLm-d da ara mKre-d-Lm.
gamoricxuli ar aris, rom man nacvalsaxelisgan miRebuli (e)m analogiiT
gadasuliyo sxva brunvebSic: sax. mara~ > mare; pirvel rigSi mare formas efuZneba
SedarebiT gvian warmoqmnili moTxrobiTi: mare-aman > marLma >marLm; Semdgom -em
erTian sufiqsad iqna gaazrebuli da analogiiT gadavida sxva brunvebSic: *marems
> marem, marem-iS... sxvagvari axsna sWirdeba xoCKm formas: a-s arseboba cxadyofs,
rom an momxdaria ukana mimarTulebis umlauti: xoCems > xoCams, an ufro arqauli
warmoebis micemiTi inarCunebs fuZiseul a xmovans (sax. brunva: mara-~).
amrigad, vfiqrobT, ufro sarwmunoa svanur kiloebSi gamovlenili man-
iani ergativis -m niSnis qarTveluroba (vidre misi adiRuri warmomavloba):
svanuri ergativis -m/-em warmoiqmna saerToqarTveluri (dasturdeba arqaul
qarTulSic) *man/-iman nawevaris cveTis gziT (rogorc samwignobro qarTulsa da
qarTvelur e.w. sisina kiloebSi): mara-iman > mareiman > marLman > marLm; nacvalsax-
elisTvis Sdr., g.maWavariani: *aman > *aman-Lm > amn-Lm; am SemTxvevaSi -Lm sufiqsis
darTva sazogado saxelTa analogiiT gvian moxda (sazogado saxelebTan
Camoyalibebuli brunvis formis ganzogadebiT). Sesabamisad, svanuri e.w. or-
5
fuZianoba warmoqmnilia fonetikur niadagze, rogorc amas varaudobda
v.Tofuria; kerZod, misi azriT, svanuris orfuZianoba (mare - mara) fonetikuri
xasiaTisaa da ara morfologiuri rogorc adiReursa Tu xunZurSi; svanuri da
gurul-imeruli orfuZianoba (baRana~ > baRane) erTi da igive movlenaa
(v.Tofuria, 1979, gv. 451). v.Tofurias msgavsad fiqrobs m.qaldanic da
b.jorbenaZec; Sdr., mag., b.jorbenaZe (1995, gv. 125, 342): bicola~ - bicole da mara~
> mare, Jaxa~ > Jaxa~ > J@xe erTi rigis movlenebia; Sdr, agreTve, nasesxebi sityvis
transformacia: bamba > svan. bamb@~ da megr. bambe...
SeniSvna: svanuri da xunZuri orfuZianobis igiveobis Sesaxeb ix., arn.Ciqobava, 1941, gv. 56;
svanuri da mTis kavkasiuri enebis orfuZianobis sxvadasxvaobis Sesaxeb ix., g.Tofuria, 2001,
gv. 65. sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix. m.qaldani, 1974, gv. 151-164: "fuZis bolokiduri a xmovnis
e-d qceva saxelobiTi brunvis niSnis -is gavleniT svanuri enis erTi damaxasiaTebeli
fonetikuri movlena iyo: muryvama-i > muryvame > muryvam; *RvaJ-ar-a-i > RvaJare > RvaJ@r
(m.qaldanis azriT, bolo magaliTSi -a sufiqsi mr.r. gamomxatvelia; igi iwvevs umlauts.
Cveni azriT, -a -an formantis fardia da warmomavlobas awarmoebs). Sesabamisad, saxelo-
bisTis niSnad svanurSi -e ar ivaraudeba; svanuri -i saerToqarTveluria (da ara *iji-sgan
momdinare; Sdr., m.qaldani, 1974, gv. 151). a-i > e~ > e fonetikur process varaudobs
g.kartoziac lazuris saxelobiT brunvaSi gamovlenili -e-sTvis: kuCxai > kuCxe, qoTume >
qaTamai, dianTili > damTire "dedamTili" (g.kartozia, 2005, gv. 62-63; Sdr., h.fenrixi,
z.sarjvelaZe, 2000, gv. 183: -e saxelobiTi brunvis niSnis alomorfia, romelsac Sesatyvisi
ara aqvs qarTulSi. Cveni azriTac, -e warmoqmnilia qarTvelurisTvis bunebrivi ai > e
procesiT (Tanac, arc Tu ise didi xnis win; aseTive warmomavlobisa SeiZleba iyos Jaxe-s -
e). rig SemTxvevebSi -e analogiiT gadasuli Cans sxva poziciebSi; -e ganzogadda mravlobiT
ricxvSic. Sdr.: a. oniani a/e Senacvlebis safuZvlad miiCnevs Zireuli morfemis variantulo-
bas: sax. J@xe, mic. Jaxa Zireuli morfemis ori sxvadasxva variantia, msgavsad JeR - JaRE,
WiSx - WHSx... formebisa (a.oniani, 1998, gv. 78).
aqve aRvniSnavT, rom v.Tofurias, T.SaraZeniZis, m.qaldanis da sxvaTa
safuZvliani mtkicemis miuxedavad, a.onianisTvis sarwmuno ar aris svanur-
gurul-imerul-megruli movlenebis erTgavrobis aRiareba (ix. agreTve,
i.CantlaZe, 1973, gv. 272: "mKreØs tipis masalaSic dasazustebelia saxelo-
biTSi -i sufiqsi imsgavsebs -aØs, Tu odindeli e sufiqs"); Sdr. misi
msjeloba (a.oniani. 1989, gv. 176-177): qvemoimerul-zemogurul-leCxumurSi
gamoiyofa ori jgufi; erTSi e-s cvlis a, meoreSi - ara. "svanurSi vi-
Tareba ki sruliad sxvagvaria, araviTari msgavsi jgufebis gamoyofa aq ar
xerxdeba... erTnairi agebulebis sityvaTagan zogi a-Ti bolovdeba, zogi e-
Ti... amis gareSec, savaldebulo srulebiT ar aris or enaSi damoukide-
blad momxdari cvlilebebi aucileblad erTnairi xasiaTisa iyos - erT-
nairi hqondeT mizezica da Sedegic... arsebiTi mainc is aris, rom
svanurSi moipoveba saxelebi, romelTa bolokidurSic amosavali xmovania
ara a, aramed e, saTanado irib brunvebSi ki saxelobiTis formaSi war-
modgenil fuZiseul e-s mainc a enacvleba. sanimuSod SeiZleba davasax-
eloT lHje "rZe" (mic. làja) da mesme "mesame" (mic., mesma)". Cveni az-
riT, dasavlur kiloebSic sakamaToa e.w. jgufebis gamoyofis sizuste; mag.,
aWarulSi zogi sazogado saxeli dairTavs ~-s (mela~, kverna~, ana~, babo~,
pawa~...), zogi ki - ara (erTmarcvliani da zogi sxva saxeli: da, Zma,
deda, kata, Zroxa...); aWarulis swored es ~-darTuli saxelebi gvaZlevs -e-
s zemogurul-imerul-leCxumurSi (t.futkaraZe, 1986)... sakamaToa e.w. qar-
Tul-svanur enaTa sxvadasxvaobis sakiTxic. iSviaTi lHje - làja, mesme -
mesma tipis faqtebi ki SeiZleba aixsnas analogiiT, paradigmis gasworebiT.
vfiqrobT, ufro argumentirebulia bicola~ - bicole da mara~ > mare
procesTa erTgvaroba; miT umetes, erTmarcvlian saxelTa msgavsi Tavise-
bureba svanurSic Cans (sakvlevia am TaviseburebaTa saerTo safuZveli);
Sdr., mag. a.onianis mier dadgenili wesi (a.oniani, 1998, gv. 58-69): I
tipis brunebaSi saxelis erTmarcvliani fuZe Tu a-sa da e-ze bolovdeba,
erTzemetmarcvlanTa msgavsad, ergativSi mxolod -d-s dairTavs (sxva erT-
marcvlian saxelebTan -em/-d paralelurad vlindeba).

6
 i.CantlaZis azriT, sxva qarTvelur enobriv erTeulTa msgavsad, svanurSic
Tavdapirvelad gvqonda erTfuZiani bruneba (i.CantlaZis samarTliani
SeniSvniT [1998, gv. 88], mTis kavkasiur enaTa e.w. morfologiuri warmoSobis
orfuZianobac diaqronulad SeiZleba fonetikur procesamde davides); svanuris
auslautSi mimdinare procesebis gamo (bolokiduri segmentis gauCinareba da
daxuruli marcvlis warmoqmnis tendencia) miviReT orfuZiani (da samfuZiani)
bruneba, "romlis saTave saxelis fuZis mawarmoebel determinant -E, -em
sufiqsebSi unda veZioT". Semdeg etapze gaZlierda enobriv formaTa
gaerTmniSvnelianebis tendencia da analogiisken swrafvam kvlav gaamartiva saqme;
dRes isev yalibdeba erTfuZiani sistema; Sdr. s.q. *sax-/*Zax- da svan. *Jax-em+i
>*Jax-em > *Jax-e > Jaxe; Sdr., agreTve: s.q. *ZaR-l- da svan. *JaR-E+em+i > *JaREmi >
*JaRmi *JeRmi > *Jerm > JeR (i.CantlaZe, 1998, gv. 106-107, 122-123; aqve ix sakiTxis
istoria). Cveni azriT, svanuri kiloebis Jaxe da JeR tipis saxelebi gacilebiT
martivi gziT miiReba saerToqarTveluri fuZeebidan; vfiqrobT, aq sakamaToa
agreTve -em sufiqsis determinantoba da raRac etapze e.w. morfologiuri or-
fuZianobis daSveba (amis Sesaxeb vrclad calke gveqneba msjeloba).
aqve aRvniSnavT, rom zog SemTxvevaSi fuZes mirTul ergativniSnian meo-
reul fuZed SeiZleba miviCnioT svanuris micemiT da naTesaobiT brunvebSi ga-
movlenili formebi (mKram-s > mKrKm > mKra; mKrLm-iS), Tu ar CavTvliT rom isini
warmoiqmnen nawevaris Serwymis gziT: maras amas > maraams > mKrKm > mKra; mKre-iS
amiS > mKrLmiS); problema Semdgom dakvirvebas da damatebiT argumentebs iTxovs.
kvlevis am etapze Cven dasabuTebulad gveCveneba svanuri m-s momdi-
nareoba saerToqarTveluri -man/aman nawevarisgan. vfiqrob, ufro bundovania
zanuri ergativis q-s sakiTxi:
g.deetersis azriT, -q sufiqsis warmomavloba srulebiT gaugebaria
(g.deetersi, 1930, gv.95). arn Ciqobava miiCnevs (1939, gv.173), rom qarTul n-sa da
svanur d-s msgavsad, megrul-zanuri -q-c nacvalsaxeluri Ziria; kerZod, "q igive -
g-a, rac i-g-i, e-g-e nacvalsaxelebSi gvaqvs, oRond fonetikuradaa saxeSecvlili:
g > q (Sdr., ag-i, ag-re, aq; igi - iq; mag - maq)... arn. Ciqobavas azriT, igi/ege
nacvalsaxelisgan jer warmoiqmna moTxrobiTis -man/-q alomorfebi (e.w. pirveli
saxelobiTi brunvis niSnebi), Semdeg etapze ki ganxorcielda igi > i procesi:
warmoiqmna meore saxelobiTi (1939, gv. 174-175).
a.onianis azriT, zmnizedaTa Cveneba ver gamodgeba nacvalsaxelebsa da
moTxrobiTis q-s Soris geneturi kavSiris arsebobis sabuTad, q-s warmomavlobis
kvlevac momavlis saqmed rCeba (a.oniani, 1989, gv.117).
Sdr., agreTve, a.lomTaZe, 1987, gv. 121: qarTulis analogiurad megrul-
Wanuris moTxrobiTic gansazRvrebiTi nacvalsaxelis SerwymiT warmoiqmna;
oRond, ramdenadac zanurSi qarTuli n-iani tipis (man, magan, vin) Zveli afiqsiani
forma ar dasturdeba, aq fuZis ganmsazRvrelad ergativSic nacvalsaxelis sax-
elobiTi brunvis forma gvqonoda; ivaraudeba Semdegi saxis fonetikuri
procesi: boSi igi > boSii-qi > boSiqi > boSiq; e.i. a.lomTaZe Tvlis, rom zanuris
ergativis niSani warmoSobiT igi nacvalsaxelis saxelobiTi brunvis formis ga-
martivebuli saxea, rac, vfiqrobT, damajereblad ver gamoiyureba.
k.gabunias TvalsazrisiT, -q (<*g<*go) zanurSi imave funqciis mqone ele-
mentia warmomavlobiT, rac -n sufiqsi qarTulSi ("-n sufiqsi warmoSobiT fuZis
mawarmoebeli derivaciuli sufiqsia da ara ergativis arqauli niSani"; Sdr., ma-n,
zan. mu-q). zanurSi moxda formaTa gaerTmniSvnelianeba: nacvalsaxelursa da sax-
elur paradigmebSi identuri sufiqsebi gamoiyena enam ergatiulobis gamosaxata-
vad: saxelurma fuZem moTxrobiTis niSnad aiRo ara mTlianad nacvalsaxeluri
fuZe *mu-g, aramed mocemul sistemaSi ukve brunvis niSnad gaazrebuli *-g
sufiqsi (k.gabunia, 1998, gv.38)...

7
 amgvari varaudic uperspeqtivo Cans, vinaidan mocemul "sistemaSi" Tu qve-
sistemaSi (megrul-lazurSi) mu, mu-q, mu-s... paradigmaSi fuZed ivaraudeba
*mun/*muT (da ara - *mug): didi xania garkveulia, rom megrul-lazur mu
nacvalsaxelis fuZeSi aRdgeba -n/-d da ara hipoTeturi -g; Sdr.: mu-q - mun-ef-i da
laz. mi-q - muT-efi; ase, rom damajerebeli ar aris -q brunvis niSnis momdinareoba
-g determinanti (?) sufiqsisgan.
SeniSvna: qarTveluri "sisina" kiloebis meg/mag formebis paralelurad zanurSi (/"SiSina" qarTve-
lur kiloebSi) Tu davuSvebT *mug nacvalsaxels, garTuldeba aixsnas nawevaris cveTis mimarTuleba:
rogorc wesi, sityvis bolokidurad darTuli nawevari/nawilaki/Tandebuli gamartivebis procesSi
kargavs bolo marcvals/segments.
T.maxarobliZis azriT, ergativi ukavSirdeba ara gansazRvruloba-
ganusazRvrulobis kategorias, aramed vin-sulierobis kategorias, gamomdinare
aqedan, zanuri -q unda momdinareobdes ganusazRvrelobis nacvalsaxel koC-
isgan: koCi > k > q; "zmnebSi -q afiqss mxolod vin-sulierobis kategoriis ga-
moxatva ekisreba" (2005, gv. 46-51). misive azriT, amave funqciisa da masalobrivad
amave warmomavlobisaa -q sufiqsi megruli zmnis I da II pirSi: vore-q, vWarun-q... -q
aqac sulierobis niSania (gv. 47).
samecniero literaturaSi zmnuri -q sufiqsis warmomavloba ufro dama-
jereblad sxvagvarad ixsneba; kerZod:
q.lomTaTiZis mier dadgenilia, rom megruli zmnebis I da II pirSi arse-
buli -q sufiqsi qo dadasturebiTi nawilakisgan warmoiqmna (q.lomTaTiZe,
1946, gv. 133; Sdr., arn.Ciqobava, 1936, gv. 96-97: megrulis -q igive odenobaa rac
svanuris x-): "qarTulsa da svanurSi TurmeobiTsa da garkveul zmnebTan awmyos
warmoebaSi monawileobs meSveli zmna, aseve Wanursa da megrulSic saTanado
SemTxvevebSi gamoyenebuli yofila meSveli zmna, megrulSi dadasturebiTi qo
nawilakiTurT, WanurSi - awmyoSi uwindebulod, TurmeobiTSi ki - viwur-
arqabulSi do- windebuliT (sadac meSveli zmna mTeli formiT gadarCenila),
xolo xofurSi - uwindebulod" (q.lomTaTiZe, 1946, gv. 139). q.lomTaTiZis mar-
Tebuli daskvniT, ganxiluli movlena qarTvelur qvesistemebSi erTgvarova-
nia da erTdrouladac xdeba; kerZod: "megrul-WanurTan Sesadarobis Tvalsaz-
risiT sayuradReboa, rom axal qarTulSi meSveli zmna gauCnda swored saSuali
gvaris zmnebs da swored pirvelsa da meore pirSi. Zvel qarTulma es ar icoda; iq
gvqonda vzi, vdga da sxva, axali qarTulisTvis ki es formebi sruliad ucxoa
(Sdr.: vzi-var, vxti-var...)... Sdr., balszemouri im normebs uWers mxars, rac damax-
asiaTebeli iyo Zveli qarTulisaTvis: sgur "vzi"... balsqvemouri axal qarTuls
mihyveba: skur-xEi "vzivar"... udavoa, rom yvela qarTvelur enaSi meoreuli mov-
lenaa xsenebuli meSveli zmnis darTva (gv. 136)... aRsaniSnavia isic, rom
q.lomTaTiZis azriT, Zveli qarTulisa da svanuris xanmetoba erTidaigive
movlenaa da samwignobro enaSi xanmetobis gaqrobis dros emTxveva zanurSi
dadasturebiTi nawilakis cveTis dasawyisi, oRond, masalobrivad x- da -q
sxvadasxva monacemia: "...saerTo araferi SeiZleba hqondes megrul -q-s svanur -x-
sTan (x-ari, x-Íari). sxva argumentaciasac rom ar gamovudgeT (mag., x yvela dro-
Sia), maT gasaTiSad isic kmara, rom aq Cven arsebiTad gansxvavebuli xnovanebis
movlenebTan (xazi yvelgan Cemia - t.f.) gvaqvs saqme: erTi (x-), qarTulis isto-
riuli periodis dasawyisSi ukve gadaSenebis gzaze damdgar movlenad Cans, meore
(-q) ki sworad am periodidan ikvlevs gzas (aSkaraa, rom q.lomTaTiZe IV-VI sau-
kuneebs gulisxmobs.q.lomTaTiZe, 1946, gv. 131-137).
warmodgenil msjelobaSi arsebiTia sami aspeqti:
_ Zveli qarTulisa da svanurisTvis damaxasiaTebelia uTemisniSno zmnuri
formebi; Zveli qarTuli samwignobro enisTvis damaxasiaTebeli viTareba Se-
monaxulia balszemourSi;
_ Tanamedrove samwignobro enaSi, megrul-WanurSi, qvemosvanurisa da sxva
qarTveluri kiloebSi moqmedebis mudmivoba (mdgomareoba, statikuroba, arse-
8
boba) gamoixateba dadasturebiTi morfemoidiT (/nawilakiT, meSveli zmniT),
romelic erwymis zmnis formas;
_ moqmedebis mudmivobis damadasturebeli morfemoidi lazursa da me-
grulSi saerTo warmomavlobisaa: megrulSi: -q < qoren; lazurSi: -r < ren;
procesi ganxorcielebuli Cans arqauli samwignobro enaSi vzi tipis formebze
meSveli zmnis darTvis Tanadroulad.
garkveulwilad problemuria I da II pirSi meSvel zmnad III piris
nacvalsaxelis daSveba (*vWarun qore{n} > vWarunq), amitom, kvlevis am etapze,
Cven ar gamovricxavT, rom megrulis zmnuri sufiqsi -q warmoiqmna uSualod
dadasturebiTi -qo nawilakisgan da ara dadasturebiTnawilakiani meSveli zmnis
III piris formisgan (qoren)... aqve aRvniSnavT, rom am gzas arc q.lomTaTiZe
gamoricxavs (1946, gv. 137): "dadasturebiT nawilaks meSveli zmnis funqciis
tvirTva garkveuli mniSvnelobiT unda SeeZlos saerTod; mag., yabardoul enaSi
da afxazuris enis tapantur dialeqtSic, agreTve svanurSi, meSveli zmnisa da
dadasturebiTi nawulakis monacvleobis SemTxvevebi gvaqvs kidec".
amrigad, vfiqrobT, naTelia:
probleburia megrulis zmnuri -q-sTvis amosavlad davsaxoT ganusaz-
Rvreli nacvalsaxeli koCi (Sdr. T.maxarobliZe, 2005, gv. 46); lazuris masala
cxadyofs q-s momdinareobas dadasturebiTi qo nawilakisgan; amave nawilakisgan
unda momdinarebdes ergativis -q-c: zmnuri sufiqsi -q da ergativis -q masalo-
brivad da warmoqmnis drois TvalsazrisiTac erTgvaria (t.futkaraZe, 2005, gv.
317-318):
zanur metyvelebaSi xSirad gamoiyeneba dadasturebiTi qo nawilaki
(aseve, sxva dasavlur sxva kiloebSic; Sdr.: raWuli - qve, aWarul-gurul-imeruli
- qe); intensiuri gamoyenebisa da metyvelebis swrafi tempis gamo, megrulSi qo
erwymis rogorc zmnas rogorc Tavkidurad (qo-Tqu < qo Tqu), aseve bolo-
kidurad (vWarun-q < vWarun qo); safiqrebelia, rom qarTveluri ergativis for-
mirebis dasawyis etapze, savaraudod, e.w. xanmetobis dros, gansazRvrebiTi (Tu
dadasturebiTi) nawilaki/meSveli zmna axlda xolmeobiTis (mudmivi mdgomareo-
bis, arsebobis) semantikis mqone zmnas;
SeniSvna: arn. Ciqobavam naTlad aCvena (1948, gv. 117-127), rom qarTveluri ergativi yalibdeba iseTi
gauformebeli fuZisgan, romelic sintagmas qmnis arqauli xolmeobiTis formasTan (xolmeobiTi
gvqonda adreul samwignobro enasa da qarTvelur kiloebSi zanur-svanuris CaTvliT; zog kiloSi
dRemdea SemorCenili): "xolmeobiTi eweoda mermindeli awmyos magivrobas funqciiTac da nakvTTa
warmoebis mxrivac" (gv. 119); "mesame pirTan arsebuli konstruqciebisTvis amosavali unda yofiliyo
indefinituri konstruqcia, is konstruqcia, romelic pirvelsa da meore pirSi SemogvrCa dRem-
dis"(117)... dasaxelebul naSromSi xolmeobiTis arqauli formebis arn. Ciqobavaseuli analizi
cxadyofs, rom qarTvelur qvesistemebSi ergativis warmoqmnis procesi arqauli samwignobro enis
formirebis Tanadroulia.
ramdenadac pirvelsa da meore pirSi saxeli ubrunvelia iyo (da aris ax-
lac), nawilaki miuerTda zmnas sufiqsad, xolo mesame pirSi - fuZis (wrfelo-
biTis formiT) saxiT warmodgenil saxels - saerToqarTveluri ergativis for-
mas. droTa ganmavlobaSi enklitikuri -qo saxelis bolokidur poziciaSi gamar-
tivda (gacvda): -qo > -q; Sedegad -q-m dakarga dadasturebiTobis funqcia, ris ga-
moc frazaSi xelaxla gamoCnda qo nawilaki; Sdr., frazis dinamika: koC qo morTu
> koCq qo morTu > koCq qomorTu "kac movida" (nawilakisgan afiqsis warmoqmna
sxva enebisTvisac ar aris ucxo); Sdr., analogiuri movlena: Se/Sina morfemoidi
zmniswinadac iqca da Tandebuladac: saxlsa Sina vida > saxlSi Sevida ("eti-
mologiurad -Si ukavSirdeba Se- zmniswinsa da Sua, Soris Tandebulebs"
(b.jorbenaZe, m.kobaiZe, m.beriZe, 1988, gv. 435).
mkvlevarTa didi nawili samarTlianad miiCnevs, rom qarTveluri erga-
tivis formireba dakavSirebulia gansazRvrulobis kategoriasTan. determini-
reba esaWiroeba mxolod III pirs, Sesabamisad, bunebrivia, rom klas-kategoriis
moSlis pirobebSi ergativi uyalibdeba III piris saxelebs; vfiqrobT, saxeluri
fuZis gansazRvra SesaZlebeli iyo rogorc CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelisgan momdinare
9
-man nawevariT (samwignobro ena, svanuri, centraluri, mesxuri, fxouri, heruli
kiloebi), aseve, dadasturebiTi -qo morfemoidiT: dadasaturebiToba da gansaz-
Rvruloba garkveulwilad moicavs/gulisxmobs erTmaneTs.
SeniSvna: arn.Ciqobava, 1979, gv. 146: "adiReurSi dRemde SemogvrCa is viTareba, rac Zveli qarTulis
analizis Sedegad SeiZleba vivaraudoT: erTi da igive formantebi gansazRvrul nawevrebadac gvev-
lineba da brunvaTa (saxelobiTisa da ergativis) niSnebsac warmoadgens... am formantebis funqciaTa-
gan ufro Zveli unda iyos gansazRvrebiTi funqcia".

Cveni msjeloba ase SeiZleba SevajamoT:

formantiani ergativi saerToqarTvelurSi ver aRdgeba; saerToqarTvelurSi
ergatiul konstruqcias qmnis wrfelobiTi brunva nulovani alomorfiT (Sdr.,
saerToqarTvelurSi warmodgenili sxva brunvis niSnebi: -i, -s, -is, -ad, -iT...); sva-
nuri kiloebi da arqauli samwignobro ena saSualebas iZleva saerToqarTvelur-
Si vivaraudoT saxelis fuZes darTuli -man/aman gansazRvrebiTi nawevaris arse-
boba: kac-man (>kacma), *mKre-aman (> marem); samwignobro qarTulSi, svanur da si-
sina e.w. qarTvelur kiloebSi man nawevrisgan -ma/m/-em brunvis niSnis warmoqmnis
paralelurad, zanur kiloebSi qo dadasturebiTi nawilakisgan yalibdeba erga-
tivis -q niSani. savaraudoa, rom niSniani ergativisa da zmnis meSvelzmnia-
ni(/nawilakiani) formis Camoyalibeba erTdroulad xdeba; procesi saTaves iRebs
arqauli qarTuli samwignobro enis arsebobis droidan (Sdr.: svanursa da ar-
qaul samwignobro qarTuls erTnairad axasiaTebT agreTve: piris niSanTa xanme-
toba, zmnis uTemisniSno warmoeba da sxv.).

Tanamedrove monacemebis mixedviT (sinqronul doneze) ergativis niSnis

alomorfebad (sxva variantebTan erTad) unda miviCnioT fuZis mawarmoebeli su-
fiqsis gadaazrianebiT miRebuli -an (mag-an), -n (ma-n; Sdr., ma-s), saerToqarTve-
luri *man/*aman nawevaris cveTiT miRebuli m/em/-Lm (amn-Lm) da dadasturebiTi qo
nawilakisgan warmoqmnili -q.

damowmebuli literatura:
1. i.abulaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni, Tb.,1973.
2. k.gabunia, brunvaTa sistemebi qarTvelur enebSi (diaqroniuli analizi), avtorefe-
rati filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtoris samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad
warmodgenili naSromisa, Tb., 1998.
3. k.dondua, adiReuri tipis moTxrobiTi brunva svanurSi, ike, I, 1946.
4. g.Tofuria, orfuZiani brunebis sakiTxisaTvis svanurSi, enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi,
#2, 2001.
5. v.Tofuria, brunebis sistemisaTvis svanurSi sxva qarTveur enaTa brunebasTan Seda-
rebiT, saq. ssr. mecn. akademiis moambe, t. V, #3, 1944 w.
6. v.Tofuria, Sromebi, III, Tb., 1979.
7. v.Tofuria, Sromebi, II, Tb., 2002.
8. i.imnaiSvili, saxelTa brunva da brunvaTa funqciebi Zvel qarTulSi, Tb., 1957.
9. g.kartozia, lazuri ena da misi adgili qarTvelur enaTa sistemaSi, Tb., 2005.
10. b.kikviZe, zedsarTavi saxeli iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi, Tsu Sromebi, t.71, 1958
11. b.kikviZe, moTxrobiTi brunvis niSnis genezisisaTvis qarTulSi, komunisturi aRzr-
disaTvis, 1960, #2.
12. Г.А.Κлимов, Очерк общей теории эргативности, М., 1973.
13. Г.А.Κлимов, Склонение в картвельских языках… М., 1962.
14. a.lomTaZe, brunebis TaviseburebaTa istoriisaTvis megrulSi, Tb., 1987.
15. Я. Н. Марр, Грамматика древнелитературного грузинского языка, 1925.
16. a.martirosovi, nacvalsaxeli qarTvelur enebSi, 1964.
17. g.maWavariani, brunebis erTi tipis genezisisaTvis svanurSi, Tsu Sromebi, t. 93, 1960.

10
18. g.maWavariani, brunebis zogierTi sakiTxi svanurSi ike, XXIII, 1985.
19. g.maWavariani, qarTvelur enaTa SedarebviTi gramatika, Tb., 2002.
20. T.maxarobliZe, ergativis genezisisaTvis, gelaTis mecnierebaTa akademiis Jurnali,
Tb., 2005.
21. d.meliqiSvili, piris nacvalsaxelTa fuZis agebulebasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi
sakiTxi, narkvevebi iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa morfologiidan, Tb., 1980.
22. g.neibieriZe, arsebobs Tu ara ergatiuli da datiuri konstruqciebi qarTulSi?
macne, enisa da literaturis seria, 1937.
23. a.oniani, qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiTi gramatikis sakiTxebi (saxelTa morfologia),
1989.
24. a.oniani, svanuri ena, Tb., 1998.
25. l.palmaiti, SeniSvnebi svanuri brunebis Sesaxeb, macne, enisa da literaturis seria,
3, 1979.
26. o.uridia, megrulis sintaqsuri Taviseburebani qarTulTan mimarTebiT, Tsu Sromebi,
t.93, Tb., 1960.
27. T.uTurgaiZe, qarTuli enis saxelis morfonologiuri analizi, Tb., 1986
28. h.fenrixi, z.sarjvelaZe, qarTvelur enaTa etimologiuri leqsikoni, Tb., 2000.
29. al.focxiSvili, 1985 - al.focxiSvili, pirisa da kiTxviTi nacvalsaxelebis brunebis
sakiTxebi Tanamedrove qarTulSi, macne, enisa da literaturis seria, 1985, # 4.
30. t.futkaraZe, saxelis formawarmoebis Taviseburebani qarTuli enis samxreT-
dasavlur dialeqtebSi, sadisertacio naSromi filologiis mecnierebaTa kandi-
datis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad, Tb.,1986.
31. t.futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, nawili I, qristianobamdeli epoqa, Tb., 2005
32. m.qaldani, saxelobiTi brunvisa da mravlobiTi ricxvis mawarmoebel sufiqsTa sa-
kiTxisaTvis svanurSi, qarTvelur enaTa struqturis sakiTxebi, IV, Tb., 1974.
33. Х.Шухардт, О пассивном характере переходного глагола в кавказских языках, Эргативная
конструкция предложения М., 1950.
34. a.SaniZe, qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, Tb., 1953.
35. T.SaraSeniZe, svanuri ena, iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis weliwdeuli, XII, 1985
w.
36. T.SaraSeniZe, brunebaTa klasifikaciisaTvis svanurSi, ike, VII, 1955.
37. T.SaraSiZe, orfuZianobis erTi tipis Sesaxeb svanur saxelTa brunebaSi, qarTvelur
enaTa struqturis sakiTxebi II, 1961.
38. T.SaraSeniZe, svanuri ena, iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis weliwdeuli, XII, 1985.
39. i.CantlaZe, saxelobiTis -e formantis Sesaxeb svanurSi, ike, XVIII, Tb., 1973
40. i.CantlaZe, orfuZianobis sakiTxisaTvis qvemosvanurSi, ike, XXI, 1979.
41. i.CantlaZe, ormagi ajiqsaciisaTvis svanurSi, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis
enaTmecnierebis institutis XXXVII samecniero sesia, Tb., 1981
42. i.CantlaZe, qarTvelologiuri Ziebani, I, Tb., 1998.
43. n.CarTolani, Cvenebis nacvalsaxelTa sistemebi qarTulSi sxva qarTvelur enebTan
SedarebiT, Tb., 1985.
44. arn.Ciqobava, moTxrobiTi brunvis genezisisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi, Tsu Sromebi, t
X, Tb., 1929.
45. arn.Ciqobava, Wanuris gramatikuli analizi, tf., 1936.
46. arn. Ciqobava, svanuri moTxrobiTis erTi varianti da saxelta brunebis orfuZianoba
zog kavkasiur enaSi, Tsu Sromebi, XVIII, 1941, Tb.,1941.
47. arn.Ciqobava, ergatiuli konstruqciis problema iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi, tomi I,
Tb., 1948; tomi II, Tb., 1961.
48. arn.Ciqobava, iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis Sesavali, Tb., 1979.
49. m. Cuxua, qarTvelur ena-kiloTa SedarebiTi leqsikoni, Tb., 2000-2003
50. b.jorbenaZe, qarTvelur enaTa dialeqtebi, Tb., 1995.
51. b.jorbenaZe, m.kobaiZe, m.beriZe, qarTuli enis morfemebisa da modaluri elementebis
leqsikoni, Tb., 1988.
11
 tariel futkaraZe (qsu qarTveluri dialeqtologiis instituti)

moTxrobiTi brunvis niSnis variantTa istoriisaTvis

qarTuli samwignobro enisa da qarTveluri dialeqtebis monacemebis
mixedviT
(-an > n; -man > -ma/-m/-em; -qo > q)

formantiani (sufiqsiani) ergativi saerToqarTvelurSi ver aRdgeba;

vfiqrobT, saerToqarTvelurSi ergatiul konstruqcias qmnis wrfelobiTi
brunva nulovani alomorfiT (Sdr., saerToqarTvelurSi warmodgenili sxva
brunvis niSnebi: -i, -s, -is, -ad, -iT...); svanuri kiloebi da arqauli samwignobro
ena saSualebas iZleva arqauli qarTulis msgavsad saerToqarTvelurSic
vivaraudoT saxelis fuZes darTuli -man/aman gansazRvrebiTi nawevaris arseboba:
kac-man (>kacma), *mKre-aman (> marem).
samwignobro qarTulSi, svanur da sisina e.w. qarTvelur kiloebSi man
nawevrisgan -ma/m/-em brunvis niSnis warmoqmnis paralelurad, zanur kiloebSi qo
dadasturebiTi nawilakisgan yalibdeba ergativis -q niSani. savaraudoa, rom
niSniani ergativisa da zmnis meSvelzmniani(/nawilakiani) formis Camoyalibeba
erTdroulad xdeba; procesi saTaves iRebs arqauli qarTuli samwignobro enis
arsebobis droidan.
Tanamedrove monacemebis mixedviT (sinqronul doneze) ergativis niSnis
alomorfebad (sxva variantebTan erTad) unda miviCnioT fuZis mawarmoebeli
sufiqsis gadaazrianebiT miRebuli -an (mag-an), -n (ma-n; Sdr., ma-s),
saerToqarTveluri *man/*aman nawevaris cveTiT miRebuli m/em/-Lm (amn-Lm) da
dadasturebiTi qo nawilakisgan warmoqmnili -q.

Тариел Путкарадзе (Институт картвельской диалектологии КГУ имени Акакия Церетели)

К истории вариантов знака повестовательного падежа (эргативa) на основе данных

грузикского книжного языка и картвельских наречий

Обладающий формантом эргатив не может восстанавливаться в общегрузинском языке;

думаеться, эргативную конструкцию в общегрузинском образует падеж с нулевым алломорфом
(ср. представленные в общегрузинском знаки другого падежа: -i –s, -is, -ad, -it); сванские наречия
и архаический книжный язык даят возможность подобно архаическому грузинскому языку
предполагать также и в общегрузинском наличие определитеьного артикля -man/aman,
присоединяющегося к основе имени: kac-man- (>kacma), *māre- aman (>marem).
Параллельно с образованием в книжном грузинском языке, сванском и свистящих т.н.
картвельских наречиях падежного знака -ma/m/-em от артикля man, в занских наречиях от
подтвердительной частицы Qo формируется знак эргатива –Q. Можно предполагать, что
формирование эргатива со знаком и глагольной формы с частицей происходит одновременно;
процесс берет начало со времен существования грузинского книжного языка.
Согласно современным данным (на синхронном уровне), алломорфами знака эргатива
(наряду с другими вариантами) следует считать -an (mag-an), -n (ma-n; ср.,ma-s), полученные
путем переосмысления основообразующего суффикса, далее м/ем/-ēм (amn-ēm), полученные в
результате изнашивания общегрузинского артикля *man/*aman, а также -Q, образованный от
подтвердительной частицы Qo.

12