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United States Patent No.: 6881768 (and other Patents).
9
Cover Photo: Anse Chastenet – Jade Mountain, Soufriere, St. Lucia
©2009 LATICRETE International, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication (except for previously
published articles and industry references) may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of LATICRETE International, Inc.
The information and recommendations contained herein are based on the experience of the author
and LATICRETE International, Inc. While we believe the information presented in these documents to be
correct, LATICRETE International, Inc. and its employees assume no responsibility for its accuracy or for
the opinions expressed herein. The information contained in this publication should not be used or relied
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assume all liability arising from such use.
Section 1 Introduction...................................................................................................... 11
1.1 Preface
1.2 History of Tile and Stone in Swimming Pools
1.3 Why Use Tile and Stone in Swimming Pools and Fountains?
1.4 Summary of Manual Content
Section 13 Appendix...........................................................................................................185
13.1 Swimming Pools/Fountains/Water Features/Frequently Asked Questions
13.2 Glossary
13.3 Resource Guide
The first recreational pools began to appear often be exposed to different types of chemical
during the mid 1800’s in England and the treatments, varying pH levels, exposure to
popularity of these “status symbols” increased direct sunlight, regular usage, and other
significantly in the United States after WWII environmental factors. Porcelain tile, glass tile
ended. With the evolution of materials and and certain other tiles which are specifically
installation methods, swimming pools have manufactured for submerged installations are
become less of a status symbol and more of a the perfect choices. These tiles typically have
way to stay cool in the summer. According to a very low absorption rate, are impervious to
the Association of Pool and Spa Professionals pool chemicals and are available in a myriad of
(APSP) there are 4,134,610 swimming pools sizes, shapes, colors, and textures. The design
in the United States2 and many more all over potential with tile is virtually unlimited!
the world. The materials used to create these Stone is often utilized to provide a more
pools include concrete, fiberglass, steel, and natural look to a swimming pool or fountain
vinyl and many of these have a tile or stone installation. Granite, marble, slate, river rock,
finish within the pool, fountain, spa or water limestone and other stone have been used
feature. in fountains for many centuries, and more
Pools and fountains now range in size from recently, in swimming pools around the world.
a few square feet (m2) to the world’s largest It is equally important to make sure that the
swimming pool located in Algarrabo, Chile – tile and stone are installed with high quality
an amazing 3,323' long (1,010 m), which setting and grouting materials manufactured
holds an astonishing 66,000,000 gallons by LATICRETE International, Inc. LATICRETE
(250,140,000 liters) of water which weighs manufactures a variety of underlayments,
550,770,000 pounds (250,350,000 kilos)! membranes, thin-sets, grouts, and sealant that
1.3 Why Use Tile and Stone In are ideal for use in permanently submerged
Swimming Pools and Fountains? applications. In fact, LATICRETE has been
Swimming pools, fountains, spas, potable successfully used in these types of installations
water tanks, and any other vessel which are for over 50 years!
designed to hold water for extended periods, Where the tile is placed, along with the color
or permanently, are ideal for the use of tile or and pattern, are the choices of the pool owner
stone. Historically, man has desired to create or design professional. Tile can be installed
pools and fountains that are both beautiful over the entire area of the pool and/or pool
and durable. Tile and stone installations deck, just on the walls of the pool, just on the
can easily provide both of these qualities. pool bottom, or along the water line or coping.
Swimming pools are subjected to one of the Anywhere that tile or stone is placed it will
most aggressive environments a tiling system provide a long lasting and beautiful finish.
has to endure, and a properly installed and
1.4 Summary of Manual Content
maintained tile or stone installation should
last the life of the pool structure. Tiled Section 2 – Types of Pools and Fountains
swimming pools are regarded as not only This section provides a brief overview of
aesthetically pleasing but also as being one of the types of swimming pools, fountains and
the most chemically inert finishes.3 spas that are used around the world today.
These include in-ground, above ground and
It is important to make sure that the tile
suspended pools and a brief description of the
or stone chosen for each swimming pool
construct of each.
or fountain project is suitable for use in
submerged installations. Swimming pools will
to powder ratio to get the maximum strength pool requires more elaborate ground
from the concrete. Once sprayed in place the preparation and is considerably more difficult
interior of the pool is troweled and formed to assemble.
to straighten the interior walls. Once cured, Soft sided above ground pools are normally
a Gunite pool can be tiled or finished using available in both round and the more popular
another method.3 rectangle shape. Although they have been
Shot-Crete – In Shot-crete pool construction, around for some time, soft sided above ground
the preparation of the form and steel swimming pools have become increasingly
reinforcement is similar to Gunite. The main popular over the last 10 years. Like their metal
difference is the way that the concrete is wall predecessor, they are also available in a
delivered and applied. Shot-crete arrives variety of sizes and depths. In fact, due to their
at the site as a ready-mix concrete from the strength and durability, they are quite often
batching plant and is delivered in a cement custom built in extremely large sizes for use in
truck. Quality of the concrete is determined at commercial applications. Soft sided pools can
the batching plant during mixing and the spray be placed on any surface, grass, dirt, concrete,
operator has no control over the final quality of even sand or gravel, and will normally tolerate
the concrete. Once cured a shot-crete pool can up to 3" (75 mm) out of level. The pool liner
be tiled or finished using another method.4 material is similar to that used for bullet proof
Finished cost of a concrete pool will vary vests and therefore is extremely durable
depending on region, landscaping, construction and puncture resistant. The average family
type, and design. A concrete pool requires an can normally assemble a soft side pool in a
interior surface finish which, with the various relatively short amount of time and can move
colors and textures to choose from, is limited it as often as needed.
only by your imagination. Concrete finishes Both types of above ground pools require a
typically need resurfacing about every 10–15 filter and an electric pump to circulate the
years. However, tile installations in a properly water and a ladder to get in and out of the pool.
maintained swimming pool or fountain can Other desirable accessories may include an
last a lifetime. automatic pool cleaner, an automatic
chlorinator, a pool heater, lighting or a
2.2 Above Ground
swimming pool slide. Due to the types of
Above ground pools function much the same
construction materials and the flexibility of
way as an in ground pool but at a fraction of
the walls, tile is never used in above ground
the cost.
pools.
There are two types of above ground swimming
pools – pools with hard sides and pools with 2.3 Suspended Pools
soft sides. Pools and fountains do not necessarily have to
be located in or on solid earth. In fact, many
Hard sided above ground pools are normally
pools and fountains are located above ground
round or oval and are available in a variety
level, either within a structure or on top of a
of sizes and depths. They have a sheet metal
structure, and are supported by the structure
frame which has a one piece flexible metal wall
itself. This type of pool or fountain must be
fixed to it with a sheet metal rail attached to
designed with critical factors in mind; the pool
the top for stabilization. A vinyl liner is then
cannot leak and the structure must be able to
inserted and attached to the top rail to contain
support the total weight of the pool, the water
the water. Although cheaper than a soft side
and occupants within the pool. If the pool is
above ground pool, a metal sided swimming
located indoors then the structure must also
be designed and constructed to handle the hot water) but the increased temperature can
excessive humidity created by the pool, and have an impact on the effectiveness of these
the chemicals used to sanitize and maintain treatments and how they react with fittings,
the pool. In most cases, the pool mechanical tile or stone, plumbing, etc...
room is located in a room below the pool level We will cover the methods of swimming pool
to better utilize gravity in the circulation of and fountain construction in greater detail
water. in Section 3 “Types of Pool and Fountain
Tile is a common feature inside of a suspended Construction”.
pool or fountain, and can be installed within
the entire pool and deck area or just in a band 1, 2, 3, 4 http://www.homehelp4u.net/services/
around the waterline. concrete_pool_construction.php
amount of water being used. Once the concrete the form work may be removed and the exterior
has been placed in the pool, the interior of side of the pool wall is filled with a suitable
the pool is “straightened” by a team who use drainage material.2
steel trowels and forms to float the wall to the The design considerations for waterproofing
proper finish. and ceramic tile or stone installation over a
Gunite or Shot-crete pool are:
1. Allows for the easier construction of
continuous monolithic wall and floor
elements characterized by a generally
mandatory cove. This may make it difficult to
install larger format tile or stone.
2. Reduces or eliminates movement joints in
the pool shell. Typically, Gunite pools do
not require movement joints in the shell
because the tendency for cracking from
thermal movement is reduced. However,
movement joints in the tile surface are
required to accommodate thermal and
moisture movement of pool tile when the
pool is emptied for maintenance.
Figure 3.1 – Gunite being sprayed and finished in a residential 3. Gunite and Shot-crete pools generally
pool. require less preparation for subsequent
Shot-crete, while also pneumatically applied, finishes due to the spray on surface texture
is slightly different than Gunite. Shot-crete providing mechanical keys (for the thin-set),
is mixed at the concrete production facility and also have no laitance.
and delivered to the job site in a cement truck 4. Lower water to cement ratio also means less
already mixed. The quality of the concrete susceptibility to drying shrinkage cracks.
is determined at the ready mix plant so the 5. Greater freedom of pool structure shapes is
nozzle operator has no influence over the final achievable over traditional formed structures
strength of the concrete. Shot-crete pools tend and, as such, can be more difficult to produce
to use less concrete than Gunite pools but can precision tile or stone finishes.
provide superior strength per volume.
6. Generally requires a screed or render for
Both methods of applying the concrete need subsequent applications of membrane, tile
special attention to the application, as the or stone.3
reinforcing steel may provide a barrier that
Tile can be installed over a concrete shell by
can lead to cavities forming behind the re-bar.
following methods; ES-P601 and ES-P601D
Rebound, or gravel in the mix rebounding off
(found in Section 9 – Specifications and Section
the wood forms or steel reinforcing, may also
10 – Details, as well as at www.laticrete.com/ag).
occur and can lead to a differential strength of
the concrete. Whether Gunite or Shot-crete, 3.3 Concrete Masonry Units
both nozzle operators must be experienced While concrete block swimming pool
and aware of the potential strength issues if construction is used infrequently, it is more
the concrete is not placed as required by the often used as a fish pond or water feature
pool’s designer or engineer. Once the concrete building technique and is a viable alternative
has set for a minimum of 14 days at 70°F (21°C) to more costly and expensive construction
the proper detailing of the pool is not only surrounding areas. The proper placement of a
critical to the pool structure but also to any suitable waterproofing product is essential to
spaces located underneath the pool. First, keeping water where it belongs. Swimming
the structure must be designed to handle the pools located in elevated floors or on the roof
weight; and second, provide waterproofing of a building may require the placement of a
protection to any spaces below or adjacent to “sandwich” type waterproofing membrane.
the pool. Typically, this sandwich type membrane is an
Buildings with elevated swimming pools must alkali-resistant, bladder type product and is
be designed to accommodate the excess live placed between pours of concrete to provide
load provided by the weight of the water within a permanent barrier against water penetration
the structure of the pool. For example, a pool to the structure below.
that is 15' x 30' x 5' (4.5 x 9 x 1.5 m) and contains Deflection – Systems over which tile or stone
water that weighs 140,400 lbs (63,700 kg) will be installed, shall be in conformance
equates to a live load of 312 psf (1,532 kg/m2) with the International Building Code (IBC)
for just the water. Most commercial buildings or applicable building codes for the desired
are designed for a live load of 70 – 130 psf application. Historically, for ceramic tile and
(344 – 640 kg/m2) so the design professional paver applications, the maximum allowable
must take into consideration the weight of the deflection should not exceed L/360 under total
water, on top any additional anticipated live anticipated load; and, for stone the maximum
load minus the water. If the pool is in a room allowable deflection should not exceed L/480
that is 30' x 60' (9 x 18 m) and the designed of the total anticipated load.
live load is 70 psf (344 kg/m2) then the room The ceramic tile industry abides by the
has a total live load capacity of 126,000 lbs following note on deflection: the owner
(57,270 kg). The weight of the water itself should communicate in writing to the project
exceeds the designed live load of the structure design professional and general contractor the
and does not include any other anticipated live intended use of the tile installation, in order
loads. to enable the project design professional
Consideration for excess dead load should also and general contractor to make necessary
be taken into consideration. In most cases allowances for the expected live load,
the mass of the structure and its supporting concentrated loads, impact loads, and dead
members, and therefore the dead load, are loads including the weight of the tile and
increased to handle the excessive loads setting bed. The tile installer shall not be
created by the water. responsible for any floor framing or sub-floor
Requirements of Design – Swimming pools, installation not compliant with applicable
fountains and water features are complex in building codes, unless the tile installer or
nature. Although they appear to be simple tile contractor designs and installs the floor
(essentially a vessel filled with water) they are framing or sub-floor.1
far more than that. These pools have to take 4.3 Types of Structural Movement
into consideration the proper design and, Swimming pools, fountains and water features
placement and installation of the plumbing, are structures, and, like all other structures
electrical/lighting, and, if the pool is indoors, are subjected to different types of structural
proper air circulation and dehumidification. movement. Thermal movement, moisture
Swimming pools, fountains and water features expansion and contraction, and, differential
should also be waterproofed to keep the water movement are typically experienced in this
within the vessel and from causing damage to type of construction.
Thermal Movement – All building materials Method for Thermal Shock Resistance of
expand and contract when exposed to changes Glazed Ceramic Tile.” The coefficient of thermal
in temperature and moisture. There are two expansion for all elements of the installation
(2) factors to consider in analyzing movement system, including substrate, must factor
caused by thermal variation: 1) the rates of into the calculation for the total anticipated
expansion of different materials (also known movement.
as the linear coefficient of thermal expansion), Moisture Movement – As noted earlier, building
and, 2) the anticipated temperature range materials (including concrete) will experience
exposure. The primary goal in analyzing thermal changes when exposed to varying amounts
movement is to determine both the cumulative of moisture. Typically, building materials will
and individual differential movement that expand as they gain moisture and contract
occurs within the components of the pool as the moisture leaves the system. Tile is one
assembly, especially above the water line. such building material. It would be important
While a pool is filled with water, the area to check with the tile manufacturer to see if
below the water line will see little in the way of their product is suitable for use in submerged
thermal movement. Any changes in installations. Tile with a low absorption rate
temperature are minimal and slow. The (<3%) would be better suited for use in
structure of the pool, and any tile installed submerged installations, especially in climates
in the pool, will be able to adjust with this where freeze/thaw occurs (see Section 5.1 for
temperature change. However, the tile or more information).
stone installed between the water line and the Differential Movement – Differential movement
coping can see significant changes in is another factor to take into consideration
temperature in a very, very short amount of when installing tile or stone in swimming
time. For instance, if a dark colored tile or pools, fountains and water features. Most of
stone (which can reach temperatures in excess the forces that act upon a building will act upon
of 120°F [49°C] in direct sunlight) is suddenly a swimming pool installation; live loads, dead
exposed to water at 72°F (22°C) then an loads, thermal expansion and contraction,
extreme amount of thermal contraction can seismic loads, creep, and settling must still
occur. As the tile is allowed to dry then thermal be accounted for and factored into the design
expansion occurs again. Movement caused by and construction of these structures and the
thermal expansion and contraction can create differential stresses exerted by these forces
problems with a tile or stone installation, must be alleviated in movement joints.
including cracking and/or loss of bond. Extreme
thermal contraction can also occur when a 4.4 Movement Joints
pool is drained and allowed to remain empty Controlling Stresses with Movement Joints –
and dry for extended periods of time. In open- Movement joints serve to allow changes in the
air pools and fountains, higher alternating shape of the overall construction (e.g. thermal
thermal loads may occur due to weather movement, settling, shrinkage and swelling
conditions. of the concrete structure, etc…) as well as
displacements against each other to occur
The thermal expansion of tile is determined
without causing damage to the pool shell, or
using ASTM C372 “Standard Test Method for
to the tile or stone installation. Arrangement,
Linear Thermal Expansion of Porcelain Enamel
dimensions and formation of the movement
and Glaze Frits and Fired Ceramic Whiteware
joints depend on many factors, including
Products by the Dilatometer Method.” For
expected changes in shape of the structural
certain types of tile the following test method
components and their tile or stone cladding.2
may be used; ASTM C484 “Standard Test
Guidelines for Movement Joints – As a guide, Movement Joint Treatment – Movement joints
when no project specific movement joint design should be treated with a suitable sealant and
exists, for submerged installations of tile or installation should be done in conjunction with
stone, movement joints can be installed every TCA Handbook for Ceramic Tile Installation EJ-
8' to 12' (2.4 to 3.6 m) in each direction in the 171 “Movement Joint Design Essentials.” The
finish layer and installation system. Movement performance requirements of certain special
joints should also be placed where tile work locations, such as swimming pools, dairies,
abuts restraining surfaces (e.g. perimeter food plants, etc…, may exceed the minimum
walls, steps, etc…), where dissimilar surfaces requirements of the sealant specifications given
meet, at any change in plane, and around above. Therefore, follow recommendations
pipes or penetrations. Movement joints should of experienced manufacturers as to specific
be placed over all designed joints in the shell sealants suitable in the job environment. In
of the pool, fountain or water feature, and some of these environments, a program for
these joints should be carried to the surface regular maintenance of sealant in joints may
of the tile or stone installation directly in line be required3. In most cases, the use of a 100%
with their original placement in the shell. silicone (e.g. LATICRETE® Latasil™ used with
Depending upon the size and construction LATICRETE 9118 Primer) or urethane sealant will
method of a pool shell, some of the joints in the be recommended for submerged installations.
structure may require a special type of water
4.5 Swimming Pool/Fountain
stop filler material. This material will allow for a
Construction Considerations
significant amount of movement to occur in the
We will take a look at both in-ground and
structure of the pool but will not allow water to
elevated swimming pool construction
escape through the joint.
considerations
It is important to make sure that the project
Structurally, in-ground swimming pools can be
architect or engineer shows locations
exposed to all sorts of conditions and forces
and details of movement joints on project
that can have a profound effect on not only the
drawings.
long term success of the pool, but also on any
tile or stone installation in the pool or on the
pool deck.
The ideal site for placement of an in-ground
pool, fountain or water feature is level with
good quality soil. In many cases the site is not
level and there are subsoil problems. These
problems can include too much rock (ledge),
poor soil type, compaction, high water table, or
the need for the removal of soil and replacement
with compacted fill. The need to have the soil
inspected can be very important to make sure
that the pool will have no structural problems
in the future. A proper soil inspection can also
provide information on where the best area to
place the pool would be.
Figure 4.1 – Indoor water park wading pool with clearly
defined movement joints.
The steps to in-ground pool construction are as and more…). In many cases, a hydrostatic
follows; pressure relief valve is installed even if no
Layout and Positioning – Layout and ground water appears in the excavated area
positioning should be conducted with the during construction. This will help to deal with
assistance of a qualified, licensed surveyor. any unforeseen or unanticipated problems that
The surveyor can make sure that the placement may occur in the future. Changes in the natural
of the pool is within guidelines for distance movement of water (caused by the excavated
from the boundaries and also if the boundary area in the ground), landscaping changes
adjacent to the pool is in the correct position. and the disposal of water when the pool has
In other words, survey the entire property to be emptied for maintenance should all be
to make sure you are not excavating outside anticipated during the design and construction
of the property lines. Pool boundaries are of a pool or water feature.
marked with paint prior to the commencement Proper use of a hydrostatic pressure relief
of excavation and are typically larger than the valve can also prevent a less common but
actual finished dimensions of the pool. potentially significant problem; the floating
Excavation – ALWAYS CHECK FOR swimming pool. If there is a high water table
UNDERGROUND UTILITIES PRIOR TO DIGGING. or the potential for the hole in which the pool
Once the boundaries are marked it is time to is placed to fill with water then there is the
bring in the heavy equipment to dig the hole. possibility that the pool can float right out of
Following the pool specifications and drawings, the ground when the pool is emptied. This is
the excavation contractor will dig the hole to possible because anything can float (ships
precise requirements (usually slightly larger were actually made out of concrete during
than the finished pool size). Unless a large World War I and World War II). The mechanics
volume of dirt is needed on site for leveling or of how something is able to float is very simple;
other purpose, then most of, or all, of the dirt as stated by the Archimedes Principle, if the
removed from the hole will be transported off weight of the water displaced by an object is
site. A hole dug out for a 15' x 30' (9.5 x 4.5 m) greater than the weight of the object, then the
pool can yield as much as 130 cubic yards object will float. For example, if a ship weighs
(100 m3) of earth. 100 tons (90,700 kg) but displaces 120 tons
(109,000 kg) of water then the ship will float;
Hydrostatic Pressure Relief Valve – During the
conversely, if the same ship displaces only 80
excavation process it would be important to see
tons (72,600 kg) of water then the ship will
if any ground water appears in the excavated
sink. So, an empty pool can float if it weighs
area. Negative hydrostatic pressure and
less than the water filling the hole beneath
hydrostatic pressure under a swimming pool,
it! This is why it is rare to see a totally empty
fountain or water feature can have a significant
swimming pool in areas where the water table
effect on the pool structure and any finish within
tends to be high.
the structure. If there is a high water table, and
no means have been created for relieving this Vapor Retarder – Another functional design
pressure, then special considerations must be element that must be utilized is a high quality
made and appropriate designs engineered4. If vapor retarder. This material, typically a
ground water is a possibility then the proper heavy gauge polyethylene sheet product or a
installation of a hydrostatic relief valve can reinforced polyolefin, is placed underneath a
help to eliminate potential problems down the pool to prevent moisture vapor from entering
road (e.g. finish delamination, floating pool, into the system. Indoor swimming pools,
fountains, spas and water features (especially
on or below grade) should not only have a vapor
only while submerged to prevent overheating Pool Deck Substrates – a majority of pool
and should never be turned on when the pool decks utilize concrete as the basic construction
is empty. material. Concrete is relatively inexpensive,
Observation Portals and Windows – Like easily poured and makes an ideal substrate
plumbing and lighting, the placement of for the direct adhesion of tile or stone. In
observation portals and windows is done prior some instances, wood planking decks are
to the pouring or spraying of the concrete. A constructed for aesthetic value, or for areas
structural engineer should be utilized to design where concrete would be difficult to pour. Still
how the window should be placed in the pool other decks have concrete immediately around
shell without compromising the strength and the pool and sand set concrete or stone pavers
integrity of the pool shell, and to specify how are used as the main decking material.
the window frame should be mounted to the The installation of tile and stone over a concrete
steel reinforcement. pool deck, whether interior or exterior, can be
The manufacturer of the window can dictate done by using the LATICRETE materials as
exactly what type of frame and sealant should stated in Section 8 “Pool Deck and Natatorium
be used based on several factors (e.g. size of Tile Installations” and by following industry
the window, depth in the pool, size of the pool, guidelines for tile installation.
and purpose of the window, etc…). The frame Slope To Drain – a properly constructed pool
must be made of a non-porous, non-corrosive deck will provide a slope which will evacuate
material and is, in most cases, stainless steel. water to a drain or to gutters placed on the
A high quality silicone sealant is the most ground to take water away from the pool deck.
frequently used material to provide waterproof This helps to shed water from the deck and to
integrity between the window frame and pool prevent freeze/thaw conditions from damaging
shell. Proper inspection and maintenance of the concrete or pool beam during cold weather
the sealant, window frame and pool shell are months.
vital to ensuring that leaking does not occur in Movement Joints – according to the TCA
this critical area.8 Handbook for Ceramic Tile Installation EJ-171
4.6 Pool Deck the guidelines for placement of control joints
Almost every pool, especially pools which are in an exterior tile or stone installation are every
located in ground, have a pool deck. These 8' – 12' (2.4 – 3.7 m) in each direction. Interior
decks can be of any size, from just a few pool decks should have control joints placed
feet (1 – 2 m) extended from the edge of the every 20' – 25' (6.1 – 7.6 m) in each direction
pool to huge areas used for entertaining and unless the pool deck, and any subsequent
aesthetic appeal. Since just as much time, if tile or stone installation, is exposed to direct
not more, is spent on the pool deck than in sunlight. If so, then treat the tile or stone
the pool itself, the proper design and size of application as if it was on an exterior deck and
the deck becomes important. Some things to place the control joints every 8' – 12' (2.4 –
take into consideration when designing a pool 3.7 m) in each direction.
deck are construction materials (e.g. concrete For exterior decks, the minimum joint width
or wood), finish materials (e.g. tile, stone, for joints placed in the tile or stone installation
pavers), pool equipment (mechanized covers, is 3/8" (9 mm) for joints spaced 8' (2.4 m)
plumbing covers, etc…), diving boards, slides, on center and 1/2" (12 mm) for joints spaced
incorporating sun and shade, hot tub or spa, 12' (3.7 m) on center. Minimum widths must
grilling area, and fencing. be increased by 1/16" (1.5 mm) for each
15°F (8.3°C) tile surface temperature change
greater than 100°F (38°C) between summer The best way to reduce child drowning in
high and winter low. Decks exposed to the residential pools was for pool owners to
sky in northern climates usually require 3/4" construct and maintain barriers that would
(19 mm) wide joints spaced 12' on center.9 prevent young children from gaining access
Cure Time – it is necessary to allow for the to pools. However, there are no substitutes
proper curing of the tile or stone installation for diligent supervision in both residential
materials (e.g. membrane, thin-set, grout, and commercial pools. Swimming pool barrier
sealant, etc…) before exposing to traffic or guidelines are designed to prevent a child
submersion. Please check the data sheets from getting over, under or through the barrier
for minimum cure time of each LATICRETE® and gain access to the pool. As outlined in
product used in the installation by visiting the United States Consumer Product Safety
www.laticrete.com or by calling LATICRETE Commission Publication No. 362 “Safety
Technical Service at 1.800.243.4788, x235. Barrier Guidelines for Home Pools”, some basic
guidelines for preventing a child from climbing
4.7 Safety and Code Considerations over a barrier include;
Building Codes – The health and safety of
Solid Barrier – no indentations or protrusions
swimming pool users should be the primary
should be present, other than normal
concern during the design, construction
construction tolerances and masonry joints.
and enjoyment of the pool. As such, the
International Building Code (IBC) and Fence Made Up Of Horizontal and Vertical
International Residential Code (IRC) address Members – if the space between the tops
the design and implementation of swimming of the horizontal members is less than 45"
pool enclosures, safety devices and barrier (1,140 mm), the horizontal members should be
requirements. The United States Government on the swimming pool side of the fence. The
has also addressed the concerns of properly spacing of the vertical members should not
placed and constructed safety barriers along exceed 1-3/4" (44 mm). This size is based on
with entrapment dangers from suction fittings the foot width of a young child and is intended
with the passing of H.R. 1721: The Virginia to reduce the potential for a child to gain a
Graeme Baker Pool and Safety Act in December foothold. Any decorative cutouts in the fence,
2007. the space within the cutouts should not exceed
1-3/4" (44 mm). If the difference between the
Safety Codes – The Virginia Graeme Baker Pool
tops of the horizontal members is more than
and Safety Act encourages States to improve
45" (1,140 mm), the horizontal members can
their pool and spa safety laws to educate
be on the side of the fence facing away from the
the public about pool and spa safety by
pool. The spacing between vertical members
establishing a grant program administered by
should not exceed 4" (100 mm). This size is
the Consumer Product Safety Commission.
based on the head breadth and chest depth
While local building codes will mandate any of a young child and is intended to prevent a
requirements of pool or fountain construction child from passing through an opening. Again,
guidelines, the necessity for safety after the if there are any decorative cutouts in the fence,
pool is finished is tantamount to local, state the space within the cutouts should not exceed
and government legislators as well as home 1-3/4" (44 mm).
and property owners. Taking into account
Chain Link Fence – the mesh size should not
the fact that drowning is the second leading
exceed 1-1/4" (32 mm) square unless slats,
cause of death in children aged 1 to 14 in the
fastened at the top or bottom of the fence, are
United States, proper implementation of safety
used to reduce mesh openings to no more than
devices and barriers is important.
1-3/4" (44 mm).
Fence Made Up Of Diagonal Members 1/2" (12 mm) within 18" (455 mm) of the latch
(Lattice) – the maximum opening in the lattice release mechanism. This prevents a young
should not exceed 1-3/4" (44 mm). child from reaching through the gate and
Above Ground Pools – above ground pools releasing the latch.10
should have barriers. The pool structure itself Standards – To aid in the proper design,
serves as a barrier or a barrier is mounted construction, operation, sanitation, and safety
on top of the pool structure. There are two of new construction pools and renovation
possible ways to prevent young children from of existing swimming pools and spas, the
climbing up into an above ground pool. The Association of Pool and Spa Professionals
steps or ladder can be designed to be secured, (APSA) has created, or is in the process of
locked or removed to prevent access, or, the creating, a number of American National
steps or ladder can be surrounded by a barrier Standards Institute (ANSI) standards.
as previously described. Another potential problem in swimming
Some basic guidelines for preventing a child pools and spas is entrapment of pool users
from getting under a barrier include; (especially young children) at suction fittings.
Pool Barrier – the maximum clearance at the The IBC and IRC include prescriptive safety
bottom of the barrier should not exceed 4" measures intended to provide the safest
(100 mm) above grade, when the measurement possible recirculation system based on current
is done on the side of the barrier facing away science. These codes require that all pools
from the pool. and spas have dual drains that incorporate
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Above Ground Pool with Barrier on Top of
(ASME) A112.19.8 listed suction fittings (drain
Pool – if an above ground pool has a barrier
covers), single 18" x 23" (460 mm x 585 mm)
on the top of the pool, the maximum vertical
grates or larger, or, single approved channel
clearance between the top of the pool and the
drains. These systems should also incorporate
bottom of the barrier should not exceed 4"
ASME A112.19.17 listed safety vacuum release
(100 mm).
systems.
Gates – swimming pool barriers should be
ASME A112.19.8 “Suction Fittings for Use in
equipped with a gate or gates which restrict
Swimming Pools, Wading Pools, Spas and Hot
access to the pool. A locking device should be
Tubs” establishes performance and material
included in the gate design. Gates should open
requirements for suction fittings, which provide
out from the pool and should be self-closing
the first line of defense against all entrapment
and self-latching. If a gate is properly designed,
hazards. ASME A112.19.17 “Manufactured
even if the gate is not completely latched, a
Safety Vacuum Release Systems for Residential
young child pushing on the gate in order to
and Commercial Swimming Pool. Spa, Hot Tub
enter the pool area will at least close the gate
and Wading Pool Suction Systems” establishes
and may actually engage the latch. When the
performance criteria for devices and systems
release mechanism of the self-latching device
intended to function as emergency vacuum
is less than 54" (1,370 mm) from the bottom of
breakers in case of entrapment.11
the gate, the release mechanism for the gate
should be at least 3" (75 mm) below the top
of the gate on the side facing the pool. Placing
the release mechanism at this height prevents
a young child from reaching over the top of
a gate and releasing the latch. The gate and
barrier should have no opening greater than
Some of these standards along with their Tubs” – states requirements to establish
scope include12; layers of protection for young children against
n NSI/NSPI-1 2003
A “American National the potential for drowning and near-drowning
Standard for Public Swimming Pools” – covers in residential swimming pools, spa and hot
public swimming pools to be used for bathing tubs by limiting or delaying their access to
and operated by an owner, licensee, or the pool area.
concessionaire, regardless of whether a fee is n PSP-10 “Standard for Performance Rating
A
charged for use. Public pools covered by this and Labeling of Pumps and Pump Motors
standard include Class A (used for competitive Used on Swimming Pools, Wading Pools,
aquatic sports), Class B and C (intended for Spas, Hot Tubs, Whirlpool Baths, and Water
public or semi-public recreational swimming, Features” – covers performance and labeling
and Class F (wading). criteria for pumps and pump motors used in
n NSI/NSPI-3 1999 “American National
A circulation systems on residential and public
Standard for Permanently Installed swimming pools, wading pools, spas, hot
Residential Spas” – covers permanently tubs, whirlpool baths, and water features.
installed residential spas that are used for This standard applies to new and replacement
bathing and are operated by an owner. This installations.
standard is meant to cover certain aspects of n International Building Code (IBC) provides
the design, equipment, operation, installation, basic information for swimming pool
new construction, and rehabilitation of spas. construction in Chapter 21 Masonry, Section
n NSI/NSPI-4 2007
A “American National 2103.5 and 2103.10.
Standard for Above-ground/On-ground These are just some of the representative
Residential Swimming Pools” – describes standards available for swimming pools and
certain criteria for the design, manufacturing, spas. For more pool standards, complete
testing, care, and use of above-ground/on- standards or for updated standards
ground residential (Type O) non-diving pools please refer to the Association of Pool
and their components. and Spa Professionals (APSP) website at
n NSI/NSPI-5 2003
A “American National www.apsp.org. For more information on your
Standard for Residential In-ground local pool and spa codes please visit the
Swimming Pools” – applies to permanently International Aquatic Foundation (IAF) website
installed residential in-ground swimming at www.iafh2o.org/.
pools intended for noncommercial use as a
swimming pool by not more than three owner
families and their guests and exceeding
24" (60 cm) in water depth and having a
volume over 3,250 gallons (12,300 L). It
covers specifications for new construction
and rehabilitation for residential in-ground
swimming pools and includes design,
equipment, operation, and installation.
n NSI/IAF-8 2005 “Model Barrier Code for
A
Residential Swimming Pools, Spas and Hot
5W
ater stop, Retrieved 7/1/2008 from http://www.
alibaba.com.
12 Standards. http://www.apsp.org/52/index.aspx.
5.1 Considerations for Tile Selection National Standard Specifications for Ceramic
Tile and stone in swimming pools, fountains, Tile.
spas, and water features is a very appealing Tile with a high coefficient of friction is an
way to provide beauty and functionality. There important characteristic for tile in continually
are many types of tile and stone in the world, wet areas, and on pool decks, to help maintain
but not all of them are suitable or functional in a the safety and well being of all who use these
submerged installation. Choosing a tile or stone areas. Coefficient of friction is commonly
that is suitable for submerged applications is determined using ASTM C1028 “Standard Test
critical to the long-term performance of the Method for Determining the Static Coefficient
installation. of Friction of Ceramic Tile and Other Like
Generally speaking, tile or stone used in Surfaces by the Horizontal Dynamometer Pull-
submerged installations must have a low Meter Method.” Keep in mind that Americans
absorption rate, a high coefficient of friction, with Disabilities Act (ADA) requires that floor
be freeze/thaw resistant (in cool climates), surfaces be stable, firm, and slip-resistant so
resistant to moisture expansion, and chemical choosing the correct tile is required to comply
resistant. with this important Act. Check with local
Tile used in swimming pools, fountains, building codes for minimum coefficient of
spas, and water features should be vitreous friction values.
(absorption rate between 0.5% and 3%) or Tile in exterior or continually submerged
impervious (absorption rate less than 0.5%). installations must be freeze/thaw resistant,
Absorption rate of tile is determined by especially in climates prone to this type of
ASTM C373 “Standard Test Method for Water exposure. Water can expand up to 25% of
Absorption, Bulk Density, Apparent Porosity, its original volume while freezing, and if this
and Apparent Specific Gravity of Fired water is located within a solid material (e.g.
Whiteware Products” and is important tile, stone, etc…) then a significant amount
for selecting tile or stone for submerged of damage can occur to the solid material,
installations, wet areas or any installation that especially if there are numerous freeze/thaw
will be subjected to freeze/thaw conditions. Tile cycles. Freeze/thaw resistance is measured
for use in submerged installations should also using ASTM C1026 “Standard Test Method for
be tested to ASTM C370 “Standard Test Method Measuring the Resistance of Ceramic Tile to
for Moisture Expansion of Fired Whiteware Freeze-Thaw Cycling” and establishes the tiles
Products” to determine the extent to which ability to resist freeze/thaw damage.
tile will expand when exposed to moisture. Tile Due to the amount of chemicals in a swimming
or stone with a low absorption rate will be far pool, fountain or water feature it is necessary
less susceptible to damage caused by water to install tile or stone that is resistant to pool
infiltration and provide a far more durable chemicals with tile installation materials
installation in a demanding environment. The that are equally chemical resistant. There
most commonly used tile types for submerged are several methods for sanitizing pools
installations are porcelain and glass since (including chlorine, bromine, ozone, and salt
they provide the lowest absorption rates. It is water) and the tile should be able to withstand
also important to check with the distributor whichever sanitizing type will be used in that
or quarry to see if a particular type of stone particular pool. The chemical resistance of tile
would be suitable for continual submersion. is established using ASTM C650 “Standard
Ceramic and porcelain tile characteristics are Test Method for Resistance of Ceramic Tile to
also addressed in the ANSI A137.1 American Chemical Substances”.1
Tile should be UV stable, maintain its color 5.2 Placement of Tile in Swimming Pool
when exposed to various chemicals, easily and Pool Deck Installations
cleanable, and stated for use in submerged Tile can be installed in almost any area within
installations by the manufacturer. Choosing a pool and the color and design may only
the wrong tile can lead to significant down time be limited by the designer’s imagination.
for the pool, tremendous expense removing Choosing where tile or stone will be placed is
the old tile, reinstallation of a suitable tile, and subject to whatever the finished appearance
other potential issues that can occur when a is to be. Tile can be installed within the entire
pool is empty (see Section 4.5 and Section 11 shell of the pool, just on the bottom, just on
for more information). the walls, at the waterline, on the coping, and,
Abrasion resistance, more important on a pool in competition pools, can be used to designate
deck tile installation, should also be taken into lanes and depths. Tile is often placed at the
consideration. Testing for abrasion resistance waterline because floating oils, dirt and waste
is performed using a test developed by The can combine to form a scum line around the
Porcelain Enamel Institute (PEI). Tile is tested pool; this is why tile, an easily cleanable
and given a PEI Rating based on a 0 – 5 scale, surface is placed at the water line around the
as shown in Figure 1. perimeter of pools.2
There are several methods for determining Another factor which should be taken into
slip-resistance of tile, and the test method consideration for pool deck tile installations
used depends upon which governing body is is is what temperature the finish will be when
in place in the country where the installation is exposed to direct sunlight. A light colored tile
done. For years the tile industry in the United or stone is an ideal choice to absorb less of
States has endorsed ASTM C1028 “Standard the heat and maintain a safe and comfortable
Test Method for Determining the Static temperature. Dark colored tile or stone can get
Coefficient of Friction of Ceramic Tile and Other extremely hot and create an uncomfortable
Like Surfaces by the Horizontal Dynamometer environment for pool and pool deck users.
Pull-Meter Method”. While this test method is
5.3 Types of Tile for Submerged
fine for laboratory conditions there has been a
Applications
push to use different methods for conducting
While the types of tile (e.g. impervious, vitreous,
tests in the field, such as;
some stone, and glass) recommended for use
1. The variable-angle ramp human traction test in submerged installations is rather limited, the
method as the primary standard for validation myriad of colors, sizes, shapes, and designs
of portable slip-resistance methods; is very impressive in scope. Tile can range
2. The Tortus dynamic slip resistance in size from mosaics as small as 3/4" x 3/4"
measuring instrument, with digital data (19 mm x 19 mm) to as large as 4' x 4'
acquisition, for wet testing, and the use of a (1.2 m x 1.2 m), and stone can come in any size,
trace of Triton X-100 wetting agent in distilled shape or thickness. Many companies even
or deionized water as the wetting liquid. The manufacture pre-fabricated designs in tile
minimum value using this test method for which are placed within the finish at the bottom
use in bathtubs, showers and pool decks is of a pool or fountain and provide a unique and
0.70; and, aesthetically pleasing characteristic.
3. The pendulum dynamic slip resistance As stated earlier in this section, tile used in
measuring instrument for wet testing, and submerged installations should have a very low
the use of the pendulum test guidelines absorption rate (≤3%) which helps to minimize,
recommended by the United Kingdom Slip or even eliminate problems caused by moisture
Resistance Group. The minimum British expansion and contraction. Impervious tile and
Pendulum Number (BPN) on wet, clean vitreous tile are the most popular choices for
flooring is 35 for showers and pool decks. swimming pools around the world because
The Tortus method and the Pendulum method they are relatively inexpensive and easy to find.
are recommended for testing performed in the Glass tile, suitable for submerged installations,
field and have achieved wide acceptance. These is very pleasing in appearance but is typically
has also been significant information obtained more expensive and requires a higher degree
using these test methods so as to correlate of installation experience and expertise. Stone
human traction test data with well-simulated is also an excellent option but choosing the
mechanical analogs of human traction.3 right stone is important. While many stone
types will not experience significant moisture
Germany, Australia, New Zealand, Italy and
or thermal expansion, some can be affected by
many other countries have their own standards
pool chemicals and improper mineral balance
and test methods for determining both the
in the pool water (see Section 11.3 for more
slip-resistance of tile and acceptable minimum
information).
levels to which tile must perform. Whichever
test method is employed, the main focus is on The installation of mosaic tiles in swimming
providing the best protection for all those who pools and fountains has history going back
will be using the pool and pool deck. thousands of years. In fact, the first tiled pools
42 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 5 – Selection of Pool Tile or Finish
and baths incorporated small tesserae to create sufficient time to cure (i.e. when the mortar
a variety of designs and mosaic murals. These holds the tile in place but allows for slight
tiles were installed individually, by hand, could adjustments to be made in the tile) the paper
take long periods of time and required installers is dampened and the paper is peeled off to
with artistic ability to create. Fortunately, reveal the tile finish.
modern technology incorporates methods
and materials to create beautiful installations
quickly and easily. Stone, porcelain and glass
mosaics are now pre-mounted, using several
different methods onto sheets. These mosaics
can even be customized to create a likeness of
any picture or photograph using specialized
computer software or exceptional artistic
ability.
the substrate. If PVC dot mounted sheets are n lues that do not change in appearance or
G
to be used then choose a type that has an feel but gradually lose adhesion to the tile
average of less than 5% coverage of the PVC after prolonged immersion in water. Moisture
on the back of each sheet. evidently breaks down the adhesion without
Another potential problem with PVC dot- penetrating far into the film of glue.7
mounted mosaic tile is how high the PVC dots
are between each tile. If the dots are too high
then grout does not have enough surface area
to properly bond to the tile, or, there is simply
not enough space for the grout to be properly
installed. The PVC dots can also inhibit the
bond of grout to the PVC.
In an effort to reduce costs, some mosaic tile
manufacturers haphazardly use inappropriate
glues, such as dilute polyvinyl acetate, to
mount tile on backing mesh. As stated earlier
these glues interfere with contact and bonding
between mosaic tiles and the tile adhesive.
When immersed in water these glues can soften
and then swell as they absorb water, leading to
Figure 5.9 – A classic example of an improper adhesive used
loss of adhesion. This may occur within several to mount the mesh for submerged installation. The adhesive
weeks to several years but the result is almost has changed color from clear to white and has swelled
always the same.5 Simply put, the use of back- significantly, forcing delamination.
mounted or dot-mounted sheet mosaic tiles For mesh backed mosaic tile the fabric mesh
may be precluded from use in submerged or and the adhesive used to mount the fabric
exterior conditions if the sheet backing and/ mesh must be water-resistant and chemical-
or adhesive adversely affects the development resistant, should not weaken when exposed
of adequate and permanent adhesion between to moisture, should be resistant to varying pH
the mosaic tile body and the bedding mortar. levels, resistant to high alkalinity, and should
Tile manufacturers must specify, in writing, be compatible with the mortar or adhesive used
whether their assemblies are suitable for to bond the mosaics. It is the responsibility of
installation in swimming pools, fountains, water the ceramic tile manufacturer to mount the
features, exterior, and other wet areas. Paper tiles so that the bond requirements of ANSI
back-mounted mosaics are not recommended A137.1, according to ASTM C482 “Standard Test
in submerged or wet areas.6 Method for Bond Strength of Ceramic Tile to
Portland Cement Paste” are met or exceeded.8
There are 3 categories of glue to avoid;
Beyond that, the architect/designer, tile
n lues that soften without noticeable swelling
G installer and owner should also make sure
as they absorb water. These appear to be that the products being used on the job are
clear when dry and white when immersed acceptable and adequate for the designed
(similar to PVA wood glues). purpose. The installation of tile, which is meant
n lues that soften and swell to a gel that
G for the purpose, using the appropriate setting
eventually forces tile apart and away from the materials will save time, labor and money
substrate and may fall apart in small pieces and keep the swimming pool or fountain in
rather than stay attached to the mesh. continual operation for a very, very long time.
5.4 Non-Tiled Pool Finish Types hose, troweled on by trained personnel and
While tile and stone are beautiful and functional allowed to dry. The pool finish is then acid
design elements for swimming pools and washed to remove the thin plaster coating
fountains, there are other finish options. which exposes the pebble aggregate and
Plaster – pool plaster is an age old process for finished surface.
finishing swimming pools, fountains and water Paint – one of the most common, and least
features. Plastering provides a more watertight expensive, pool finish materials is paint. Pool
seal than the gunite, shot-crete or poured paint is available in a wide variety of colors and
concrete on which the plaster is installed. Pool can be used to create intricate designs. There
plasters are often comprised of white portland are three types of paint which are suitable for
cement and fine marble dust, known as Marcite use in swimming pools, fountains and water
or Marbleite, but there are now quartz based features;
plasters that incorporate a fine, pigmented n poxy paint – epoxy paint is often used in
E
quartz aggregate and provide many color new pool construction or in pools previously
options. Plaster is pumped through a high painted with epoxy, and is long lasting and
pressure hose to the pool and is then troweled durable. Epoxy coatings are effective against
on by trained technicians. While plaster is a pool chemical attack, UV rays and automatic
very popular finish for swimming pools, often pool cleaners, and, a good epoxy paint will
used in conjunction with tile or stone at the last approximately 7 – 10 years.
water line, plaster must be replaced every so n hlorinated rubber base paint – rubber base
C
often. See Section 11.3 for more information on paint is not as durable or expensive as epoxy
the causes of plaster problems. paint, but is a dependable and easy-to-use
coating material. Chlorinated rubber base
paint is available in many colors and will last
approximately 3 – 5 years.
n ater-based acrylic paint – water-based
W
acrylic paint is inexpensive, applies to almost
any surface and cleans with water while still
fresh. Available in a wide range of colors
acrylic paints will last approximately 2 – 3
years before repainting is necessary.
Vinyl Liner – vinyl liners are custom made
sheets of vinyl which are installed between
the water and the pool structure. These liners
lock into a track located on the bottom of the
pool coping immediately under the deck. Vinyl
liners provide good resistance to pool chemical
Figure 5.10 – Typical Marcite plaster installation (notice the maintained at proper levels but may fade or
spiked shoes). become brittle when harsh chemicals or high
n ebble Tec – pebble tec pool finishes are
P concentrations of chemicals are used.9
similar to plaster or Marcite, except small river While all of the above mentioned finishes are
pebbles are mixed with the fine aggregate, effective and reliable, none of them have the
white portland cement and pigments. This mix durability and lasting beauty of tile and stone.
is pumped to the jobsite in a high pressure
cooling for cement latex mortars and moisture are below freezing due to thermal lag, and
insensitive epoxy adhesives. Shading surfaces hydration or other chemical reaction may not
that may be in direct sunlight by erecting occur at the adhesive interface.
temporary tents is also effective in lowering As a simple rule of thumb; for every 18°F (10°C)
surface temperature, but if ambient air and above 70°F (21°C) cement based and epoxy
surface temperatures exceed 100°F (35°C), it based materials cure twice as fast. For every
is advisable to defer work to another time. If 18°F (10°C) below 70°F (21°C) cement based
work cannot be deferred, it is also possible to and epoxy based materials take twice as long
cool additives (water, latex, epoxy liquids) in to cure.
conjunction with the above techniques. n ry and Windy Conditions – These conditions
D
n old Temperatures – Protection or corrective
C can cause premature evaporation of water
action is required if either ambient air or necessary for hydration in cementitious
surface temperatures of substrates go materials, and result in loss of strength. Latex
below certain thresholds during installation. additives are formulated to significantly
Temperature thresholds are different for reduce this drying effect by coating cement
various types of adhesives. Protection and with a latex film. However, in extreme
corrective actions to elevate air and surface dry, windy conditions coupled with high
temperatures to optimum range typically temperatures >90°F (30°C), even latex
involve enclosing or tenting of work areas, additives do not provide adequate protection.
augmented by temporary heating. If temporary It is recommended to provide temporary
heating is employed, it is very important to protection against rapid evaporation of
vent units to the exterior of enclosures to moisture during hot, dry, windy conditions
prevent exposure to toxic fumes, and also to in the initial 36 hours after installation of
prevent build-up of carbon dioxide, which can cement mortars, screeds, plasters/renders
cause carbonation of cementitious materials. and cement grouts, and to augment by damp
This condition typically occurs when ambient curing with periodic daily water misting.
temperatures during installation are around Cement based adhesives are only susceptible
40°F (5°C) and only affects exposed surfaces. to premature drying between the spreading
The length of exposure is a function of time of adhesive and the installation of the finish,
and temperature. Cement hydration stops and requires only temporary protection from
at 32°F (0°C) surface temperature, when dry, high wind speeds during the open or
water necessary for hydration freezes, and exposed time of the adhesive.
the cement hydration process is severely n et Conditions – Certain materials used in
W
retarded starting at 40°F (5°C).
ceramic tile and stone assemblies can be
Concentration of carbon dioxide can be moisture sensitive. For example, the strength
elevated when temporary heating units are of cementitious adhesives can be reduced from
not properly vented outside of any protective constant exposure to wet or damp substrates.
enclosure during cold temperatures. As a Some materials, such as waterproofing
general rule, air abd surface temperatures membranes, may not cure properly or may
should be maintained above 50°F (10°C) during delaminate from a continually wet or damp
installation of cement, epoxy, and silicone- substrate. A damp substrate may also
based products. Some cement adhesive contribute to the formation of efflorescence.
product formulations may allow installation This is a particular concern not only from
in temperatures close to 32°F (0°C) and rising, normal rain exposure during construction, but
however, at this critical ambient air temperature also in areas of an installation, which may be
threshold, it is likely that surface temperatures
exposed to rising dampness at ground level, absorbed and results are stated in pounds
or in areas where leaks from poor design or per 1,000 ft2 (92.9 m2) in a 24-hour period.
construction cause continual dampness in Please note that the ASTM F1869 test should
the substrate. When specifying liquid latex or only be conducted in interior conditions when
a dry redispersible polymer adhesive mortar, the building is completely enclosed and the
verify with the manufacturer that the polymer air conditioning or heating system is turned
formulation is not water soluble. However, on, unless otherwise instructed by the test kit
even formulations that are not soluble when manufacturer.
dry are vulnerable to rain during the initial 2. Relative Humidity (ASTM F2170 – Standard
set period (typically 12–24 hours). Therefore, Test Method for Determining Relative
it is essential to provide protection from any Humidity in Concrete Floor Slabs Using in
significant rain or washing within this period situ Probes).
to avoid loss of strength and prevent possible
The Relative Humidity test involves placing
fluid or latex migration staining.
probes in the concrete and taking readings
6.3 Moisture Content of Concrete with a hygrometer. A relative humidity reading
Materials used in tile and stone installation of 75% or below is acceptable for most tile
applications can be affected by moisture during applications. Please note that the ASTM F2170
the installation and curing phase. For example, test should only be conducted in interior
the strength of cementitious adhesives can conditions when the building is completely
be reduced from constant exposure to wet enclosed and air conditioning or heating system
or damp substrates. Some materials, such is turned on, unless otherwise instructed by
as waterproofing membranes, may not cure the probe manufacturer.
properly or may delaminate from a continually 3. Plastic Sheet Method (ASTM D4263 –
wet substrate. A damp substrate may also Standard Test Method for Indicating
contribute to the formation of efflorescence. Moisture in Concrete by the Plastic Sheet
Concrete with a high moisture vapor emission Method).
rate (MVER) may also have an impact on a tile
The Plastic Sheet Method involves taping an
or stone installation.
18" x 18" (450 mm x 450 mm) piece of plastic
There are generally three tests that are used to on the concrete and allowing the plastic to
determine moisture content in concrete. The remain in place for 18 - 24 hours to determine
three tests are: if any moisture has accumulated under the
1. Calcium Chloride (ASTM F1869 – Standard plastic when it is removed. Please note that the
Test Method for Measuring Moisture Vapor ASTM D-4263 test should only be conducted
Emission Rate of Concrete Subfloors Using in conditions as stated in the ASTM D4263
Anhydrous Calcium Chloride). document.
The Calcium Chloride test involves placing Both ASTM F1869 and ASTM F2170 are
a Petri dish of calcium chloride (covered by quantitative tests (stating approximately how
a plastic dome adhered to the concrete) on much moisture is present) while ASTM D4263
the concrete and allowing the Petri dish to is a qualitative test (stating that moisture
remain in place between 60–72 hours. The is present but not how much), and all are a
calcium chloride absorbs any moisture vapor “snapshot” of moisture vapor emission during
that transmits through the concrete within the testing period.
the plastic dome. The results of a calcium
chloride test measures the amount of moisture
curing time and improve the performance of Any surface to receive tile will always be
the concrete. Curing compounds and concrete exposed to varying degrees of contamination,
sealers are frequently used in all types of especially normal construction dust and debris.
construction, especially in fast track jobs. Tile is often the last phase of the construction
Unfortunately, all types of curing compounds, of a building. Imagine all other trades have
concrete sealers and surface hardeners must been in and finished their certain part of
be completely removed from substrates prior the construction, (i.e. sheet rock, plumbing,
to the installation of tile or any installation painting, and many other trades). There is
accessories, including waterproofing often paint, drywall compound, oil and other
membranes. The preferred methods to materials on the concrete from prior trades that
remove these curing compounds from the need to be removed. One of the most difficult
surface would be to bead-blast or shot-blast tasks for any installer is the preparation of
the horizontal concrete surface, and to high the surface before the installation of the tile
pressure wash vertical concrete surfaces. commences. However, it is one of the most
There is a very simple and effective test to important steps, if not the most important step,
identify the presence of curing compounds, to providing for a successful, long lasting tile
sealers or other bond breaking conditions. installation. Cleaning the surface is mandatory
Simply sprinkle a few drops of water onto the before tile is placed, and sometimes multiple
substrate and see what happens. If water washings will have to take place before tiling.
absorbs into the slab then it is usually suitable Just sweeping the floor is not good enough!
for the direct adhesion of tile. On the other 6.5 Substrate Preparation Equipment
hand, if the water beads up on the concrete and Procedures
surface (like water on a freshly waxed car) then Contamination Removal – If contamination
there is something present on the concrete removal is required, or if surface damage or
surface that can inhibit proper adhesion of the defects exist, bulk surface removal may be
tile adhesive. While the water test is commonly necessary to prepare the substrate. There are
used to determine the presence of bond several methods of removal, but it is important
inhibiting msubstances, it may not always be to select a method that is appropriate to the
accurate. substrate material and will not cause damage
In addition, to determine if bond inhibiting to the sound material below the surface.
contamination such as oil or curing compounds Methods of Removal – There are several
are present on concrete, conduct the following methods for removing contamination from a
test: taking proper safety precautions, mix a substrate to better prepare for the application
1:1 solution of aqueous hydrochloric (muriatic) of tile and stone installation materials. These
acid and water, and place a few drops in various include;
locations. If the solution causes foaming
n echanical Chipping, Scarifying and
M
action, then the acid is allowed to react freely
Grinding – Mechanical chipping, scarifying
with the alkaline concrete, indicating that
or grinding methods are recommended only
there is no likely contamination. If there is
when substrate defects and/or contamination
little or no reaction, chances are the surface is
exist in isolated areas and require bulk
contaminated with oil or curing compounds.
surface removal greater than 1/4" (6 mm) in
Acids do not affect or remove oily or waxy
depth. Chipping with a pneumatic square tip
residue, therefore, mechanical removal may be
chisel or grinding with an angle grinder is a
necessary.
common mechanical removal technique.
type of adhesive being used. With most The back of the stone should also be wiped
adhesives, the substrate can be damp, with down with a clean damp sponge or cloth
no standing water. A surface film of water will and allowed to dry prior to installation for
inhibit grab and bond of even water insensitive maximum adhesive bond.
cement and epoxy based adhesives. The use n lass Tile – The preparation of a glass tile
G
of a damp sponge just prior to installation of prior to installation will vary by glass tile
tile is an industry accepted method to ensure manufacturer. Therefore, it is important to
that the substrate is cleaned of any dirt and follow the glass tile manufacturer’s written
construction dust on the properly prepared installation instructions. In many cases, the
substrate. glass tiles should be wiped and cleaned of
Monitor the pH level of the substrate prior to any dust or residue with clean water and then
laying tile. Do not install tile until the pH has a should be wiped dry with a clean cloth prior
value less than 10. Properly balance the pool to installation.
water immediately upon filling.
6.9 Adhesive Mixing Equipment and
6.8 Finish Material Preparation Procedures
Cleaning of the tile back and substrate Equipment and tools required for mixing of
surface prevent contamination from inhibiting adhesives are primarily dependent on the type
adhesive bond. While careful consideration is of adhesive and construction site conditions
often given to the preparation of the substrate, such as the size of project.
preparation and cleaning of the finish material
Types of Adhesives
bonding surface is an often overlooked
specification item or quality control checkpoint. Latex Cement Based Adhesive Mortars
Considerations are dependent on the type of Manual Mixing
finish material. n Bucket, Trowel and Mixing Paddle
Epoxy Adhesive
Manual Mixing
n
Bucket and Trowel
Mechanical Mixing
n
Low Speed Drill (<300 rpm) and Non-Air
Entraining Mixer Blade
The mixing instructions for epoxy adhesives
vary according to the manufacturer’s
Figure 6.5 – Variety of Mixing Paddles used for Drill Type
formulations. The most common epoxy Mixers.
adhesives are three component products,
which involve mixing two liquid components Mortar Beds
n
(resin and hardener), and a powder component Aluminum Straight Edges and Screeds
(silica filler). The liquids are mixed together first n Concrete/Mortar Bed finishing trowel
and fully blended before adding filler powder. n Wheelbarrows
There are several important considerations in n Square Edges Shovels
mixing epoxies. First, the chemical reaction
begins immediately upon mixing the epoxy
n Steel Rakes
resin and hardener. Because the “pot” or n Walking Boards
useful life of the adhesive is relatively short n Mortar Bed / Tile Shoes
(1 hour) and can be further reduced by n Mortar Mixer
ambient temperatures above 70°F (21°C), all
preparation for mixing and installation of the
epoxy adhesive should be made in advance.
Mixing should also be made in quantities
that can be installed within the prescribed
useful life under installation conditions. Most
epoxy adhesives cure by an exothermic or
heat generating chemical reaction beginning
with the mixing of the liquid components. The
useful life of the epoxy not only begins before Figure 6.6 – Rotating Blade Type Mixer.
adding the filler powder, but the heat generated 6.10 Installation Equipment and
may accelerate the curing process in many Procedures
formulations. Removal of the mixed epoxy The following are the basic tools and equipment
from the mixing container is one technique used for the installation of ceramic tile,
used to dissipate heat generation and porcelain tile, glass tile and stone finishes:
minimize set acceleration. Liquid components
may also be cooled if anticipated ambient Equipment for Application and Bedding of
or surface temperatures will significantly Adhesives and Grout Joints
n
exceed recommended use temperature range. Notched Steel Trowel
Conversely, epoxy adhesive cure is retarded n Flat Steel Trowel
by cold temperatures, and the curing process n Margin Trowel
will slow significantly at temperatures below n Hawk
40°F (5°C); the curing process will continue
unaffected if temperatures are raised.
n Metal Applicator Gun (Silicone Sealant)
n Rubber Mallet
n 1/4" 1/4"
6 mm 6 mm
9 mm
3/8"
3 mm
1/8"
Safety Equipment
1/2" 3/8"
n
Safety Glasses 1/4"
6 mm
1/4"
6 mm
12 mm
1/2"
3/4"
18 mm
9 mm
12 mm
12 mm
14 mm
9/16"
1/2"
n Rubber Gloves
6 mm
1/4"
n Dust Mask/Respirator
Figure 6.8 – Notched trowel sizes for installation of adhesive
n Safety Belts and Harness mortars.
and quality control inspection program. A 3. The ribs of thin-set or epoxy adhesive should
flat steel trowel is a tool used in applying an be troweled in one direction only, and not
initial thin layer of adhesive in positive contact in a swirl pattern. If additional thickness of
with both the bonding surface of the tile, also adhesive is needed, add to the back of the
known as back-buttering, and the surface of tile or stone using the same procedure as on
the substrate. The opposite side of a notched the substrate, making sure that the direction
trowel typically has a flat edge for this purpose. of the combed mortar is identical to the one
A rubber mallet (or wood beating block, or on the substrate, otherwise, you will end up
hard rubber grout float for smaller tiles) can be with notches in two directions that disturb
used to beat-in the tiles after they are placed each other and consequently will not allow
to assure full contact with the adhesive, and full contact between the mortar and the
eliminate any voids in the adhesive layer back of the tile.
(Figure 6.10). 4. As a rule, tile sizes larger than 12" x 12"
Thin Bed Installation Procedure (300 x 300 mm) should be back buttered.
The following is an abbreviated step-by- Back buttering not only improves the contact
step process for the application of thin between the mortar and the back of the tile,
bed adhesive mortars. Follow the explicit but also helps to ensure complete coverage.
manufacturer’s installation instructions for Another important consideration for back
detailed information. For full installation buttering is that if the tile is not fully bedded
specifications for thin bed, thick bed and by proper beat-in, the ribs of thin-set or
membrane instructions – see section 7. epoxy adhesive, which are not flattened, are
being sealed by the coat applied to the back
1. Apply a thin skim coat (1/16"/1.5 mm thick)
of the tile.
of thin-set or epoxy adhesive to the properly
prepared dampened substrate with the flat 5. The tile should be pressed into place, and
side of the trowel; ensure good contact by either twisted and pressed into position, or
scratching the edge of the trowel against the for tile sizes 12" x 12" (300 x 300 mm) and
surface. greater, slide into position with a back and
forth motion perpendicular to the direction
2. Additional thin-set or epoxy adhesive is
of the thin-set or epoxy adhesive ribs.
then applied with the notched side of the
trowel. Comb the mortar on the surface with 6. The final step is to beat-in with a rubber
the notched trowel holding it as close as mallet to ensure thin-set or epoxy adhesive
possible to a 90° angle to the substrate. This contact and make surface level with adjacent
will ensure the proper size of notches. tiles.
various delaminating forces. Depending on the Grout Installation Procedure – The following
joint material, a joint may also act to dissipate is an abbreviated step by step process for
shear stress caused by movement. the installation of grout. Follow the explicit
Compensate for Tile Thickness Tolerances – manufacturer installation instructions for
The joints between tiles compensate for detailed information. For full grout installation
allowable manufacturing or fabrication specifications – see section 10.
tolerances, so that consistent dimensions 1. Prior to grouting, it is essential to conduct
(from center to center of joints or full panel a test panel (preferably as part of the pre-
dimensions) can be maintained. As a construction quality assurance procedures)
result, joints must be wide enough to allow to test the grouting installation and clean-up
variations in the joint width to accommodate procedures under actual climatic conditions.
manufacturing or fabrication tolerances in the During this test, you may determine the need
tile without being evident. to apply a grout release or sealer to the tile
Prevent Water Infiltration – Filled joints prior to grouting in order to aid in clean-up
between tiles allow most surface water to be and prevent pigment stain and absorption
shed. This helps prevent infiltration of water, of cement paste (especially latex cement
which can lead to saturation of the setting or epoxy liquids) into the pores of the tile.
bed and substrate, freezing, strength loss This test may also determine if additional
and efflorescence. Depending on the grout adjustments are necessary, such as
or sealant material used, and the quality saturation of the finish with water to reduce
of installation, no grout or tile will be 100% temperature, lower absorption, and aid in
effective against water penetration, so there installation and cleaning. Conducting a test
may always be a small amount of water panel will also allow for final determination of
infiltration by capillary absorption. Therefore, the grout color in relation to the tile, lighting
the use of a waterproofing membrane is strongly and other environmental factors to which the
recommended in wet area applications. finished installation will be exposed.
Dissipate Movement Stress -– Probably the 2. Wait a minimum of 24 hours after installation
most important function of grout or sealant of tile before grouting.
joints is to provide stress resistance and stress 3. Before commencing with grouting, remove
relief. The composite locking action with the all temporary spacers or wedges; rake any
adhesive layer allows the tile finish to better loose excess adhesive mortar from joints.
resist shear and tensile stress. Joints serve to Remove any hardened thin-set or epoxy
provide stress relief of thermal and moisture adhesive which is above half the depth of
movement that could cause delamination the tile. Insert temporary filler (rope, foam
or bond failure if the edges of the tiles were rod) in movement joints to protect from
butted tightly. Further isolation of movement filling with hard grout material. Wipe the tile
is handled by separating sections of tile with surface with a sponge or towel dampened
movement joints (see Section 7.6 – Sealant and with water to remove dirt and to aid in
section 10 – Movement Joint Specifications and cleanup.
Details). This ensures that the grout or sealant 4. Apply the grout joint material with a rubber
joint will always fail first by relieving unusual grout float, making sure to pack joints full.
compressive stress from expansion before
it can overstress the tile finish or adhesive
interface. The dissipation of stress provides
an additional safety factor against dangerous
delamination or bond failure.
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 63
Section 6 – Tile Installation Preparation and Equipment
7.1 Adhesive and Mortar Performance fully cured. The adhesive should also develop
and Selection Criteria water insensitivity within 24 – 48 hours so
The performance and use of ceramic tile as not to require an unreasonable degree of
adhesives are regulated by the country or protection against deterioration when exposed
region according to prominent standards that to water.
govern the installation of ceramic tile. Some Flexible (Differential Movement) – Adhesives
of these standards are discussed in Section must have a low modulus of elasticity, or
4. Compliance may either be mandatory or flexibility, to withstand differential movement
voluntary in the respective countries, depending between the finish material and the underlying
on whether the standard is incorporated into a substrate/ structure. Differential movement can
building code (see Section 4). be caused by uneven or sudden temperature
Criteria for Selection of Adhesives and changes, moisture expansion or shrinkage of
Mortars the finish material, substrate or structure, or,
n High Adhesive Strength (Tensile and Shear live loads such as filling and draining the tiled
Bond Strength) vessel with water.
n Water Resistant Permanence – This criteria may seem obvious,
n Flexible (Differential Movement) but even if all other performance criteria are
met, beware that some adhesive mortars can
n Permanent
become soluble in submerged applications
n Fire and Temperature Resistant and may deteriorate over time. In addition,
n Non-Toxic and User Friendly some epoxies can become brittle with age, and
n ood Working Properties (Open Time, Pot
G some urethanes can undergo a phenomena
Life, Sag Resistance) known as “reversion,” where the adhesive
may soften and revert back to its original
High Adhesive Strength (Tensile and Shear
viscous state. Certain polymeric modification
Bond Strength) – Shear stress occurs when
of cement mortars work only to enhance the
a force is applied parallel to the face of the
workability and curing process to improve the
material. The greater the resistance to shear
physical characteristics of cement, but do not
stress, the higher the shear strength result.
contribute any significant lasting improvement
Tensile stress occurs when a force is applied to the physical characteristics of the cement
to pull a material to the point where it loses adhesive mortar.
bond with the surface to which it is applied.
Fire and Temperature Resistance – When
The greater the resistance to tensile stress, the
cured, adhesives must meet building code
higher the tensile strength result.
requirements and standard engineering
Tile and stone installations can experience both practices by not contributing any fuel or smoke
shear and tensile forces. It is important to note in the event of a fire. In addition, the adhesive
that shear bond testing is limited to laboratory must maintain its strength and physical
testing. On the other hand tensile bond properties during and after exposure to high
testing can be performed in both laboratory temperatures of a fire, or from absorption of
conditions and in the field. Therefore, both heat under normal service.
tests are applicable and suitable to measure a
Non-Toxic and User Friendly – The adhesive
material’s bond strength.
should be non-hazardous during storage,
Water Resistance – For proper exterior installation, and disposal. This includes
and interior wet area performance, and in other materials which may be necessary for
demanding submerged applications, an preparation or final cleaning. The adhesive
adhesive must not be soluble in water after it is
Medium Bed Method – Generally, thicknesses Bonded Type (Floors) – In the bonded type
over 3/8" (9 mm) are not recommended for for floors, a slurry bond coat consisting of
standard thin-bed or adhesive types of cement LATICRETE 254 Platinum, or, LATICRETE 211
mortar mixes. Thickness over 3/8" (9 mm) Powder gauged with LATICRETE 4237 Latex
typically require either a special formulation Additive is trowel or brush applied to the
of powder containing a higher proportion concrete substrate. While the slurry bond coat
of coarse sand, or modification of a site mix remains wet and workable, the mortar bed
with the addition of extra coarse sand. These (e.g. LATICRETE 3701 Fortified Mortar Bed or
products are also known as medium bed LATICRETE 226 Thick Bed Mortar mixed with
mortars. Medium bed mortars are typically LATICRETE 3701 Mortar Admix) is placed,
used when the adhesive thickness ranges from compacted and then screeded, leveled, and
1/8" (3 mm) up to 3/4" (19 mm). An example pitched as required. The above mentioned
of this type of mortar is LATICRETE® 220 mortar bed and slurry bond coat products
Marble & Granite Mortar mixed with LATICRETE are ideal for use in submerged applications.
3701 Mortar Admix (ideal for use in submerged Unbonded mortar bed types require wire
applications). reinforcing which can be subject to corrosion
in submerged applications and are therefore,
unsuitable for use in this type of application.
Bonded Type (Wall Renders) – Wall renders do
not require the use of slurry bond coat beneath
them as the mortar is mixed to a more plastic
mix containing a liquid to mortar powder ratio.
This consistency allows the cement paste to
wet out the concrete/masonry substrate in
a sufficient manner to achieve proper bond.
Figure 7.1 – Trowel applied medium bed mortar with a 3/4" Wall renders are generally applied in several
(19 mm) loop notch trowel. lifts with each lift never exceeding 1/2"
Thick Bed Method – Also known as the “wet- (12 mm) in thickness. The first lift is the scratch
set" or “float and back-butter” method of coat. This layer is applied to the wall and is
installation, this method encompasses several scratched up with a small metal comb like tool
different techniques. The most common thick or trowel that roughens up the layer in order
bed technique is the “float and back butter” that the subsequent layer will achieve better
method. This method starts with the floating mechanical bond. The scratch coat is allowed
or screeding of the substrate with cement to harden and then the subsequent “brown”
leveling mortar. The mortar bed can either coats are applied in the same 1/2" (12 mm)
be of the unbonded type (for pool decks) or maximum lifts. If additional lifts are required,
the bonded type (pool decks or submerged). the previous brown coat should be scratched
Mortar beds and wall renders are very commonly up before it hardens.
used in pool and water feature applications. LATICRETE 3701 Fortified Mortar Bed; and,
Mortar beds allow for the creation of proper LATICRETE 226 Thick Bed Mortar gauged
pitch/falls to drains, slopes in pools and decks with LATICRETE 3701 Mortar Admix are pre-
and the creation of coves and transitions as packaged thick bed and rendering mortars
pool floors slope and the depth changes. which comply with industry standards and
will hold up to the rigors of submerged
applications. The use of pre-packaged mortars
Peel and Stick Membranes – Peel and stick Trowel Applied Membranes – Trowel applied
membranes are very similar to sheet type membranes come in various forms, including
membranes in performance. The major latex fortified cement based types, epoxy resin
difference between the two styles is that the types and urethane types. Some of the trowel
peel and stick type does not rely on a separately applied membranes include a reinforcing
applied thin-set or adhesive to bond it to the fabric used in corners, coves, and to tie into
substrate. These membranes are generally plumbing fixtures (including drains). After the
asphalt based with a reinforcing fabric on typical pre-treatments are made to cracks and
the tile bonding side of the membrane and a transition areas, the main application normally
removable Kraft paper type backing which consists of keying the membrane into the
exposes a tacky surface once it is peeled away. substrate with the flat side of the trowel. This is
The installation of peel and stick membranes immediately followed by combing the material
begins with priming the substrate with the in a singular direction, and then finally another
appropriate primer for the application. Some pass with the flat side of trowel to smooth the
primers are latex based types and others can surface. A few key elements are the notches
be epoxy based materials. in the trowel which act as a gauging device
Once the primer is in place, the removable film for the membrane. Most membranes require
is peeled from the back side of the membrane a certain thickness of product to ensure
and rolled onto the primed substrate. complete waterproofing coverage. As with
all waterproofing membranes, the products
Check with the peel and stick membrane
should be applied at the continuous required
manufacturer for suitability in exterior or wet
mil thickness to ensure waterproofing integrity.
area installations.
The use of a wet film gauge is recommended to
Precautions and concerns with peel and stick assure acceptable uniform thickness.
type membranes are as follows:
Check with the trowel applied membrane
1. Careful consideration must be taken where
manufacturer for suitability in submerged
the seams overlap. Spreading the tile
installations.
mortar over the seam can be tricky and care
should be taken to avoid humps where the Latex Cement Based Membranes – This
tile lays over seams. membrane type is generally comprised of
a liquid latex polymer that is mixed into a
2. These types of membranes have a tendency
portland cement based powder. These products
to soften when exposed to sunlight.
are generally very economical in cost and in
Windows that face the sun and let more
ease of application. However, the physical
sunlight in could pose problems for peel
characteristics of these types of products
and stick membranes.
generally restrict their use in demanding
3. Cleaning regimens also play a factor in submerged applications.
whether peel and stick membranes should
Check with the latex cement based membrane
be used or not. Solvents typically have an
manufacturer for suitablity in submerged
adverse effect on this type of membrane.
installations.
Consult the manufacturer for specific
applications. Epoxy Based Membranes – Epoxy membranes
are normally 3-component systems consisting
4. U
se of these membrane types should be
of an epoxy hardener, epoxy resins, and a filler
limited to pool decks and other intermittent
powder. These products are generally very
wet areas. These membranes should not
chemical resistant and suitable for submerged
be used in submerged applications.
applications. Some other advantages to this
category type of waterproofing are as follows:
76 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 7 – Pools/Fountain/Spa Tile Installation
n F lood Testing Can Be Performed in 24 Hours Which are Recommended for Submerged
at 70° F (21°C) Installations
n dheres to Metal, Such as Stainless Steel,
A n Fully Formable to Fit Into Tight Areas
as Well as Metal Plumbing Fixtures n an Be Shaped to Follow Any Substrate
C
n F lexible and Able to Adhere to Most Contour
Substrates n F lood Testing Can Vary According to the
n an Be Used as a Flashing Membrane to Tie
C Membrane Type and Generally Ranges From
Into Other Types of Membranes or Surfaces 2 Hours to 7 Days at 70° F (21° C)
When Required (e.g. Pipe Penetrations, etc…) n ome Liquid Applied Waterproofing
S
An example of this category type of Membranes (e.g. LATICRETE® Hydro Ban™)
waterproofing membrane is LATAPOXY® 24hr May Be Spray Applied With a Commercial,
HydroProofing™. Airless Sprayer
Figure 7.7 – Epoxy waterproofing membrane is applied at the Figure 7.8 – Liquid applied membrane applied to concrete
pipe penetrations over the cured liquid applied waterproofing substrate.
membrane to ensure a complete seal at the penetrations.
flexible sealant designed for these applications submerged applications. Generally, flood
is a key component to treating penetrations. tests are conducted for a period of 24 – 72
Railings, ladders, drains, gutters, filter inlets and hours and must be continuously monitored
outlets, lights, and receiver hooks are among during the flood test period. Please note that
the list of items that could potentially penetrate accumulation of rain water, or water from any
the waterproofing membrane in a submerged other outside source, may render the results of
application. Silicones (e.g. LATICRETE® the flood test inaccurate.
Latasil™) and urethane type sealants offer Most latex fortified portland cement based
solid performance in these applications. In installation systems (mortar bed, thin set
many cases, manufacturers of these products mortar and grout, flexible sealant) require a
will also offer primers that aid the sealant’s minimum 14 day cure at 70°F (21°C) after the
ability to remain adhered in these applications final grouting period prior to the initiation of
(e.g. LATICRETE 9118 Primer). Each penetration the flood test. If an epoxy grout is used, the
through the waterproofing membrane and minimum cure can be reduced to a 10 day cure
finish is unique. Therefore, consult with the tile at 70° F (21°C) after the final grouting period.
and stone installation materials manufacturer
As a rule of thumb, water is placed into the
for their suggestions on compatible penetration
water feature at a rate of 1' (25 mm) per hour.
treatments. See Section 10 for details
Flood tests are generally conducted for 24 –
ES-WP-300 for information on the treatment
72 hours. All piping and drains will need to be
of pipe penetrations and ES-WP301 and
plugged and isolated to eliminate the potential
WP-302 for information on the treatment of
for the plumbing as a cause of water loss. If
drain assemblies.
any measurable water loss is observed, the
following process will be required:
n
The Water Feature Will Need to be Drained
at the Same Rate Used to Fill the Tank
(2' [600 mm] per 24 Hours)
n Allow the Water Feature to Dry
n Inspect For Leaks
Figure 7.10 – Detail treatment of the pipe penetrations in this n Repair the Leaks
pool application. Liquid applied waterproofing membrane
is double applied at the penetrations to ensure adequate n Allow the Installed Products to Reach Full Cure
reinforcement and protection. This pool is now ready for the
full waterproofing treatment.
n Repeat Flood Test Procedure Until Successful
Liquid Latex Fortified Cement Mortar – There will determine if a liquid additive is suitable
are a wide variety of proprietary liquid additives for these applications. A common and highly
that can be used with both generic cement generalized misconception is that either
(and sand), or with proprietary cement mortar acrylic polymers or styrene butadiene rubber
powders, including the previous category are superior to one another. This is not true.
of redispersible polymer fortified mortars, Both polymers can be formulated to have high
to prepare an adhesive for submerged tile adhesive strength, and be equally flexible.
installations. As with redispersible polymer Superior performance is achieved through
products, the liquid additives differ mainly by the formulation of these two materials. It is
the type and quantity of polymeric content. recommended to verify the suitability of a latex
Therefore suitability and performance additive for pool applications, and conduct
characteristics for water feature applications or request independent testing to verify the
must be verified. LATICRETE® 317 fortified with manufacturer’s specified performance.
LATICRETE 3701 Mortar Admix or LATICRETE
211 Powder fortified with LATICRETE 4237
Latex Additive are examples of these types
of products. Also, LATICRETE 3701 Fortified
Mortar Bed or LATICRETE 226 Thick Bed
Mortar gauged with the 3701 Mortar Admix fall
into this category.
In addition, LATICRETE 1500 Sanded Grout
gauged with LATICRETE 4237 Latex Additive Figure 7.13 – Installation of mosaic tile with liquid latex
can be used for the one-step method of setting fortified portland cement thin-set mortar.
of waterproofing liquid is applied to this These sealants usually fall into the following
treatment to ensure a complete seal. Next, the category:
full waterproofing membrane treatment with ASTM C90 which designates sealants according
fabric is placed over the pre-treated expansion to Type, Grade, Class and Use
joint areas following the same looping profile. – Type S – Single component
Therefore, the expansion joints have a “double – Grade NS – Non Sag
treatment of looped fabric”. These joints must
– Class 25 – Sealant can withstand an increase
be honored and must come up through to tile
and decrease of +/- 25% of joint width
or stone finish and treated with backer rod and
a suitable flexible sealant. (See Sections 4 and – Uses M and G – Sealant will remain adhered
10 for more information on the use of flexible to mortar (M) and glass (G)
sealants in expansion joints). Silicone sealants can also be supplied with a
Always check with the manufacturer of primer that will improve the adhesion of the
the sealant and primer for acceptability in sealant to the joint flanks. An example of this
submerged applications. type of primer is LATICRETE® 9118 Primer. The
two most common ways to specify sealants
Backup Strip (Backer Rod) – The use of the
are:
rounded backup strip in movement joints is
necessary to regulate the depth of the sealant 1. List the manufacturer and brand name(s) of
for proper width/depth ratio and to prevent the acceptable products.
three sided adhesion. Typical sealant joint 2. Specify the characteristics by description
depth is 1/2 the width of the joint. The backer and / or by reference to standards.
rod should be set into the joint to achieve Urethane or Polyurethane – Urethane based
this ratio. Sealants perform optimally when sealants that do not employ the use of solvent
adhesion occurs only at the joint flanks (two- based primers are also suitable for use in
sided bond). The backer rod also helps to submerged applications provided that they fall
transmit the tooling force of the sealant to into the same ASTM C90 categories as listed
achieve bond to the tile edges. Polyethylene under silicone sealants.
bond breaker tape can be used for thin bed
Acrylic – Typically, acrylic sealants are used for
applications where backer rod cannot be
interior non-wet areas. Therefore, the physical
utilized. The polyethylene bond breaker tape
properties of acrylic sealants/caulks preclude
also helps to prevent three-sided bond.
their use in water features and submerged
Typical back up strip materials are flexible and applications.
compressible and fall into one of the following
categories:
n losed Cell Foam Polyethylene (Best For
C
Submerged and Wet Area Applications)
n Butyl Rubber
n Open Cell Polyurethane
n Closed Cell Polyurethane
Figure 7.16 – Waterproofing liquid is applied onto the sides
Silicone – Single component, mildew resistant and into the expansion joints.
100% silicone sealants are suitable for use
in submerged water feature applications. An
example of this type of sealant is LATICRETE
Latasil™.
ensuring the long-term performance of the cement and graded aggregates for leveling or
installation system. thick bed applications from 1/8" to 2" (3 mm
Protection of Completed Tile and Grout to 50 mm) thick. Use with LATICRETE 3701
Installation – The completed tile and grout Mortar Admix for high strength leveling and
installation must also be protected from concrete patches.
construction traffic, debris from other trades Waterproofing Membrane – LATICRETE 9235
and the elements until all the installation Waterproofing Membrane or LATICRETE
components reach their full cure. In many Hydro Ban™
cases, latex fortified portland cement mortars LATICRETE 9235 Waterproofing Membrane is
and grouts require a minimum 14 day cure at a thin, flexible, load bearing, liquid applied,
70°F (21°C) after the final grouting period. fabric reinforced waterproofing membranes.
Epoxy adhesives and grouts require a minimum LATICRETE Hydro Ban™ is a thin, flexible,
10 day cure at 70°F (21°C) after the final load bearing, liquid applied waterproofing
grouting period. If the completed installation is membrane that does not require the use of
exposed to the elements, it should be tented fabric in most situations. Both LATICRETE 9235
and shaded during this time frame to ensure Waterproofing Membrane and LATICRETE
a proper cure. Hydro Ban help minimize efflorescence
and deterioration of underlying assembly
7.8 Typical Renders and Details for components by eliminating damaging water
Swimming Pool and Water Features infiltration. Both membranes are applied with
Surface Preparation – LATICRETE® 3701 a paint roller or brush, are non-flammable
Fortfied Mortar Bed; or, LATICRETE 3701 and have no significant odor. Both LATICRETE
Mortar Admix mixed with LATICRETE 226
9235 Waterproofing Membrane and LATICRETE
Thick Bed Mortar
Hydro Ban are IAPMO and ICC approved as
LATICRETE® 3701 Fortified Mortar Bed is a shower pan liners and carry an “Extra Heavy”
polymer fortified blend of carefully selected service rating per ASTM C627(TCNA).
polymers, portland cement and graded
Consult LATICRETE Product data sheets for full
aggregates. LATICRETE 3701 Fortified Mortar installation instructions. Consult the LATICRETE website at
Bed does not require the use of latex admix. www.laticrete.com for latest information.
LATICRETE 3701 Forttified Maortar Bed is
designed to mix with water only and provides
exceptional working properties and exceptional
performance characteristics.
LATICRETE 3701 Mortar Admix is a specially
designed latex additive for use in cement
leveling mortars and mortar beds. LATICRETE
3701 Mortar Admix is used in place of water to
improve the uniformity, workability and physical
properties of any mortar bed installation.
Economical and versatile, LATICRETE 3701
Mortar Admix can be used for patching, leveling
and fortifying mortar beds. A mortar bed mixed
with LATICRETE 3701 Mortar Admix is thermal
shock, chemical and frost resistant.
LATICRETE 226 Thick Bed Mortar is a factory
prepared blend of high strength portland
7.9 Warranty
Laticrete International, Inc. offers the most
comprehensive systems warranty in the
tile and stone installation industry. Please
refer to the LATICRETE 25 Year System
Warranty (DS 025.0) in Section 12.1 for more
information. Please visit www.laticrete.com
for the most recent copies of these
documents.
†
United States Patent No.: 6881768 (and other Patents).
^
nited States Patent No.: 6784229 B2 (and other
U
Patents).
8.1 Tile Installation Materials In the unbonded mortar bed type, a cleavage
Performance and Selection Criteria membrane is placed over the substrate. The
The information contained in Section 7 is cleavage membrane can take the form of
applicable to the leveling mortars, floating 15 lb builders felt, 6 mil thick polyethylene
mortars, adhesive mortars, waterproofing/ sheeting or a waterproofing membrane.
anti-fracture membranes, grouting materials Half of the mortar bed thickness, consisting
and sealant performance and selection criteria of LATICRETE® 3701 Fortified Mortar Bed
required for pool decks. Please refer to Section or LATICRETE 226 Thick Bed Mortar mixed
7 for this information. Some natatoriums may with LATICRETE 3701 Mortar Admix, is
include spas or steam rooms. For detailed placed over the cleavage membrane. Next,
information on how to design and install tile a galvanized, welded wire mesh complying
in these applications, refer to the Tiled Steam with ANSI A108.02 3.7 is placed as close to
Room and Steam Shower Technical Design the middle of the mortar bed as possible. This
Manual published by LATICRETE International, will allow the mortar bed to achieve maximum
Inc. and is available at www.laticrete.com tensile strength resistance. The rest of the
mortar bed is then placed over the wire. At this
8.2 Methods of Installation point, the mortar bed is compacted, screeded,
The same methods of installation outlined in leveled, and pitched as required.
Section 7 apply to pool deck tile installations
as well. Tile and stone can be installed by
utilizing the thin bed, medium bed and thick
bed methods on pool decks. It is important
to note that unbonded wire-reinforced thick
bed mortars can be used on pool decks. The
installation of unbonded thick bed mortars in
areas not subjected to freeze/thaw conditions
may be suitable for exterior use when Figure 8.1 – Example of a non-bonded, wire reinforced mortar
bed. Wire mesh is placed in the middle of the mortar bed and
appropriate precautions are taken, including lapped together to ensure continuity.
proper expansion joint placement, proper
Once the mortar bed is properly installed, it
slope to drain of 1/4" per ft (6 mm per 300 mm)
can either be allowed to cure, or the tiles/
and a waterproofing membrane.1 Unbonded
pavers can be installed (wet set) into the fresh
thick bed mortar bed assemblies cannot be
mortar bed.
used within the water feature tank itself. Refer
to Section 7 for in depth information on the If a waterproofing or anti-fracture membrane
following application method types: is required, the mortar bed should be allowed
to harden for at least 48 hours at 70°F (21°C)
n Thin Bed Method
or until sufficiently dry. Refer to the specific
n Medium Bed Method membrane data sheet for more information on
n Thick Bed (Bonded methods) acceptable moisture levels. If the unbonded
Unbonded Type (Pool Decks and other mortar bed is being installed in an exterior
Non-Submerged Applications) – Unbonded application, the mortar bed must be protected
floor mortar beds can be used on pool decks from rain and moisture, allowing the mortar bed
and other areas around water features that to dry sufficiently prior to the application of a
are not subject to continuous underwater waterproofing and/or anti-fracture membrane.
submersion. Cooler temperatures require longer cure time
prior to installation of the waterproofing or
anti-fracture membrane. Protection from wind
and direct sunlight is also good practice that [50mm] thick) reinforced with an ANSI A108.02
will lead to help promote curing of the mortar 3.7 compliant wire mesh, is placed onto the
bed. Consult product data sheet for specific LATICRETE Drain Mat and allowed to dry. The
guidelines. installation must be protected from exposure
If the option to bond the tiles to the fresh to water at this point to allow the installation
mortar bed is desired, a slurry bond coat is of the waterproofing membrane onto the
required. A trowel applied slurry bond coat mortar bed. The mortar bed must be allowed
consisting of LATICRETE 254 Platinum or to dry sufficiently prior to installation of the
LATICRETE 211 Powder gauged with LATICRETE waterproofing membrane (e.g. LATICRETE
4237 Latex Additive slurry is preferred over the Hydro Ban or LATICRETE 9235 Waterproofing
conventional dusting with dry portland cement Membrane). Check the installation instructions
and wetting with water method. The preferred or product data sheets of LATICRETE Hydro Ban
method provides complete contact with the or LATICRETE 9235 Waterproofing Membrane
bonding slurry and reduces the chances of for allowable moisture vapor emission
hollow and drummy sounding areas. rate levels. Once the mortar bed is dry the
installation of the waterproofing membrane
can commence. Once the membrane is cured,
tile or stone can be installed using LATICRETE
254 Platinum and grouted using LATICRETE
PermaColor Grout.
8.3 Waterproofing/Anti-Fracture
Membranes
Figure 8.2 – Tile mechanic screeding an unbonded mortar Many anti-fracture and waterproofing
bed. membranes can be applied over concrete,
The tile is then placed into the wet slurry bond mortar beds, and cement backer board. Some
coat and tapped into place and leveled with waterproofing membranes serve as both
adjacent tile. waterproofing and anti-fracture membranes
(e.g. LATICRETE 9235 Waterproofing Membrane
Once the tiles are installed, they should be
or LATICRETE Hydro Ban™) and are ideal for
allowed to cure for a minimum of 24 hours at
use on decks, locker rooms, showers, steam
70°F (21°C) prior to grouting. The use of a high
rooms and other areas commonly found in
performance epoxy based grout (e.g. LATICRETE
natatoriums or recreational water facilities.
SpectraLOCK® PRO Grout† or LATAPOXY® SP-
100) is recommended for interior pool and The installation of waterproofing is covered
natatorium decks. under ANSI A108.13, Installation of Load
Bearing, Bonded, Waterproof Membranes for
LATICRETE Plaza and Deck System is
Thin-set Ceramic Tile and Dimension Stone, and
recommended for installations of tile or stone
crack isolation is covered under ANSI A108.17,
on exterior pool decks located over occupied
Installation of Crack Isolation Membranes.
space. LATICRETE Plaza and Deck System
The product standards for waterproofing can
incorporates LATICRETE Drain Mat placed over
be found under ANSI A118.10 and the product
a primary roofing type membrane on a properly
standards for crack isolation membranes can
pre-pitched surface. A mortar bed consisting
be found under ANSI A118.12.
of LATICRETE 3701 Fortfied Mortar Bed; or,
LATICRETE 226 Thick Bed Mortar gauged with Membranes that are used on areas outside
LATICRETE 3701 Mortar Admix (minimum 2" of the pool tank should also meet the same
performance criteria outlined in Section 7 for
submerged applications. Pool decks and other Epoxy Resin Adhesives – LATAPOXY® 300
natatorium areas will be subjected to many Adhesive is also an ideal product for deck
if not all of the same conditions that the areas. LATAPOXY 300 Adhesive can not only
submerged areas are exposed to. In many withstand chemical attack, but can also provide
cases, the waterproofing/anti-fracture the desired level of adhesion and strength
membrane can be carried from within the water to tiles and stones that cannot be installed
feature tank out onto the deck areas and then with polymer fortified or liquid latex fortified
carried up the walls that surround the decks mortars. Examples of these finish types can
to create a totally waterproof application. include moisture sensitive stone, resin backed
Since the membranes must accommodate tile and stone, and resin agglomerate stone
various transitions, thin load bearing liquid types to mention a few. The tile or stone finish
applied types are excellent choices for type should be suitable for the area of use.
these applications (e.g. LATICRETE® 9235
8.5 Grout
Waterproofing Membrane or LATICRETE Hydro
Importance – As is the case in any tile or stones
Ban™).
installation, the grout is the most visible
8.4 Tile Setting Mortars and most scrutinized part of the installation
Pool decks are exposed to unique factors not system. The grout in pool deck and natatorium
typically found in the submerged areas. The areas is subject to many of the same elements
adhesive mortars must also be able to deal and factors that are found in submerged
with potentially greater expansive forces than applications. In addition, the grout must also
are typically found within the submerged be able to remain colorfast and maintain its
areas. Therefore, the adhesive mortars and performance integrity when subjected to ultra
grouting materials must be able to withstand violet rays and the thermal forces found in
these demands in addition to providing all of external applications (e.g. freeze/thaw and
the performance properties of the materials thermal shock resistance).
used in the submerged areas. Epoxy Grout – Both LATICRETE SpectraLOCK®
Redispersible Polymer Fortified Cement PRO Grout† and LATAPOXY SP-100 are ideal
Mortar and Liquid Latex Fortified Cement choices for interior pool decks, natatorium
Mortar – The use of high performance areas, showers, steam rooms, and bathrooms.
redispersible polymer fortified cement mortar These grouts offer both lower water absorption
and liquid latex fortified cement mortar rates and improved chemical resistance when
designed for use in submerged applications and compared to traditional cement based grouts.
freeze thaw applications are the tile adhesive Epoxy grouts are immune to the typical attack
mortars of choice for these applications. that traditional cement based grouts can face.
LATICRETE 254 Platinum mixed with potable Therefore, the life cycle cost for these materials
water or LATICRETE 211 Powder gauged with is much lower than traditional latex cement
LATICRETE 4237 Latex Additive are ideal based grouts which may require periodic re-
choices for these applications. These products grouting due to erosion caused by pH and
are formulated to have high adhesive strength mineral imbalances, and different forms of
while providing the flexibility, freeze/thaw chemical attack.
resistance and other characteristics required Polymer Fortified and Latex Cement Grout –
of adhesive mortars used for ceramic tile and LATICRETE PermaColor™ Grout is an excellent
stone installations in natatoriums, and exterior product that is found in this family type. It is
and interior pool deck applications. important to note that cement based grout
products have limited chemical resistance and suitable substrates. In addition, LATICRETE
are generally only used where no exposure 254 Platinum provides easy workability and
to chemical attack occurs. If a cement based exceptional bond strength when installing
grout is selected for a pool deck or other difficult to bond porcelain or glass tile.
areas found in natatoriums, careful detail to When mixed with LATICRETE 221 Powder,
the maintenance regimen is a must. At times LATICRETE 4237 Latex Additive this latex,
the extra cost associated with additional thin-bed mortar provides uniform, flexible
maintenance of a cement based grout used in and high strength performance. Ideal for
a water feature can be offset with the selection bonding ceramic tile, porcelain tile, thin brick,
and use of an epoxy grout that will greatly and stone and is chemical, thermal shock and
reduce the maintenance required. freeze/thaw resistant. LATICRETE 211 Powder
8.6 Sealants gauged with LATICRETE 4237 Latex Additive
Sealants used on pool decks and in natatorium can be used over concrete, concrete masonry
areas are subjected to a host of movement units, brick, cement backer board, and gypsum
related issues. Refer to Section 7 for more wallboard.
information. In addition, to the exposure LATICRETE 211 Powder gauged with LATICRETE
outlined in section 7, sealants on pool decks 4237 Latex Additive makes an excellent slurry
must also be able to withstand movement bond coat for use with thick bed mortars, and,
associated with thermal stresses (e.g. is non-corrosive, non-hazardous and non-
freeze/thaw and thermal shock). Sealants flammable.
must also hold up to ultra violet exposure
while maintaining flexibility and retaining its
performance properties.
LATICRETE Latasil™ along with LATICRETE
9118 Primer (if required) is an ideal choice for
these applications. A suitable backer rod or
bond breaker tape should be used along with
the sealant. Section 7 contains much more
information on how to install the sealant in
conjunction with the waterproofing/anti-
fracture membrane and the finish materials.
Figure 8.4 – Tiled pool deck trench drain and pool tank
transition.
Figure 8.3 – Thick Bed Floor / Waterproofing System with
drain detailing.
W. American Society For Testing And Materials HH. American Society For Testing And Materials
(ASTM) C905 Standard Test Method for (ASTM) D4716 Standard Test Method for
Apparent Density of Chemical-Resistant Determining the (In Plane) Flow Rate Per
Mortars, Grouts, and Monolithic Surfacings Unit Width and Hydraulic Transmissivity of
X. American Society For Testing And Materials a Geo-synthetic Using a Constant Head
(ASTM) C920 Standard Specification for II. American Society For Testing And Materials
Elastomeric Joint Sealants (ASTM) E84 Standard Test Method for
Y. American Society For Testing And Materials Surface Burning Characteristics of Building
(ASTM) C955 Standard Specification for Load Materials
Bearing (Transverse and Axial) Steel Studs, JJ. American Society For Testing And Materials
Runners (Tracks), and Bracing or Bridging (ASTM) E90 Standard Test Method for
for Screw Application of Gypsum Board and Laboratory Measurement of Airborne Sound
Metal Plaster Bases Transmission Loss of Building Partitions
Z. American Society For Testing And Materials KK. American Society For Testing And Materials
(ASTM) D226 Standard Specification for (ASTM) E96 Standard Test Methods for
Asphalt-Saturated Organic Felt Used in Water Vapor Transmission of Materials
Roofing And Waterproofing LL. American Society For Testing And Materials
AA. American Society For Testing And Materials (ASTM) E413 Standard Classification for
(ASTM) D227 Standard Specification for Rating Sound Insulation
Coal-Tar Saturated Organic Felt Used in MM. American Society For Testing And Materials
Roofing and Waterproofing (ASTM) E492 Standard Test Method
BB. American Society For Testing And Materials for Laboratory Measurement of Impact
(ASTM) D751 Standard Test Method for Sound Transmission Through Floor-Ceiling
Coated Fabrics Assemblies Using the Tapping Machine
CC. American Society For Testing And Materials NN. American Society For Testing And Materials
(ASTM) D751 Standard Test Method for (ASTM) E989 Standard Classification for
Rubber Property - Durometer Hardness Determination of Impact Insulation Class
DD. American Society For Testing And Materials (IIC)
(ASTM) D1248 Standard Test Method for OO. American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Staining of Porous Substances by Joint (ASME) – ASME A112.6.3 Floor and Trench
Sealants Drains
EE. American Society For Testing And Materials PP. Canadian Sheet Steel Building Institute
(ASTM) D2240 Standard Test Method for (CSSBI) Lightweight Steel Framing Binder
Coated Fabrics {Publication 52M}
FF. American Society For Testing And Materials QQ. Federal Housing Administration (FHA)
(ASTM) D4263 Standard Test Method for Bulletin No. 750 Impact Noise Control in
Indicating Moisture in Concrete by The Multifamily Dwellings
Plastic Sheet Method RR. Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
GG. American Society For Testing And Materials TS 28 A Guide to Airborne, Impact
(ASTM) D4397 Standard Specification for and Structure-borne Noise-Control in
Polyethylene Sheeting for Construction, Multifamily Dwellings
Industrial and Agricultural Applications SS. Materials And Methods Standards
Association (MMSA) Bulletins 1-16
TT. Metal Lath/Steel Framing Association a. Manufacturing plant locations for tile
(ML/SFA) 540 Lightweight Steel Framing installation products.
Systems Manual b. LEED Credits as listed in Part 1.4B “LEED
UU. Steel Stud Manufacturers Association Credit Submittals”
(SSMA) Product Technical Information and 2. GREENGUARD Environmental Institute
ICBO Evaluation Service, Inc. Report ER- certificates or GreenGuard Environmental
4943P Institute Children & Schools certificates
VV. Terrazzo, Tile And Marble Association Of provided by the tile installation materials
Canada (TTMAC) Specification Guide 09300 manufacturer on GREENGUARD letter-
Tile Installation Manual head stating “This product has been
WW. Tile Council Of North America (TCNA) GREENGUARD Indoor Air Quality Certified®
Handbook For Ceramic Tile Installation by the GREENGUARD Environmental
Institute under the GREENGUARD Standard
XX. United States Green Building Council
for Low Emitting Products” for each tile
(USGBC) LEED Reference Guide for Green
installation product used to verify Low VOC
Building Design and Construction
product information.
YY. U
nited States Green Building Council
3. Contractor’s certification of LEED
(USGBC) LEED Schools Reference Guide
Compliance: Submit Contractor’s
NOTE TO SPECIFIER: Edit for applicable reference
certification verifying the installation of
standards.
specified LEED Compliant products.
1.10 System Description 4. Product Cut Sheets for all materials that
A. Ceramic mosaic floor tile installed over meet the LEED performance criteria.
concrete floor slabs using latex-modified Submit Product Cut Sheets with Contractor
Portland cement mortar and latex Portland or Subcontractor’s stamp, as confirmation
cement grout joints. that submitted products were installed on
B. Quarry tile and base installed using latex Project.
modified portland cement mortar over a 5. Material Safety Data Sheets for all
plastic portland cement mortar bed or over a applicable products.
cured (pre-floated) portland cement mortar B. LEED Credit Submittals for the following;
bed with epoxy grouted joints.
1. LEED Construction Guide for Green
NOTE TO SPECIFIER: The above systems are example
descriptions; edit for additional applicable systems.
Building Design and Construction, 2009
Edition Credit EQ 4.1: Manufacturer’s
1.11 Submittals product data for tile installation materials,
NOTE TO SPECIFIER: Edit for applicable requirements. including GREENGUARD Certificate on
GREENGUARD letterhead stating product
A. Submittal Requirements: Submit the
VOC content.
following “Required LEED Criteria”
certification items as listed below. Refer to 2. LEED Construction Guide for Green
Division 1 for additional requirements: Building Design and Construction, 2009
Edition Credit EQ 4.3: Manufacturer’s
1. A completed LEED Environmental Building
product data for tile installation materials,
Materials Certification Form. Information
including GREENGUARD Certificate on
to be supplied generally includes:
GREENGUARD letterhead stating product
VOC content.
3. LEED Construction Guide for Green Building 9. LEED Schools Reference Guide (Educational
Design and Construction, 2009 Edition Projects Only), 2007 Edition Credit EQ
Credit MR 2.1: (Divert 50% from Disposal) 9 (Enhanced Acoustical Performance):
Manufacturer’s packaging showing recycle Impact noise reduction test reports and
symbol for appropriate disposition in product data on sound control product(s).
construction waste management. 10. LEED Schools Reference Guide
4. LEED Construction Guide for Green Building (Educational Projects Only), 2007
Design and Construction, 2009 Edition Edition Credit EQ 10 (Mold Prevention):
Credit MR 2.1: (Divert 75% from Disposal) Manufacturer’s packaging and/or data
Manufacturer’s packaging showing recycle showing anti-microbial protection in
symbol for appropriate disposition in product(s).
construction waste management. C. Submit shop drawings and manufacturers'
5. LEED Construction Guide for Green Building product data under provisions of Section
Design and Construction, 2009 Edition (01300) (01340)
Credit MR 4.1: Manufacturer’s product D. Submit samples of each type/style/finish/
data showing post-consumer and/or pre- size/color of ceramic tile, mosaic, paver,
consumer recycled content. trim unit or threshold under provisions of
6. LEED Construction Guide for Green Building Section (01300) (01340)
Design and Construction, 2009 Edition E. Submit manufacturers' installation
Credit MR 4.2: Manufacturer’s product instructions under provisions of Section
data showing post-consumer and/or pre- (01300) (01340)
consumer recycled content.
F. Submit manufacturer's certification under
7. L EED Construction Guide for Green provisions of Section (01405) that the
Building Design and Construction, 2009 materials supplied conform to ANSI A137.1.
Edition Credit MR 5.1 (10% Extracted,
G. Submit proof of warranty.
Processed and Manufactured Regionally):
Product data indicating location of material H. Submit sample of installation system
manufacturer for regionally manufactured demonstrating compatibility/functional
materials. relationships between adhesives, mortars,
grouts and other components under
a. Include statement indicating cost and
provision of Section (01300) (01340). Submit
distance from manufacturer to Project for
proof from tile or stone manufacturer or
each regionally manufactured product.
supplier verifying suitability of tile or stone
8. L EED Construction Guide for Green for specific application and use; including
Building Design and Construction, 2009 dimensional stability, water absorption,
Edition Credit MR 5.2 (20% Extracted, freeze/thaw resistance (if applicable),
Processed and Manufactured Regionally): resistance to thermal cycling, and other
Product data indicating location of material characteristics that the may project may
manufacturer for regionally manufactured require. These characteristics must be
materials. reviewed and approved by the project
a. Include statement indicating cost and design professional(s).
distance from manufacturer to Project for I. Submit list from manufacturer of installation
each regionally manufactured product. system/adhesive/mortar/grout identifying a
minimum of three (3) similar projects, each
with a minimum of ten (10) years service.
100 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
C. Maintain ambient temperatures not less and other installation materials shall provide
than 50°F (10°C) or more than 100°F (38°C) a written ten (10) year warranty, which covers
during installation and for a minimum of replacement of LATICRETE products only –
seven (7) days after completion. Setting reference LATICRETE Warranty Data Sheet
of portland cement is retarded by low 230.15 for complete details and requirements.
temperatures. Protect work for extended
1.19 Maintenance
period of time and from damage by other
Submit maintenance data under provisions
trades. Installation with latex portland
of Section 01730. Include cleaning methods,
cement mortars requires substrate, ambient
cleaning solutions recommended, stain
and material temperatures at least 37°F
removal methods, as well as polishes and
(3°C). There should be no ice in slab.
waxes recommended.
Freezing after installation will not damage
latex portland cement mortars. Protect 1.20 Extra Materials Stock
portland cement based mortars and grouts Upon completion of the work of this Section,
from direct sunlight, radiant heat, forced deliver to the Owner 2% minimum additional
ventilation (heat and cold) and drafts until tile and trim shape of each type, color, pattern
cured to prevent premature evaporation of and size used in the Work, as well as extra
moisture. Epoxy mortars and grouts require stock of adhesives, mortars, grouts and other
surface temperatures between 60°F (16°C) installation materials for the Owner's use in
and 90°F (32°C) at time of installation. It is replacement and maintenance. Extra stock is
the General Contractor’s responsibility to to be from same production run or batch as
maintain temperature control. original tile and installation materials.
1.17 Sequencing and Scheduling Part 2 – Products
A. C
oordinate installation of tile work with
2.1 Tile Manufacturers
related work.
Subject to compliance with paragraphs 1.12 and
B. Proceed with tile work only after curbs, performance requirements, provide products
vents, drains, piping, and other projections by one of the following manufacturers:
through substrate have been installed and
NOTE TO SPECIFIER: Provide list of acceptable tile
when substrate construction and framing of manufacturers.
openings have been completed.
2.2 Wall Tile Materials
NOTES FOR SPECIFIER: Edit for project specific sequence
and scheduling. NOTE TO SPECIFIER: Edit for each tile type.
A. Ceramic Tile
1.18 Warranty
The Contractor warrants the work of this B. Grade:
Section to be in accordance with the Contract C. Size:
Documents and free from faults and defects D. Edge
in materials and workmanship for a period
E. Finish:
of 25 years. The manufacturer of adhesives,
mortars, grouts and other installation materials F. Color
shall provide a written twenty five (25) year G. Special shapes
warranty, which covers materials and labor – H. Location:
reference LATICRETE Warranty Data Sheet
025.0 for complete details and requirements.
For exterior facades over steel or wood framing,
the manufacturer of adhesives, mortars, grouts
102 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 103
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
D. W
ire Reinforcing: 2" x 2" (50 x 50 mm) x 16 1. Service Rating (ASTM C627): Extra Heavy
ASW gauge or 0.0625" (1.6 mm) diameter 2. Delta Impact Insulation Class (ΔIIC; ASTM
galvanized steel welded wire mesh E2179): 15
complying with ANSI A108.02 3.7, ASTM
3. Point Load (ANSI A118.12 5.2): >1000 psi
A185 and ASTM A82.
(6.9 MPa)
E. Cleavage membrane: 15 pound asphalt
4. Minimum Shear Bond Strength (ANSI
saturated, non-perforated roofing felt
A118.12): 100psi (0.7 MPa)
complying with ASTM D226, 15 pound coal
tar saturated, non-perforated roofing felt C. Moisture Vapor Reduction to be epoxy based
complying with ASTM D227 or 4.0 mils and GreenGuard compliant as well as meet
(0.1 mm) thick polyethylene plastic film the following physical requirements:
complying with ASTM D4397. 1. Shear Bond to Concrete (ANSI A118.12–
F. C
ementitious backer board units: size and 5.1.5): >285 psi (2.0 MPa)
thickness as specified, complying with ANSI 2. Alkalinity Resistance (ASTM C267): Pass
A118.9. 3. Permeability (ASTM F1869): 9.7 lbs/1,000
G. Thresholds: Provide marble saddles ft2/24 hours down to 0.2 lbs/1,000
complying with ASTM C241 for abrasion ft2/24hours (248 µg/s•m2 down to 11 µg/
resistance and ASTM C503 for exterior s•m2)
use, in color, size, shape and thickness as D. Latex Portland Cement Mortar for thick
indicated on drawings. beds, screeds, leveling beds and scratch/
NOTE TO SPECIFIER: Edit applicable tile installation plaster coats to be weather, frost, shock
accessories. resistant and meet the following physical
requirements:
2.6 Performance Specification – Tile
Installation Materials 1. C
ompressive Strength (ANSI A118.4
A. Sound Abatement and Crack Isolation Mat Modified): >4000 psi (27.6 MPa)
shall be load bearing, shock and vibration 2. Water Absorption (ANSI A118.6): ≤5%
resistant. It shall be certified by independent 3. Service Rating (TCA/ASTM C627): Extra
laboratory testing to meet the specified Heavy
acoustical performance when installed in a
4. Smoke and Flame Contribution (ASTM E84
Floor Assembly with a 6" (150 mm) concrete
Modified): 0
slab, as well as meet the following physical
requirements: 5. Total VOC Content: <0.05 mg/m3
104 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 105
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
2.8 Proprietary Specification – Tile † United States Patent No.: 6881768 (amd other
Patents).
Installation Materials
Installation materials as manufactured by ^ United States Patent No.: 6784229 B2 (and other
LATICRETE International, Inc., Patents).
1 LATICRETE Park North, ** G
REENGUARD Indoor Air Quality Certified® and
Bethany, CT 06524-3423 USA. GREENGUARD for Schools & Children Indoor Air
Phone 800.243.4788, Quality Certified Product
www.laticrete.com; www.laticrete.com/green
A. Latex Portland Cement Mortar for thick beds,
screeds, leveling beds and scratch/plaster
coats: LATICRETE 3701 Fortified Mortar
Bed** as manufactured by LATICRETE
International, Inc.
B. Moisture Vapor Reduction: LATAPOXY
312 Vapor Reduction Membrane** as
manufactured by LATICRETE International,
Inc.
C. Epoxy Adhesive: LATAPOXY 300
Adhesive** as manufactured by LATICRETE
International, Inc.
D. Latex Portland Cement Thin Bed Mortar:
LATICRETE 254 Platinum** as manufactured
by LATICRETE International, Inc.
D. Sound & Crack Isolation Adhesive:
LATICRETE 125 Sound & Crack Adhesive** as
manufactured by LATICRETE International,
Inc.
E. Organic Adhesive: LATICRETE 15 Premium
Mastic as manufactured by LATICRETE
International, Inc.
F. Epoxy Grout (Industrial): LATAPOXY 2000
Industrial Grout** as manufactured by
LATICRETE International, Inc.
G. E
poxy Grout (Commercial/Residential):
LATICRETE SpectraLOCK® PRO Grout†** as
manufactured by LATICRETE International,
Inc.
H. Latex Portland Cement Grout: LATICRETE
PermaColor™ Grout^** as manufactured by
LATICRETE International, Inc.
I. Expansion and Control Joint Sealant:
LATICRETE Latasil™ as manufactured by
LATICRETE International, Inc.
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 107
Section 9 – 9.2 P601 Concrete – Swimming Pool Tank
intended use and necessary allowances 2. Wood float finished, or better, if the
for the expected live load, concentrated installation is to be done by the thin bed
load, impact load, and dead load including method;
the weight of the finish and installation C. Advise General Contractor and Architect of
materials; any surface or substrate conditions requiring
3. Clean and free of dust, dirt, oil, grease, correction before tile work commences.
sealers, curing compounds, laitance, Beginning of work constitutes acceptance of
efflorescence, form oil, loose plaster, paint, substrate or surface conditions.
and scale;
3.2 Surface Preparation
4. Thin-set tile installations have a specified
A. Concrete Substrates – Concrete surface
subsurface tolerance, for instance 1/4" in
preparation shall be in accord with ACI 302.
10' (6 mm in 3 m) and 1/16" in 1' (1.5 mm
Sound and remove all loose concrete to
in 300 mm), to conform with the ANSI
firm substrate. Concrete surfaces shall be
specifications. Because thin-set is not
roughened to a concrete surface profile (CSP)
intended to be used in truing or leveling
of 3 to 5 (per ICRI CSP Standards 7 to 9 for
the work of others, the subsurface typically
acceptable profile height). Thoroughly wash/
should not vary by more than 1/16" over
rinse with clean potable water. Surface defects
1' (1.5 mm over 300 mm), nor more than
or holes in the substrate shall be patched per
1/32" (0.8 mm) between adjoining edges
manufacturer’s recommendations.
where applicable (e.g. between sheets
of exterior glue plywood or between (Insert any Special Means of Preparation
adjacent concrete masonry units). in addition to the surface preparation
Should the architect/designer require a requirements listed in § 3.1)
more stringent tolerance (e.g. 1/8" in 10' B. (List other Substrates as required and means
[3 mm in 3 m]), the subsurface specification of preparation as required)
must reflect that tolerance, or the tile (Insert any Special Means of Preparation
specification must include a specific and in addition to the surface preparation
separate requirement to bring the 1/4" requirements listed in § 3.1)
(6 mm) subsurface tolerance into
108 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 9 – 9.2 P601 Concrete – Swimming Pool Tank
C. At the conclusion of all surface preparation LATICRETE Technical Data Sheets: 105, 106,
and prior to the installation of tile, measure 114, 115, 118, 122, 130, 192, 199, 204
the pH level of the substrate. Tile work will C. Bonded Thick Bed Method (Horizontal
not commence until the pH has a value of 10 Surfaces): Verify 1" (25 mm) nominal
or less. bed thickness has been allowed. Apply
NOTE TO SPECIFIER: Edit substrate and preparation section LATICRETE 254 Platinum with flat trowel as a
based on project specific surfaces and conditions. slurry bond coat approximately 1/16" (1.5 mm)
3.3 Installation – Accessories thick over clean concrete slab in compliance
with current revision of ANSI A108.1A (2.2 and
NOTE TO SPECIFIER: Edit section based on project specific
conditions. 5.2). Place LATICRETE 3701 Fortified Mortar
Bed mixed with water over slurry bond coat
3.4 Installation – Tile, Brick and Stone while LATICRETE 254 Platinum slurry bond
A. General: Install in accordance with current coat is wet and tacky. Omit reinforcing wire
versions of American National Standards fabric and fully compact bed by tamping.
Institute, Inc. (ANSI) “A108 American Spread LATICRETE 254 Platinum with flat
National Standard Specifications for trowel over surface of "green"/fresh mortar
Installation of Ceramic Tile” and TCNA bed as a slurry bond coat approximately
“Handbook for Ceramic Tile Installation.” 1/16" (1.5 mm) thick. Apply LATICRETE 254
Cut and fit ceramic tile, brick or stone neatly Platinum slurry bond coat to back of ceramic
around corners, fittings, and obstructions. tile, mosaic, paver, brick, stone, trim unit or
Perimeter pieces to be minimum half tile, threshold and place each piece/sheet while
brick or stone. Chipped, cracked, split slurry bond coats are wet and tacky. Beat
pieces and edges are not acceptable. Make with a hardwood block or rubber mallet to
joints even, straight, plumb and of uniform level/imbed pieces before mortar bed takes
width to tolerance +/- 1/16" over 8' (1.5 mm initial set. Clean excess mortar/adhesive
in 2.4 m). Install divider strips at junction of from finished surfaces. For installation of
flooring and dissimilar materials. tile, brick or stone over cured (pre-floated)
B. Pre-float Method (Walls): Over clean, latex-portland cement thick bed mortar,
dimensionally stable and sound concrete follow Thin Bed Method (§ 3.4E).
or masonry substrates, apply latex-portland Use the following LATICRETE System Materials
cement mortar as scratch/leveling coat in LATICRETE 3701 Fortified Mortar Bed
compliance with current revision of ANSI
LATICRETE 254 Platinum
A108.01 (3.2.5, 3.2.6 and 3.3.5) and A108.02
(4.2.2), A108.1A (1.0, 1.4, and 5.1) Float References
surface of scratch/leveling coat plumb, LATICRETE Data Sheets: 100.0; 677.0
true and allow mortar to set until firm. For LATICRETE MSDS: 3701FMB; 254
installation of ceramic tile, mosaic, paver, GREENGUARD Certificates: 3701FMB; 254
brick or stone, follow Thin Bed Method
LATICRETE Technical Data Sheets: 106, 114,
(§ 3.4 E).
115, 128, 143, 192, 199, 204
Use the following LATICRETE® System Materials
D. In addition to installing waterproofing
LATICRETE® 3701 Fortified Mortar Bed
membrane where required, provide proper
References architectural detailing, especially at
LATICRETE Data Sheets: 100.0 critical areas such as any penetrations and
LATICRETE MSDS: 3701FMB copings.
GREENGUARD Certificates: 3701FMB
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 109
Section 9 – 9.2 P601 Concrete – Swimming Pool Tank
NOTE TO SPECIFIER: Adhesives/mastics, mortars and liberal coat* of LATICRETE Hydro Ban around
grouts for ceramic tile, mosaics, pavers, brick and stone
penetration opening. Cover the first coat with
are not replacements for waterproofing membranes and
will not prevent water penetration into occupied or storage a second liberal coat* of LATICRETE Hydro Ban.
spaces below. Drains must be a two-part clamping ring Bring LATICRETE Hydro Ban up to level of tile or
style drains with weepers and as per ASME A112.6.3. Place
stone. When LATICRETE Hydro Ban has dried
tile spacers or gravel around weep holes to prevent mortar
from clogging the weep holes. to the touch seal with LATICRETE Latasil.
Pre-Treat Cracks and Joints – Fill all substrate Main Application – Allow any pre-treated
cracks, cold joints and control joints to a areas to dry to the touch. Apply a liberal coat*
smooth finish using a LATICRETE® latex- of LATICRETE Hydro Ban with a paint brush or
fortified thin-set. Alternatively, a liberal coat* heavy napped roller over substrate including
of LATICRETE Hydro Ban™ applied with a paint pre-treated areas and allow to dry to the touch.
brush or trowel may be used to fill in non- Install another liberal coat* of LATICRETE
structural joints and cracks. Apply a liberal Hydro Ban over the first coat. Let the top coat
coat* of LATICRETE Hydro Ban approximately of LATICRETE Hydro Ban dry to the touch
8" (200 mm) wide over substrate cracks, cold approximately 1 – 2 hours at 70°F (21°C) and
joints, and control joints using a paint brush or 50% RH. When the top coat has dried to the
heavy napped paint roller. touch inspect the surface for pinholes, voids,
thin spots or other defects. LATICRETE Hydro
Pre-Treat Coves and Floor/Wall Intersections –
Ban will dry to an olive green color when fully
Fill all substrate coves and floor/wall
cured. Use additional LATICRETE Hydro Ban to
transitions to a smooth finish and changes in
seal any defects.
plane using a LATICRETE latex-fortified thin-
set. Alternatively, a liberal coat* of LATICRETE Movement Joints – Apply a liberal coat*
Hydro Ban applied with a paint brush or trowel of LATICRETE Hydro Ban, approximately 8"
may be used to fill in cove joints and floor/wall (200 mm) wide over the areas. Then embed
transitions <1/8" (3 mm) in width. Apply a liberal and loop the 6" (150 mm) wide LATICRETE 9235
coat* of LATICRETE Hydro Ban approximately Waterproofing Membrane Reinforcing Fabric
8" (200 mm) wide over substrate cracks, cold and allow the LATICRETE Hydro Ban liquid to
joints, and control joints using a paint brush or bleed through. Immediately top coat with a
heavy napped paint roller. second coat of LATICRETE Hydro Ban.
Pre-Treat Drains – Drains must be of the * Dry coat thickness is 20 – 30 mil (.02 – .03" or .5 – .8 mm);
consumption per coat is approximately .01 gal/ft2 (approx.
clamping ring type, with weepers as per ASME 0.4 l/m2); coverage is approximately 100 ft2 /gal (approx.
A112.6.3. Apply a liberal coat* of LATICRETE 2.5 m2/l). LATICRETE® Waterproofing/Anti-Fracture Fabric
Hydro Ban around and over the bottom half can be used to pre-treat cracks, joints, curves, corners,
drains, and penetrations with LATICRETE Hydro Ban™.
of drain clamping ring. Cover with a second
liberal coat of LATICRETE Hydro Ban. When Protection – Provide protection for newly
the LATICRETE Hydro Ban dries, apply a bead installed membrane, even if covered with a
of LATICRETE Latasil™ where the LATICRETE thin-bed ceramic tile, stone or brick installation
Hydro Ban meets the drain throat. Install the against exposure to rain or other water for a
top half of drain clamping ring. minimum of 24 hours at 70°F (21°C) and 50%
RH. For temperatures between 45°F and 69°F
Pre-Treat Penetrations – Allow for a minimum
(7°C to 21°C) allow a 3 day cure period.
1/8" (3 mm) space between drains, pipes,
lights, or other penetrations and surrounding Flood Testing – Allow membrane to cure fully
ceramic tile, stone or brick. Pack any gaps before flood testing, typically a minimum
around pipes, lights or other penetrations with 2 hours at 70°F (21°C) and 50% RH. Cold
a LATICRETE latex-fortified thin-set. Apply a conditions will require a longer curing time.
110 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 9 – 9.2 P601 Concrete – Swimming Pool Tank
For temperatures between 50°F and 69°F Use the following LATICRETE System Materials
(10°C to 21°C) allow a minimum 24 hour cure LATICRETE 254 Platinum
period prior to flood testing. Please refer to References
LATICRETE TDS 169 “Flood Testing Procedures”, LATICRETE Data Sheet: 677.0
available at www.laticrete.com for flood testing
LATICRETE MSDS: 254
requirements and procedures.
GREENGUARD Certificate: 254
Use the following LATICRETE System Materials
LATICRETE Hydro Ban LATICRETE Technical Data Sheets: 105, 115,
118, 129, 192, 199, 204
References
LATICRETE Detail Drawings: WP300, WP301, F. Grouting or Pointing:
WP302, WP303 NOTE TO SPECIFIER: select one of following and specify
color for each type/color of ceramic tile, mosaic, paver,
LATICRETE Data Sheets: 663.0, 663.5 trim unit:
LATICRETE MSDS: Hydro Ban, Fabric 1. Chemical Resistant, Water Cleanable Tile-
LATICRETE Technical Data Sheets: 169, 203 Grouting Epoxy (ANSI A118.3): Follow
E. Thin Bed Method: At the conclusion of manufacturer‘s recommendations for
all surface preparation and prior to the minimum cure time prior to grouting.
installation of tile, measure the pH level of Store liquid components of LATICRETE
the substrate. Tile work will not commence SpectraLOCK® PRO Grout†* for 24 hours
until the pH has a value of 10 or less. Install at 70–80°F (21–27°C) prior to use to
latex portland cement mortar in compliance facilitate mixing and application. Substrate
with current revisions of ANSI A108.02 temperature must be 40–95°F (4–35°C).
(3.11), A108.1B and ANSI A108.5. Use the Verify joints are free of dirt, debris or grout
appropriate trowel notch size to ensure spacers. Sponge or wipe dust/dirt off tile
proper bedding of the tile, brick or stone faces and remove water standing in joints.
selected. Work the latex portland cement Apply grout release to face of absorptive,
mortar into good contact with the substrate abrasive, non-slip or rough textured
and comb with notched side of trowel. ceramic tile, pavers, bricks, stone or trim
Spread only as much latex portland cement units that are not hot paraffin coated to
mortar as can be covered while the mortar facilitate cleaning. Cut open pouch and pour
surface is still wet and tacky. When installing LATICRETE SpectraLOCK PRO Grout Part A
large format (>8" x 8"/200 mm x 200 mm) Liquid into a clean mixing pail. Then open
tile/stone, rib/button/lug back tiles, pavers pouch and pour LATICRETE SpectraLOCK
or sheet mounted ceramics/mosaics, spread PRO Grout Part B Liquid into the mixing
latex portland cement mortar onto the back pail. Mix by hand or with a slow speed
of (i.e. ‘back-butter’) each piece/sheet in (<300 rpm) mixer until the two liquids
addition to trowelling latex portland cement are well blended. Then, while mixing, add
mortar over the substrate. Beat each piece/ LATICRETE SpectraLOCK PRO Grout Part
sheet into the latex portland cement mortar C Powder and blend until uniform. Install
with a beating block or rubber mallet to LATICRETE SpectraLOCK PRO Grout in
insure full bedding and flatness. Allow compliance with current revisions of ANSI
installation to set until firm. Clean excess A108.02 (3.13) and ANSI A108.6 (3.0 – 4.0).
latex portland cement mortar from tile or Spread using a sharp edged, hard rubber
stone face and joints between pieces. float and work grout into joints. Using
strokes diagonal (at 45° angle) to the grout
lines, pack joints full and free of voids/
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 111
Section 9 – 9.2 P601 Concrete – Swimming Pool Tank
pits. Then hold float face at a 90° angle Use the following LATICRETE System Materials
to grouted surface and use float edge to LATICRETE SpectraLOCK PRO Grout
"squeegee" off excess grout, stroking References
diagonally to avoid pulling grout out of LATICRETE Data Sheets: 685.0, 685.5
filled joints. Once excess grout is removed,
LATICRETE MSDS: Pro Part A, Pro Part B, Part C
a thin film/haze will be left. Initial cleaning
Powder, Cleaning Additive
of the remaining film/haze can begin
approximately 20–30 minutes after grouting GREENGUARD Certificate: PRO
(wait longer at colder temperatures). Begin LATICRETE Technical Data Sheets: 111, 198,
by mixing cleaning additive packet with 212, 400
2 gallons (7.6 l) of clean water in a clean 2. Polymer Fortified Cement Grout (ANSI
bucket to make cleaning solution. Dip a A118.7): Allow ceramic tile, mosaics,
clean sponge into the bucket and then pavers, brick or stone installation to cure
wring out cleaning solution until sponge is a minimum of 24 hours at 70°F (21°C).
damp. Using a circular motion, lightly scrub Verify grout joints are free of dirt, debris
grouted surfaces with the damp sponge to or tile spacers. Sponge or wipe dust/dirt
dissolve grout film/haze. Then drag sponge off veneer face and remove any water
diagonally over the scrubbed surfaces to standing in joints. Apply grout release to
remove froth. Rinse sponge frequently and face of absorptive, abrasive, non-slip or
change cleaning solution at least every 50 ft2 rough textured ceramic tile, pavers, bricks,
(4.7 m2). Discard sponges as they become or trim units that are not hot paraffin
"gummy" with residue. Within one (1) hour coated to facilitate cleaning. Surface
of finishing first cleaning, clean the same temperature must be between 40–90°F
area again following the same procedure (4–32°C). Pour approximately 64 oz
but utilizing a clean white scrub pad and (1.9 l) of clean, potable water into a clean
fresh cleaning solution. Rinse scrub pad mixing container. Add a 25 lb (11.3 kg)
frequently. Drag a clean sponge diagonally bag of LATICRETE PermaColor™ Grout^ to
over the scrubbed surfaces to remove froth. the container while mixing. Mix by hand
Use each side of sponge only once before or with a slow speed mixer to a smooth,
rinsing and change cleaning solution at stiff consistency. Install latex fortified
least every 50 ft2 (4.7m2). Allow cleaned cement grout in compliance with current
areas to dry and inspect tile/stone surface. revisions of ANSI A108.1A (7.0 Grouting
For persistent grout film/haze (within 24 of tile), ANSI A108.02 (4.5 Cleaning tile)
hours), repeat scrubbing procedure with and ANSI A108.10. Dampen dry surfaces
undiluted white vinegar and clean pad. with clean water. Spread using a sharp
Rinse with clean water and allow surface edged, hard rubber float and work grout
to dry. Inspect grout joint for pinholes/ into joints. Using diagonal (at 45° angle to
voids and repair them with freshly mixed direction of grout line) strokes, pack joints
LATICRETE® SpectraLOCK® PRO Grout†. full and free of voids/pits. Hold float face
Cautions: Do not use undiluted white at a 90° angle to grouted surface and use
vinegar on polished marble or limestone float edge to "squeegee" off excess grout,
unless a test spot in an inconspicuous area stroking diagonally to reduce pulling grout
indicates no change in finish appearance; out of filled joints. Initial cleaning can
do not use acid cleaners on epoxy grout begin as soon as grout has become firm,
less than 7 days old. typically 15–20 minutes after grouting at
70°F (21°C). Higher temperatures may
112 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 9 – 9.2 P601 Concrete – Swimming Pool Tank
require faster time to initial cleaning; wider especially in width and depth, with architectural
joints or lower temperatures may require details.
a longer time to initial cleaning. Begin 1. Substrate joints must carry through, full
initial cleaning by lightly dampening the width, to surface of tile, brick or stone.
entire grouted area with a damp sponge.
2. Install expansion joints in tile, brick or
Then wash clean the entire area with a
stone work over construction/cold joints
damp (not wet) sponge. Drag a clean
or control joints in substrates.
towel, dampened with water, or wipe a
clean, dampened sponge, diagonally over 3. Install expansion joints where tile, brick or
the veneer face to remove any grout haze stone abut restraining surfaces (such as
left after “squeegeeing.” Rinse towel/ perimeter walls, curbs, columns), changes
sponge frequently and change rinse water in plane and corners.
at least every 200 ft2 (19 m2). Repeat this 4. Joint width and spacing depends on
cleaning sequence again if grout haze is application – follow TCNA “Handbook
still present. Allow grout joints to become for Ceramic Tile Installation” Detail "EJ-
firm. Buff surface of grout with clean 171 Expansion Joints" or consult sealant
coarse cloth. Inspect joint for pinholes/ manufacturer for recommendation based
voids and repair them with freshly mixed on project parameters.
grout. Within 24 hours, check for remaining 5. Joint width: ≥1/8" (3 mm) and ≤1" (25 mm).
haze and remove it with warm soapy
6. Joint width: depth ~2:1 but joint depth
water and a nylon scrubbing pad, using a
must be ≥1/8" (3 mm) and ≤1/2" (12 mm).
circular motion, to lightly scrub surfaces
and dissolve haze/film. Do not use acid 7. Layout (field defined by joints): 1:1 length:
cleaners on latex portland cement grout width is optimum but must be ≤ 2:1.
less than 10 days old. Remove all contaminants and foreign
material from joint spaces/surfaces, such
NOTE TO SPECIFIER: Select one of following and specify
color for each type/color of ceramic tile, mosaic, paver,
as dirt, dust, oil, water, frost, setting/
trim unit: grouting materials, sealers and old sealant/
1. Latex-portland cement sanded floor grout for joint widths backer. Use LATICRETE Latasil™ 9118
≥1/16" (1.5 mm) and ≤1/2" (12 mm); Primer for underwater and permanent wet
2. Latex-portland cement unsanded grout for soft glazed area applications, or for porous stone (e.g.
tiles and soft/polished stone with joints widths ≤1/8"
(3 mm). limestone, sandstone etc…) installations.
Install appropriate backing material (e.g.
Use the following LATICRETE System Materials closed cell backer rod) based on expansion
LATICRETE PermaColor Grout joint design and as specified in § 07920.
References Apply masking tape to face of tile, brick or
LATICRETE Data Sheets: 250.0 stone veneer. Use caulking gun, or other
LATICRETE MSDS: 2500 applicator, to completely fill joints with
sealant. Within 5–10 minutes of filling
GREENGUARD Certificates: 2500
joint, ‘tool’ sealant surface to a smooth
LATICRETE Technical Data Sheets: 201, 400 finish. Remove masking tape immediately
G. Expansion and Control Joints: Architect after tooling joint. Wipe smears or excess
must specify type of joint and show location sealant off the face of non-glazed tile,
and details on drawings. brick, stone or other absorptive surfaces
Provide control or expansion joints as located immediately.
in contract drawings and in full conformity,
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 113
Section 9 – 9.2 P601 Concrete – Swimming Pool Tank
Use the following LATICRETE System Materials and 14 days for latex-portland cement based
LATICRETE Latasil grout at 70°F (21°C) before filling installation
LATICRETE Latasil 9118 Primer with water. Extend period of protection at lower
temperatures, below 60°F (16°C) and at high
References
relative humidity (>70% RH) due to retarded
LATICRETE Detail Drawings: WP300, WP301,
set times of mortar/adhesives. Replace or
WP302, WP303, EJ-01, EJ-02, EJ-03, EJ-04, EJ-
restore work of other trades damaged or soiled
05, EJ-06, EJ-07, EJ-08, EJ-09, EJ-10, EJ-11, EJ-12,
by work under this section.
EJ-13, EJ-14 (Sealant treatments only)
Filling Pool – Maintain a differential of 10°F
LATICRETE Data Sheets: 6200.1, 6524.1,
(5.5°C) or less between the fill water and
6526.1
substrate temperatures during fill and drain
LATICRETE MSDS: Latasil, Primer cycles, and fill pool with water at rate of 2'
LATICRETE Technical Data Sheets: 211, 252 (600 mm) per 24 hours to allow gradual
H. Adjusting: Correction of defective work for a exposure to water pressure, thermal and
period of one (1) year following substantial moisture differentials. Initial alkalinity of pool
completion, return to job and correct all water is very high from exposure to portland
defective work. Defective work includes, cement based finishes, grouts, and mortars;
without limitation, tiles broken in normal careful and frequent balance is required. Do
abuse due to deficiencies in setting bed, not fill if potential thermal gradients exist (very
loose tiles or grout, and all other defects cold source water, exterior pool exposed to
which may develop as a result of poor several days of solar radiation, etc…).
workmanship. Emptying Pool – empty pool water at rate
of 2' (600 mm) per 24 hours to prevent
3.5 Cleaning
hydrostatic pressure from de-laminating tiles
Clean excess mortar/epoxy from veneer of leveling mortar (in pools without waterproof
surfaces with water before they harden and membrane).
as work progresses. Do not contaminate open
grout/caulk joints while cleaning. Sponge and Reference
wash veneers diagonally across joints. Do not LATICRETE Technical Data Sheet: 192
use acids for cleaning. Polish with clean dry Part 4 – Health and Safety
cloth. Remove surplus materials and leave The use of personal protection such as rubber
premises broom clean. gloves, suitable dust masks, safety glasses
3.6 Protection and industrial clothing is highly recommended.
Protect finished installation under provisions Discarded packaging, product wash and waste
of §01500 and §01535. Close areas to other water should be disposed of as per local, state
trades and traffic until tile being installed or federal regulations.
has set firmly. Keep floors installed with †
nited States Patent No.: 6881768 (and other
U
epoxy adhesive closed to traffic for 24 hrs at Patents).
70°F (21°C), and to heavy traffic for 48 hours ^
United States Patent No.: 6784229 B2 (and other
at 70°F (21°C) unless instructed differently Patents).
by manufacturer. Use kneeling boards, or
equivalent, to walk/work on newly tiled floors.
Cure tile work in swimming pools, fountains
and other continuous immersion applications
for 10 days for epoxy based grout at 70°F (21°C)
114 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 9 – 9.2 P601D Concrete – Direct Bond Thin Bed
NOTE TO SPECIFIER: Edit substrate and preparation section Pre-Treat Drains – Drains must be of the
based on project specific surfaces and conditions.
clamping ring type, with weepers as per ASME
3.3 Installation – Accessories A112.6.3. Apply a liberal coat* of LATICRETE
A. Waterproofing: Hydro Ban around and over the bottom half
of drain clamping ring. Cover with a second
NOTE TO SPECIFIER: Adhesives/mastics, mortars and
grouts for ceramic tile, mosaics, pavers, brick and stone
liberal coat of LATICRETE Hydro Ban. When
are not replacements for waterproofing membranes and the LATICRETE Hydro Ban dries, apply a bead
will not prevent water penetration into occupied or storage of LATICRETE Latasil™ where the LATICRETE
spaces below.
Hydro Ban meets the drain throat. Install the
Install the waterproofing membrane in top half of drain clamping ring.
compliance with current revisions of ANSI Pre-Treat Penetrations – Allow for a minimum
A108.1 (2.7 Waterproofing) and ANSI A108.13. 1/8" (3 mm) space between drains, pipes,
Review the installation and plan the application lights, or other penetrations and surrounding
sequence. ceramic tile, stone or brick. Pack any gaps
Pre-cut LATICRETE® Waterproofing/Anti- around pipes, lights or other penetrations with
Fracture Fabric (if required), allowing 2" (50 mm) a LATICRETE latex-fortified thin-set. Apply a
for overlap at ends and sides to fit the areas as liberal coat* of LATICRETE Hydro Ban around
required. Roll up the pieces for easy handling penetration opening. Cover the first coat with
and placement. Shake or stir LATICRETE Hydro a second liberal coat* of LATICRETE Hydro Ban.
Ban™ before using. Bring LATICRETE Hydro Ban up to level of tile or
Pre-Treat Cracks and Joints – Fill all substrate stone. When LATICRETE Hydro Ban has dried
cracks, cold joints and control joints to a smooth to the touch seal with LATICRETE Latasil.
finish using a LATICRETE latex-fortified thin- Main Application – Allow any pre-treated
set. Alternatively, a liberal coat* of LATICRETE areas to dry to the touch. Apply a liberal coat*
Hydro Ban applied with a paint brush or trowel of LATICRETE Hydro Ban with a paint brush or
may be used to fill in non-structural joints and heavy napped roller over substrate including
cracks. Apply a liberal coat* of LATICRETE pre-treated areas and allow to dry to the touch.
Hydro Ban approximately 8" (200 mm) wide Install another liberal coat* of LATICRETE
over substrate cracks, cold joints, and control Hydro Ban over the first coat. Let the top coat
joints using a paint brush or heavy napped of LATICRETE Hydro Ban dry to the touch
paint roller. approximately 1 – 2 hours at 70°F (21°C) and
Pre-Treat Coves and Floor/Wall Intersections – 50% RH. When the top coat has dried to the
Fill all substrate coves and floor/wall touch inspect the surface for pinholes, voids,
transitions to a smooth finish and changes in thin spots or other defects. LATICRETE Hydro
plane using a LATICRETE latex-fortified thin- Ban will dry to an olive green color when fully
set. Alternatively, a liberal coat* of LATICRETE cured. Use additional LATICRETE Hydro Ban to
Hydro Ban applied with a paint brush or trowel seal any defects.
may be used to fill in cove joints and floor/wall Movement Joints – Apply a liberal coat* of
transitions <1/8" (3mm) in width. Apply a liberal LATICRETE Hydro Ban, approximately 8"
coat* of LATICRETE Hydro Ban™ approximately (200mm) wide over the areas. Then embed
8" (200 mm) wide over substrate cracks, cold and loop the 6" (150 mm) wide LATICRETE
joints, and control joints using a paint brush or Waterproofing/Anti-Fracture Fabric and allow
heavy napped paint roller. the LATICRETE Hydro Ban liquid to bleed
through. Immediately apply a second coat of
LATICRETE Hydro Ban.
116 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 9 – 9.3 P601D Concrete – Direct Bond Thin Bed
*D
ry coat thickness is 20 – 30 mil (0.02 – 0.03" or pieces and edges are not acceptable. Make
0.5 – 0.8 mm); consumption per coat is approximately
0.01 gal/ft2 (approx. 0.4 l/m2); coverage is
joints even, straight, plumb and of uniform
approximately 100 ft2 /gal (approx. 2.5 m2/l). LATICRETE® width to tolerance +/-1/16" over 8' (1.5 mm
Waterproofing/Anti-Fracture Fabric can be used to in 2.4 m). Install divider strips at junction of
pre-treat cracks, joints, curves, corners, drains, and
penetrations with LATICRETE Hydro Ban™.
flooring and dissimilar materials.
B. Waterproofing Membrane installed over
Protection – Provide protection for newly
pre-sloped floor substrate and turned up
installed membrane, even if covered with a
onto the walls. In addition to installing
thin-bed ceramic tile, stone or brick installation
waterproofing membrane where required,
against exposure to rain or other water for a
provide proper architectural detailing,
minimum of 2 hours at 70°F (21°C) and 50%
especially at critical areas such as any
RH. For temperatures between 45°F and 69°F
penetrations and copings.
(7°C to 21°C) allow a minimum 24 hour cure
period. NOTE TO SPECIFIER: Adhesives/mastics, mortars and
grouts for ceramic tile, mosaics, pavers, brick and stone
Flood Testing – Allow membrane to cure fully are not replacements for waterproofing membranes and
before flood testing, typically a minimum will not prevent water penetration into occupied or storage
spaces below. Drains must be a two-part clamping ring
2 hours at 70°F (21°C) and 50% RH. Cold style drains with weepers and as per ASME A112.6.3. Place
conditions will require a longer curing time. tile spacers or gravel around weep holes to prevent mortar
For temperatures between 50°F and 69°F from clogging the weep holes.
(10°C to 21°C) allow a minimum 24 hour cure Install the waterproofing membrane in
period prior to flood testing. Please refer to compliance with current revisions of ANSI
LATICRETE TDS 169 “Flood Testing Procedures”, A108.1 (2.7 Waterproofing) and ANSI A108.13.
available at www.laticrete.com for flood testing Review the installation and plan the application
requirements and procedures. sequence. Pre-cut LATICRETE Waterproofing/
Use the following LATICRETE System Materials Anti-Fracture Fabric (if required), allowing 2"
LATICRETE Hydro Ban (50 mm) for overlap at ends and sides to fit
the areas as required. Roll up the pieces for
References
easy handling and placement. Shake or stir
LATICRETE Detail Drawings: WP300, WP301,
LATICRETE Hydro Ban before using.
WP302, WP303
Pre-Treat Cracks and Joints – Fill all substrate
LATICRETE Data Sheets: 663.0, 663.5
cracks, cold joints and control joints to a smooth
LATICRETE MSDS: Hydro Ban, Fabric finish using a LATICRETE latex-fortified thin-
GREENGUARD Certificate: Hydro Ban set. Alternatively, a liberal coat* of LATICRETE
LATICRETE Technical Data Sheets: 169, 203 Hydro Ban applied with a paint brush or trowel
may be used to fill in non-structural joints and
3.4 Installation – Tile, Brick and Stone cracks. Apply a liberal coat* of LATICRETE
A. General: Install in accordance with current Hydro Ban approximately 8" (200 mm) wide
versions of American National Standards over substrate cracks, cold joints, and control
Institute, Inc. (ANSI) “A108 American joints using a paint brush or heavy napped
National Standard Specifications for paint roller.
Installation of Ceramic Tile” and TCNA
Pre-Treat Coves and Floor/Wall Intersections –
“Handbook for Ceramic Tile Installation.”
Fill all substrate coves and floor/wall transitions
Cut and fit ceramic tile, brick or stone neatly
to a smooth finish and changes in plane using a
around corners, fittings, and obstructions.
LATICRETE latex-fortified thin-set. Alternatively,
Perimeter pieces to be minimum half tile,
a liberal coat* of LATICRETE Hydro Ban applied
brick or stone. Chipped, cracked, split
with a paint brush or trowel may be used to
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 117
Section 9 – 9.3 P601D Concrete – Direct Bond Thin Bed
fill in cove joints and floor/wall transitions Movement Joints – Apply a liberal coat* of
<1/8" (3 mm) in width. Apply a liberal coat* of LATICRETE Hydro Ban, approximately 8"
LATICRETE® Hydro Ban™ approximately 8" (200 (200 mm) wide over the areas. Then embed
mm) wide over substrate cracks, cold joints, and loop the 6" (150 mm) wide LATICRETE
and control joints using a paint brush or heavy Waterproofing/Anti-Fracture Fabric and allow
napped paint roller. the LATICRETE Hydro Ban liquid to bleed
Pre-Treat Drains – Drains must be of the through. Immediately apply a second coat of
clamping ring type, with weepers as per ASME LATICRETE Hydro Ban.
A112.6.3. Apply a liberal coat* of LATICRETE * Dry coat thickness is 20 – 30 mil (0.02 - 0.03" or
Hydro Ban around and over the bottom half 0.5 – 0.8 mm); consumption per coat is approximately
0.01 gal/ft2 (approx. 0.4 l/m2); coverage is approximately
of drain clamping ring. Cover with a second 100 ft2 /gal (approx. 2.5 m2/l). LATICRETE® Waterproofing/
liberal coat of LATICRETE Hydro Ban. When Anti-Fracture Fabric can be used to pre-treat cracks, joints,
the LATICRETE Hydro Ban dries, apply a bead curves, corners, drains, and penetrations with LATICRETE
Hydro Ban™.
of LATICRETE Latasil™ where the LATICRETE
Hydro Ban meets the drain throat. Install the Protection – Provide protection for newly
top half of drain clamping ring. installed membrane, even if covered with a
thin-bed ceramic tile, stone or brick installation
Pre-Treat Penetrations – Allow for a minimum
against exposure to rain or other water for a
1/8" (3 mm) space between drains, pipes,
minimum of 2 hours at 70°F (21°C) and 50%
lights, or other penetrations and surrounding
RH. For temperatures between 45°F and 69°F
ceramic tile, stone or brick. Pack any gaps
(7°C to 21°C) allow a minimum 24 hour cure
around pipes, lights or other penetrations with
period.
a LATICRETE latex-fortified thin-set. Apply a
liberal coat* of LATICRETE Hydro Ban around Flood Testing – Allow membrane to cure fully
penetration opening. Cover the first coat with before flood testing, typically a minimum
a second liberal coat* of LATICRETE Hydro Ban. 2 hours at 70°F (21°C) and 50% RH. Cold
Bring LATICRETE Hydro Ban up to level of tile or conditions will require a longer curing time.
stone. When LATICRETE Hydro Ban has dried For temperatures between 50°F and 69°F (10°C
to the touch seal with LATICRETE Latasil. to 21°C) allow a minimum 24 hour cure period
prior to flood testing. Please refer to LATICRETE
Main Application – Allow any pre-treated
TDS 169 “Flood Testing Procedures”, available
areas to dry to the touch. Apply a liberal coat*
at www.laticrete.com for flood testing
of LATICRETE Hydro Ban with a paint brush or
requirements and procedures.
heavy napped roller over substrate including
pre-treated areas and allow to dry to the touch. Use the following LATICRETE System Materials
Install another liberal coat* of LATICRETE LATICRETE Hydro Ban
Hydro Ban over the first coat. Let the top coat References
of LATICRETE Hydro Ban dry to the touch LATICRETE Detail Drawings: WP300, WP301,
approximately 1 – 2 hours at 70°F 21°C and WP302, WP303
50% RH. When the top coat has dried to the
LATICRETE Data Sheets: 663.0, 663.5
touch inspect the surface for pinholes, voids,
thin spots or other defects. LATICRETE Hydro LATICRETE MSDS: Hydro Ban, Fabric
Ban will dry to an olive green color when fully GREENGUARD Certificate: Hydro Ban
cured. Use additional LATICRETE Hydro Ban to LATICRETE Technical Data Sheets: 169, 203
seal any defects.
118 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 9 – 9.3 P601D Concrete – Direct Bond Thin Bed
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 119
Section 9 – 9.3 P601D Concrete – Direct Bond Thin Bed
diagonally over the scrubbed surfaces to standing in joints. Apply grout release to
remove froth. Rinse sponge frequently and face of absorptive, abrasive, non-slip or
change cleaning solution at least every 50 rough textured ceramic tile, pavers, bricks,
ft2 (4.7m2). Discard sponges as they become or trim units that are not hot paraffin
"gummy" with residue. Within one (1) hour coated to facilitate cleaning. Surface
of finishing first cleaning, clean the same temperature must be between 40–90°F
area again following the same procedure (4–32°C). Pour approximately 64 oz
but utilizing a clean white scrub pad and (1.9 l) of clean, potable water into a clean
fresh cleaning solution. Rinse scrub pad mixing container. Add a 25 lb. (11.3 kg)
frequently. Drag a clean sponge diagonally bag of LATICRETE PermaColor™ Grout^ to
over the scrubbed surfaces to remove froth. the container while mixing. Mix by hand
Use each side of sponge only once before or with a slow speed mixer to a smooth,
rinsing and change cleaning solution at stiff consistency. Install latex fortified
least every 50 ft2 (4.7 m2). Allow cleaned cement grout in compliance with current
areas to dry and inspect tile/stone surface. revisions of ANSI A108.1A (7.0 Grouting
For persistent grout film/haze (within 24 of tile), ANSI A108.02 (4.5 Cleaning tile)
hours), repeat scrubbing procedure with and ANSI A108.10. Dampen dry surfaces
undiluted white vinegar and clean pad. with clean water. Spread using a sharp
Rinse with clean water and allow surface edged, hard rubber float and work grout
to dry. Inspect grout joint for pinholes/ into joints. Using diagonal (at 45° angle to
voids and repair them with freshly mixed direction of grout line) strokes, pack joints
LATICRETE® SpectraLOCK® PRO Grout†. full and free of voids/pits. Hold float face
Cautions: Do not use undiluted white at a 90° angle to grouted surface and use
vinegar on polished marble or limestone float edge to "squeegee" off excess grout,
unless a test spot in an inconspicuous area stroking diagonally to reduce pulling grout
indicates no change in finish appearance; out of filled joints. Initial cleaning can
do not use acid cleaners on epoxy grout begin as soon as grout has become firm,
less than 7 days old. typically 15–20 minutes after grouting at
Use the following LATICRETE® System Materials 70°F (21°C). Higher temperatures may
LATICRETE SpectraLOCK PRO Grout require faster time to initial cleaning; wider
joints or lower temperatures may require
References a longer time to initial cleaning. Begin
LATICRETE Data Sheets: 685.0, 685.5 initial cleaning by lightly dampening the
LATICRETE MSDS: Pro Part A, Pro Part B, Part C entire grouted area with a damp sponge.
Powder, Cleaning Additive Then wash clean the entire area with a
GREENGUARD Certificate: PRO damp (not wet) sponge. Drag a clean
towel, dampened with water, or wipe a
LATICRETE Technical Data Sheets: 111, 198,
clean, dampened sponge, diagonally over
212, 400
the veneer face to remove any grout haze
2. Polymer Modified Cement Grout (ANSI
left after “squeegeeing.” Rinse towel/
A118.7): Allow ceramic tile, mosaics,
sponge frequently and change rinse water
pavers, brick or stone installation to cure
at least every 200 ft2 (19 m2). Repeat this
a minimum of 24 hours at 70°F (21°C).
cleaning sequence again if grout haze is
Verify grout joints are free of dirt, debris
still present. Allow grout joints to become
or tile spacers. Sponge or wipe dust/dirt
firm. Buff surface of grout with clean
off veneer face and remove any water
coarse cloth. Inspect joint for pinholes/
120 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 9 – 9.3 P601D Concrete – Direct Bond Thin Bed
voids and repair them with freshly mixed 4. Joint width and spacing depends on
grout. Within 24 hours, check for remaining application – follow TCNA “Handbook
haze and remove it with warm soapy for Ceramic Tile Installation” Detail "EJ-
water and a nylon scrubbing pad, using a 171 Expansion Joints" or consult sealant
circular motion, to lightly scrub surfaces manufacturer for recommendation based
and dissolve haze/film. Do not use acid on project parameters.
cleaners on latex portland cement grout 5. Joint width: ≥1/8" (3mm) and ≤1" (25 mm).
less than 10 days old.
6. Joint width: depth ~2:1 but joint depth
NOTE TO SPECIFIER: Select one of following and specify must be ≥1/8" (3mm) and ≤1/2" (12 mm).
color for each type/color of ceramic tile, mosaic, paver,
trim unit: 7. Layout (field defined by joints): 1:1 length:
1. Latex-portland cement sanded floor grout for joint widths width is optimum but must be ≤2:1. Remove
≥1/16" (1.5 mm ) and ≤1/2" (12 mm); all contaminants and foreign material
2. Latex-portland cement unsanded grout for soft glazed from joint spaces/surfaces, such as dirt,
tiles and soft/polished stone with joints widths ≤1/8"
(3 mm). dust, oil, water, frost, setting/grouting
materials, sealers and old sealant/backer.
Use the following LATICRETE System Materials Use LATICRETE Latasil™ 9118 Primer for
LATICRETE PermaColor Grout underwater and permanent wet area
References applications, or for porous stone (e.g.
LATICRETE Data Sheets: 250.0 limestone, sandstone etc…) installations.
LATICRETE MSDS: 2500 Install appropriate backing material (e.g.
closed cell backer rod) based on expansion
GREENGUARD Certificates: 2500
joint design and as specified in § 07920.
LATICRETE Technical Data Sheets: 201, 400 Apply masking tape to face of tile, brick or
E. E
xpansion and Control Joints: Architect must stone veneer. Use caulking gun, or other
specify type of joint and show location and applicator, to completely fill joints with
details on drawings. sealant. Within 5–10 minutes of filling
Provide control or expansion joints as located joint, ‘tool’ sealant surface to a smooth
in contract drawings and in full conformity, finish. Remove masking tape immediately
especially in width and depth, with architectural after tooling joint. Wipe smears or excess
details. sealant off the face of non-glazed tile,
brick, stone or other absorptive surfaces
1. S
ubstrate joints must carry through, full
immediately.
width, to surface of tile, brick or stone.
2. Install expansion joints in tile, brick or Use the following LATICRETE System Materials
stone work over construction/cold joints LATICRETE Latasil™
or control joints in substrates. LATICRETE Latasil 9118 Primer
3. Install expansion joints where tile, brick or References
stone abut restraining surfaces (such as LATICRETE Detail Drawings: WP300, WP301,
perimeter walls, curbs, columns), changes WP302, WP303, EJ-01, EJ-02, EJ-03, EJ-04, EJ-
in plane and corners. 05, EJ-06, EJ-07, EJ-08, EJ-09, EJ-10, EJ-11, EJ-12,
EJ-13, EJ-14 (Sealant treatments only)
LATICRETE Data Sheets: 6200.1, 6528.1
LATICRETE MSDS: Latasil, Primer
LATICRETE Technical Data Sheets: 211, 252
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 121
Section 9 – 9.3 P601D Concrete – Direct Bond Thin Bed
F. Adjusting: Correction of defective work for a hydrostatic pressure from de-laminating tiles
period of one (1) year following substantial of leveling mortar (in pools without waterproof
completion, return to job and correct all membrane)
defective work. Defective work includes, Reference
without limitation, tiles broken in normal LATICRETE Technical Data Sheet: 192
abuse due to deficiencies in setting bed,
loose tiles or grout, and all other defects 3.6 Cleaning
which may develop as a result of poor Clean excess mortar/epoxy from veneer
workmanship. surfaces with water before they harden and
as work progresses. Do not contaminate open
3.5. Protection grout/caulk joints while cleaning. Sponge and
Protect finished installation under provisions wash veneers diagonally across joints. Do not
of §01500 and §01535. Close areas to other use acids for cleaning. Polish with clean dry
trades and traffic until tile being installed cloth. Remove surplus materials and leave
has set firmly. Keep floors installed with premises broom clean.
epoxy adhesive closed to traffic for 24 hrs
at 70°F (21°C), and to heavy traffic for 48 hrs Part 4 – Health and Safety
at 70°F (21°C) unless instructed differently The use of personal protection such as rubber
by manufacturer. Use kneeling boards, or gloves, suitable dust masks, safety glasses
equivalent, to walk/work on newly tiled floors. and industrial clothing is highly recommended.
Cure tile work in swimming pools, fountains Discarded packaging, product wash and waste
and other continuous immersion applications water should be disposed of as per local, state
for 10 days for epoxy based grout at 70°F (21°C) or federal regulations.
and 14 days for latex-portland cement based
grout at 70°F (21°C) before filling installation †
nited States Patent No.: 6881768 (and other
U
with water. Extend period of protection at lower Patents).
temperatures, below 60°F (16°C) and at high ^
United States Patent No.: 6784229 B2 (and other
Patents).
relative humidity (>70% RH) due to retarded
set times of mortar/adhesives. Replace or
restore work of other trades damaged or soiled
by work under this section.
Filling Pool – Maintain a differential of 10°F
(5.5°C) or less between the fill water and
substrate temperatures during fill and drain
cycles, and fill pool with water at rate of 2'
(600 mm) per 24 hrs to allow gradual exposure
to water pressure, thermal and moisture
differentials. Initial alkalinity of pool water is
very high from exposure to portland cement
based finishes, grouts, and mortars; careful
and frequent balance is required. Do not fill
if potential thermal gradients exist (very cold
source water, exterior pool exposed to several
days of solar radiation, etc…).
Emptying Pool – empty pool water at
rate of 2' (600 mm) per 24 hrs to prevent
122 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 9 – 9.4 P602 Steel Shell – Pool/Spa Thin Bed
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 123
Section 9 – 9.4 P602 Steel Shell – Pool/Spa Thin Bed
124 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 9 – 9.4 P602 Steel Shell – Pool/Spa Thin Bed
bedding and flatness. Allow installation to (3.0 – 4.0). Spread using a sharp edged, hard
set until firm. Clean excess epoxy adhesive rubber float and work grout into joints. Using
from tile or stone face and joints between strokes diagonal (at 45° angle) to the grout
pieces. lines, pack joints full and free of voids/pits.
Use the following LATICRETE System Materials Then hold float face at a 90° angle to grouted
LATAPOXY 300 Adhesive surface and use float edge to "squeegee"
off excess grout, stroking diagonally to avoid
References
pulling grout out of filled joints. Once excess
LATICRETE Data Sheets: 633.0
grout is removed, a thin film/haze will be left.
LATICRETE MSDS: 300 Part A, 300 Part B, 300 Initial cleaning of the remaining film/haze
Part C can begin approximately 20–30 minutes after
GREENGUARD Certificate: 300 grouting (wait longer at colder temperatures).
LATICRETE Technical Data Sheets: 105, 146, Begin by mixing cleaning additive packet
199 with 2 gallons (7.6 l) of clean water in a clean
bucket to make cleaning solution. Dip a
C. Grouting or Pointing:
clean sponge into the bucket and then wring
NOTE TO SPECIFIER: Select one of following and specify out cleaning solution until sponge is damp.
color for each type/color of ceramic tile, mosaic, paver,
trim unit:
Using a circular motion, lightly scrub grouted
surfaces with the damp sponge to dissolve
1. Chemical Resistant, Water Cleanable Tile- grout film/haze. Then drag sponge diagonally
Grouting Epoxy (ANSI A118.3): Follow over the scrubbed surfaces to remove froth.
manufacturer‘s recommendations for Rinse sponge frequently and change cleaning
minimum cure time prior to grouting. solution at least every 50 ft2 (4.7 m2). Discard
Store liquid components of LATICRETE® sponges as they become "gummy" with
SpectraLOCK® PRO Grout†* for 24 hours at 70– residue. Within one (1) hour of finishing first
80°F (21–27°C) prior to use to facilitate mixing cleaning, clean the same area again following
and application. Substrate temperature must the same procedure but utilizing a clean white
be 40–95°F (4–35°C). Verify joints are free of scrub pad and fresh cleaning solution. Rinse
dirt, debris or grout spacers. Sponge or wipe scrub pad frequently. Drag a clean sponge
dust/dirt off tile faces and remove water diagonally over the scrubbed surfaces to
standing in joints. Apply grout release to face remove froth. Use each side of sponge only
of absorptive, abrasive, non-slip or rough once before rinsing and change cleaning
textured ceramic tile, pavers, bricks, stone solution at least every 50 ft2 (4.7 m2). Allow
or trim units that are not hot paraffin coated cleaned areas to dry and inspect tile/stone
to facilitate cleaning. Cut open pouch and surface. For persistent grout film/haze (within
pour LATICRETE SpectraLOCK PRO Grout Part 24 hours), repeat scrubbing procedure with
A Liquid into a clean mixing pail. Then open undiluted white vinegar and clean pad. Rinse
pouch and pour LATICRETE SpectraLOCK PRO with clean water and allow surface to dry.
Grout Part B Liquid into the mixing pail. Mix by Inspect grout joint for pinholes/voids and
hand or with a slow speed (<300 rpm) mixer repair them with freshly mixed LATICRETE
until the two liquids are well blended. Then, SpectraLOCK PRO Grout. Cautions: Do not
while mixing, add LATICRETE SpectraLOCK use undiluted white vinegar on polished
PRO Grout Part C Powder and blend until marble or limestone unless a test spot in an
uniform. Install LATICRETE SpectraLOCK PRO inconspicuous area indicates no change in
Grout in compliance with current revisions finish appearance; do not use acid cleaners
of ANSI A108.02 (3.13) and ANSI A108.6 on epoxy grout less than 7 days old.
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 125
Section 9 – 9.4 P602 Steel Shell – Pool/Spa Thin Bed
Use the following LATICRETE® System Materials 7. Layout (field defined by joints): 1:1 length:
LATICRETE® SpectraLOCK® PRO Grout† width is optimum but must be ≤2:1. Remove
References all contaminants and foreign material
from joint spaces/surfaces, such as dirt,
LATICRETE Data Sheets: 685.0, 685.5
dust, oil, water, frost, setting/grouting
LATICRETE MSDS: Pro Part A, Pro Part B, Part C materials, sealers and old sealant/backer.
Powder, Cleaning Additive Use LATICRETE Latasil™ 9118 Primer for
GREENGUARD Certificate: PRO underwater and permanent wet area
LATICRETE Technical Data Sheets: 111, 198, applications, or for porous stone (e.g.
212, 400 limestone, sandstone etc…) installations.
Install appropriate backing material (e.g.
D. Expansion and Control Joints:
closed cell backer rod) based on expansion
NOTE TO SPECIFIER: The chemical resistance of joint
joint design and as specified in § 07920.
sealants for ceramic tile, mosaics, pavers, brick and stone
will typically depend on: Apply masking tape to face of tile, brick or
1. Reagent composition and/or concentration; stone veneer. Use caulking gun, or other
2. Temperature; applicator, to completely fill joints with
3. Duration of exposure. sealant. Within 5–10 minutes of filling
joint, ‘tool’ sealant surface to a smooth
Review manufacturer’s performance data and
finish. Remove masking tape immediately
recommendations, in the context of expected
after tooling joint. Wipe smears or excess
chemical exposures.
sealant off the face of non-glazed tile,
Provide control or expansion joints as located brick, stone or other absorptive surfaces
in contract drawings and in full conformity, immediately.
especially in width and depth, with architectural
Use the following LATICRETE System Materials
details.
LATICRETE Latasil™
1. S
ubstrate joints must carry through, full
LATICRETE Latasil 9118 Primer
width, to surface of tile, brick or stone.
2. Install expansion joints in tile, brick or References
stone work over construction/cold joints LATICRETE Detail Drawings: WP300, WP301,
or control joints in substrates. WP302, WP303, EJ-03, EJ-04, EJ-05, EJ-06,
EJ-07, EJ-09, EJ-11, EJ-12, EJ-13, EJ-14 (Sealant
3. Install expansion joints where tile, brick or
treatments only)
stone abut restraining surfaces (such as
perimeter walls, curbs, columns), changes LATICRETE Data Sheets: 6200.1, 6528.1
in plane and corners. LATICRETE MSDS: Latasil, Primer
4. Joint width and spacing depends on LATICRETE Technical Data Sheets: 211, 252
application – follow TCNA “Handbook E. Adjusting: Correction of defective work for
for Ceramic Tile Installation” Detail "EJ- a period of one year following substantial
171 Expansion Joints" or consult sealant completion, return to job and correct all
manufacturer for recommendation based defective work. Defective work includes,
on project parameters. without limitation, tiles broken in normal
5. J oint width: ≥1/8" (3 mm) and ≤1" (25 mm). abuse due to deficiencies in setting bed,
6. Joint width: depth ~2:1 but joint depth loose tiles or grout, and all other defects
must be ≥1/8" (3 mm) and ≤1/2" (12 mm). which may develop as a result of poor
workmanship.
126 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 9 – 9.4 P602 Steel Shell – Pool/Spa Thin Bed
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 127
Section 9 – 9.5 P603 Steel Shell – Pool/Spa Thick Bed
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 129
Section 9 – 9.5 P603 Steel Shell – Pool/Spa Thick Bed
Protection – Provide protection for newly B. Lath and Plaster Method: Tack weld or
installed membrane, even if covered with a mechanically fasten 3.4# diamond metal lath
thin-bed ceramic tile, stone or brick installation complying with the current revision of ANSI
against exposure to rain or other water for a A108.1 (3.3 Requirements for lathing and
minimum of 2 hours at 70°F (21°C) and 50% portland cement plastering), ANSI A108.02
RH. For temperatures between 45°F and 69°F (3.6 Metal lath) and A108.1A (1.0 – 1.2,
(7°C to 21°C) allow a minimum 24 hour cure 1.4, and 5.1). Apply latex portland cement
period. mortar as scratch/leveling coat over wire
Flood Testing – Allow membrane to cure fully lath, concrete or masonry in compliance with
before flood testing, typically a minimum current revision of ANSI A108.01 (3.3.5.1)
2 hours at 70°F (21°C) and 50% RH. Cold and A108.1A (1.4). Float surface of scratch/
conditions will require a longer curing time. leveling coat plumb, true and allow mortar
For temperatures between 50°F and 69°F (10°C to set until firm. For installation of tile, brick
to 21°C) allow a minimum 24 hour cure period or stone, follow Thin Bed Method (§ 3.4D).
prior to flood testing. Please refer to LATICRETE Use the following LATICRETE System Materials
TDS 169 “Flood Testing Procedures”, available LATICRETE 3701 Fortified Mortar Bed
at www.laticrete.com for flood testing References
requirements and procedures. LATICRETE Data Sheets: 100.0
Use the following LATICRETE® System Materials LATICRETE MSDS: 3701FMB
LATICRETE® Hydro Ban™
GREENGUARD Certificates: 3701FMB
References
LATICRETE Technical Data Sheets: 105, 106,
LATICRETE Detail Drawings: WP300, WP301,
114, 118, 122, 130, 199, 204
WP302, WP303
C. Waterproofing:
LATICRETE Data Sheets: 663.0, 663.5
NOTE TO SPECIFIER: Adhesives, mortars and grouts for
LATICRETE MSDS: Hydro Ban, Fabric ceramic tile, mosaics, pavers, brick and stone are not
replacements for waterproofing membranes and will
GREENGUARD Certificate: Hydro Ban
not prevent penetration by wind blown rain and other
LATICRETE Technical Data Sheets: 169, 203 moisture through façades/walls. In addition to installing
waterproofing membrane where required, provide proper
3.4 Installation – Tile, Brick and Stone architectural detailing (water-stops, flashings, weeps,
etc.) to conduct water to the building exterior, especially
A. General: Install in accordance with current
at critical areas such as window heads/sills, penetrations
versions of American National Standards and parapet walls.
Institute, Inc. (ANSI) “A108 American
Install the waterproofing membrane in
National Standard Specifications for
compliance with current revisions of ANSI
Installation of Ceramic Tile” and TCNA
A108.1 (2.7 Waterproofing) and ANSI A108.13.
“Handbook for Ceramic Tile Installation.”
Review the installation and plan the application
Cut and fit ceramic tile, brick or stone neatly
sequence. Pre-cut LATICRETE Waterproofing/
around corners, fittings, and obstructions.
Anti-Fracture Fabric (if required), allowing 2"
Perimeter pieces to be minimum half tile,
(50 mm) for overlap at ends and sides to fit
brick or stone. Chipped, cracked, split
the areas as required. Roll up the pieces for
pieces and edges are not acceptable. Make
easy handling and placement. Shake or stir
joints even, straight, plumb and of uniform
LATICRETE Hydro Ban before using.
width to tolerance +/- 1/16" over 8' (1.5 mm
in 2.4 m). Install divider strips at junction of
flooring and dissimilar materials.
130 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 9 – 9.5 P603 Steel Shell – Pool/Spa Thick Bed
Pre-Treat Cracks and Joints – Fill all substrate Main Application – Allow any pre-treated
cracks, cold joints and control joints to a smooth areas to dry to the touch. Apply a liberal coat*
finish using a LATICRETE latex-fortified thin- of LATICRETE Hydro Ban with a paint brush or
set. Alternatively, a liberal coat* of LATICRETE heavy napped roller over substrate including
Hydro Ban applied with a paint brush or trowel pre-treated areas and allow to dry to the touch.
may be used to fill in non-structural joints and Install another liberal coat* of LATICRETE
cracks. Apply a liberal coat* of LATICRETE Hydro Ban over the first coat. Let the top coat
Hydro Ban approximately 8" (200 mm) wide of LATICRETE Hydro Ban dry to the touch
over substrate cracks, cold joints, and control approximately 1 – 2 hours at 70°F (21°C) and
joints using a paint brush or heavy napped 50% RH. When the top coat has dried to the
paint roller. touch inspect the surface for pinholes, voids,
Pre-Treat Coves and Floor/Wall Intersections – thin spots or other defects. LATICRETE Hydro
Fill all substrate coves and floor/wall transitions Ban will dry to an olive green color when fully
to a smooth finish and changes in plane using a cured. Use additional LATICRETE Hydro Ban to
LATICRETE latex-fortified thin-set. Alternatively, seal any defects.
a liberal coat* of LATICRETE Hydro Ban applied Movement Joints – Apply a liberal coat* of
with a paint brush or trowel may be used to LATICRETE Hydro Ban, approximately 8"
fill in cove joints and floor/wall transitions (200 mm) wide over the areas. Then embed
<1/8" (3 mm) in width. Apply a liberal coat* and loop the 6" (150 mm) wide LATICRETE
of LATICRETE Hydro Ban approximately 8" Waterproofing/Anti-Fracture Fabric and allow
(200 mm) wide over substrate cracks, cold the LATICRETE Hydro Ban liquid to bleed
joints, and control joints using a paint brush or through. Immediately apply a second coat of
heavy napped paint roller. LATICRETE Hydro Ban.
Pre-Treat Drains – Drains must be of the * Dry coat thickness is 20 – 30 mil (0.02 – 0.03" or
clamping ring type, with weepers as per ASME 0.5 – 0.8mm); consumption per coat is approximately
0.01 gal/ft2 (approx. 0.4 l/m2); coverage is
A112.6.3. Apply a liberal coat* of LATICRETE approximately 100 ft2/gal (approx. 2.5 m2/l). LATICRETE®
Hydro Ban around and over the bottom half Waterproofing/Anti-Fracture Fabric can be used to
of drain clamping ring. Cover with a second pre-treat cracks, joints, curves, corners, drains, and
penetrations with LATICRETE Hydro Ban™.
liberal coat of LATICRETE Hydro Ban. When
the LATICRETE Hydro Ban dries, apply a bead Protection – Provide protection for newly
of LATICRETE Latasil™ where the LATICRETE installed membrane, even if covered with a
Hydro Ban meets the drain throat. Install the thin-bed ceramic tile, stone or brick installation
top half of drain clamping ring. against exposure to rain or other water for a
minimum of 2 hours at 70°F (21°C) and 50%
Pre-Treat Penetrations – Allow for a minimum
RH. For temperatures between 45°F and 69°F
1/8" (3 mm) space between drains, pipes,
(7°C to 21°C) allow a minimum 24 hour cure
lights, or other penetrations and surrounding
period.
ceramic tile, stone or brick. Pack any gaps
around pipes, lights or other penetrations with Flood Testing – Allow membrane to cure fully
a LATICRETE latex-fortified thin-set. Apply a before flood testing, typically a minimum
liberal coat* of LATICRETE Hydro Ban around 2 hours at 70°F (21°C) and 50% RH. Cold
penetration opening. Cover the first coat with conditions will require a longer curing time.
a second liberal coat* of LATICRETE Hydro Ban. For temperatures between 50°F and 69°F
Bring LATICRETE Hydro Ban up to level of tile or (10°C to 21°C) allow a minimum 24 hour cure
stone. When LATICRETE Hydro Ban has dried period prior to flood testing. Please refer to
to the touch seal with LATICRETE Latasil. LATICRETE TDS 169 “Flood Testing Procedures”,
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 131
Section 9 – 9.5 P603 Steel Shell – Pool/Spa Thick Bed
132 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 9 – 9.5 P603 Steel Shell – Pool/Spa Thick Bed
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 133
Section 9 – 9.5 P603 Steel Shell – Pool/Spa Thick Bed
134 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 9 – 9.5 P603 Steel Shell – Pool/Spa Thick Bed
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 135
Section 9 – 9.6 P604 Fiberglass Shell – Pool/Spa Thin Bed
4. Thin-set tile installations have a specified Wash fiberglass surfaces with strong detergent
subsurface tolerance, for instance 1/4" in to ensure that all potential bond breaking
10' (6 mm in 3 m) and 1/16" in 1' (1.5 mm materials are removed; rinse completely
in 300 mm), to conform with the ANSI and allow to dry. Scuff the fiberglass surface
specifications. Because thin-set is not slightly with medium sandpaper and clean the
intended to be used in truing or leveling surface thoroughly. Allow to dry.
the work of others, the subsurface typically B. Concrete Substrates
should not vary by more than 1/16" over (Insert any Special Means of Preparation –
1' (1.5 mm over 300 mm), nor more than In addition to the surface preparation
1/32" (0.8 mm) between adjoining edges requirements listed above; …)
where applicable (e.g. between sheets
C. (List other Substrates as required and means
of exterior glue plywood or between
of preparation as required)
adjacent concrete masonry units).
Should the architect/designer require a (Insert any Special Means of Preparation –
more stringent tolerance (e.g. 1/8" in 10' In addition to the surface preparation
[3 mm in 3 m]), the subsurface specification requirements listed above; …)
must reflect that tolerance, or the tile
specification must include a specific and
separate requirement to bring the 1/4"
(6 mm) subsurface tolerance into
compliance with the 1/8" (6 mm) tolerance
desired;
136 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 9 – 9.6 P604 Fiberglass Shell – Pool/Spa Thin Bed
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 137
Section 9 – 9.6 P604 Fiberglass Shell – Pool/Spa Thin Bed
Use the following LATICRETE® System Materials angle) to the grout lines, pack joints full
LATAPOXY® 300 Adhesive and free of voids/pits. Then hold float face
References at a 90° angle to grouted surface and use
LATICRETE Data Sheets: 633.0 float edge to "squeegee" off excess grout,
stroking diagonally to avoid pulling grout
LATICRETE MSDS: 300 Part A, 300 Part B, 300
out of filled joints. Once excess grout is
Part C
removed, a thin film/haze will be left. Initial
GREENGUARD Certificate: 300 cleaning of the remaining film/haze can
LATICRETE Technical Data Sheets: 105, 146, begin approximately 20–30 minutes after
199 grouting (wait longer at colder
C. Grouting or Pointing: temperatures). Begin by mixing cleaning
additive packet with 2 gallons (7.6 l) of
NOTE TO SPECIFIER: Select one of following and specify
color for each type/color of ceramic tile, mosaic, paver, clean water in a clean bucket to make
trim unit: cleaning solution. Dip a clean sponge into
the bucket and then wring out cleaning
1. C
hemical Resistant, Water Cleanable Tile-
solution until sponge is damp. Using a
Grouting Epoxy (ANSI A118.3): Follow
circular motion, lightly scrub grouted
manufacturer‘s recommendations for
surfaces with the damp sponge to dissolve
minimum cure time prior to grouting.
grout film/haze. Then drag sponge
Store liquid components of LATICRETE®
diagonally over the scrubbed surfaces to
SpectraLOCK® PRO Grout†* for 24 hours
remove froth. Rinse sponge frequently
at 70–80°F (21–27°C) prior to use to
and change cleaning solution at least every
facilitate mixing and application. Substrate
50 ft2 (4.7 m2). Discard sponges as they
temperature must be 40–95°F (4–35°C).
become "gummy" with residue. Within
Verify joints are free of dirt, debris or grout
one (1) hour of finishing first cleaning, clean
spacers. Sponge or wipe dust/dirt off tile
the same area again following the same
faces and remove water standing in joints.
procedure but utilizing a clean white scrub
Apply grout release to face of absorptive,
pad and fresh cleaning solution. Rinse
abrasive, non-slip or rough textured
scrub pad frequently. Drag a clean sponge
ceramic tile, pavers, bricks, stone or trim
diagonally over the scrubbed surfaces to
units that are not hot paraffin coated to
remove froth. Use each side of sponge
facilitate cleaning. Cut open pouch and
only once before rinsing and change
pour LATICRETE SpectraLOCK PRO Grout
cleaning solution at least every 50 ft2
Part A Liquid into a clean mixing pail.
(4.7 m2). Allow cleaned areas to dry and
Then open pouch and pour LATICRETE
inspect tile/stone surface. For persistent
SpectraLOCK PRO Grout Part B Liquid
grout film/haze (within 24 hrs), repeat
into the mixing pail. Mix by hand or with
scrubbing procedure with undiluted white
a slow speed (<300 rpm) mixer until the
vinegar and clean pad. Rinse with clean
two liquids are well blended. Then, while
water and allow surface to dry. Inspect
mixing, add LATICRETE SpectraLOCK
grout joint for pinholes/voids and repair
PRO Grout Part C Powder and blend until
them with freshly mixed LATICRETE
uniform. Install LATICRETE SpectraLOCK
SpectraLOCK PRO Grout. Cautions: Do not
PRO Grout in compliance with current
use undiluted white vinegar on polished
revisions of ANSI A108.02 (3.13) and ANSI
marble or limestone unless a test spot in an
A108.6 (3.0 – 4.0). Spread using a sharp
inconspicuous area indicates no change in
edged, hard rubber float and work grout
finish appearance; do not use acid cleaners
into joints. Using strokes diagonal (at 45°
on epoxy grout less than 7 days old.
138 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 9 – 9.6 P604 Fiberglass Shell – Pool/Spa Thin Bed
Use the following LATICRETE System Materials all contaminants and foreign material
LATICRETE SpectraLOCK PRO Grout from joint spaces/surfaces, such as dirt,
References dust, oil, water, frost, setting/grouting
LATICRETE Data Sheets: 685.0, 685.5 materials, sealers and old sealant/backer.
Use LATICRETE Latasil™ 9118 Primer for
LATICRETE MSDS: Pro Part A, Pro Part B, Part C
underwater and permanent wet area
Powder, Cleaning Additive
applications, or for porous stone (e.g.
GREENGUARD Certificate: PRO limestone, sandstone etc…) installations.
LATICRETE Technical Data Sheets: 111, 198, Install appropriate backing material (e.g.
212, 400 closed cell backer rod) based on expansion
D. Expansion and Control Joints: joint design and as specified in § 07920.
Apply masking tape to face of tile, brick or
NOTE TO SPECIFIER: The chemical resistance of joint
sealants for ceramic tile, mosaics, pavers, brick and stone stone veneer. Use caulking gun, or other
will typically depend on: applicator, to completely fill joints with
1. Reagent composition and/or concentration; sealant. Within 5-10 minutes of filling
2. Temperature; joint, ‘tool’ sealant surface to a smooth
3. Duration of exposure. finish. Remove masking tape immediately
Review manufacturer’s performance data and after tooling joint. Wipe smears or excess
recommendations, in the context of expected sealant off the face of non-glazed tile,
chemical exposures. brick, stone or other absorptive surfaces
immediately.
Provide control or expansion joints as located
in contract drawings and in full conformity, Use the following LATICRETE System Materials
especially in width and depth, with architectural LATICRETE Latasil™
details. LATICRETE Latasil 9118 Primer
1. S
ubstrate joints must carry through, full References
width, to surface of tile, brick or stone. LATICRETE Detail Drawings: WP300, WP301,
2. Install expansion joints in tile, brick or WP302, WP303, EJ-03, EJ-04, EJ-05, EJ-06,
stone work over construction/cold joints EJ-07, EJ-09, EJ-11, EJ-12, EJ-13, EJ-14 (Sealant
or control joints in substrates. treatments only)
3. Install expansion joints where tile, brick or LATICRETE Data Sheets: 6200.1, 6528.1
stone abut restraining surfaces (such as LATICRETE MSDS: Latasil, Primer
perimeter walls, curbs, columns), changes LATICRETE Technical Data Sheets: 211, 252
in plane and corners.
E. Adjusting: Correction of defective work for
4. Joint width and spacing depends on a period of one year following substantial
application – follow TCNA “Handbook completion, return to job and correct all
for Ceramic Tile Installation” Detail "EJ- defective work. Defective work includes,
171 Expansion Joints" or consult sealant without limitation, tiles broken in normal
manufacturer for recommendation based abuse due to deficiencies in setting bed,
on project parameters. loose tiles or grout, and all other defects
5. Joint width: ≥1/8" (3 mm) and ≤1" (25 mm). which may develop as a result of poor
6. Joint width: depth ~2:1 but joint depth workmanship.
must be ≥1/8" (3 mm) and ≤1/2" (12 mm).
7. Layout (field defined by joints): 1:1 length:
width is optimum but must be ≤2:1. Remove
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 139
Section 9 – 9.6 P604 Fiberglass Shell – Pool/Spa Thin Bed
140 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 10 – Swimming Pool,
Section 1: Introduction
Fountain and Spa Detail
Drawings
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 141
Section 10 – Swimming Pool, Fountain and Spa Detail Drawings
The following section includes typical details for use in specifying and installing ceramic tile and
stone installations in swimming pools, fountains, spas, and water features. Details are subject
to change without notice. For the most current revision of these details and the corresponding
specifications please visit www.laticrete.com/ag.
142 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 10 – Swimming Pool, Fountain and Spa Detail Drawings
†
United States Patent No.: 6881768 (and other Patents).
^ United States Patent No.: 6784229 B2 (and other Patents).
Revision Date: 4/09 Scale: NTS For latest revision of this and all LATICRETE details please visit www.laticrete.com/ag
As a professional courtesy, LATICRETE offers technical servcies free of charge. The user maintains all ©2009 LATICRETE International, Inc. All rights reserved. The right to utilize LATICRETE details for
responsibility for verifying the applicability and suitability of the technical service or information provided. commercial purposes is granted excluisvely to contractors, architects, quantity surveyors, engineers, and
specifications writers. LATICRETE®, LATAPOXY® and SpectraLOCK® are registered trademarks of LATICRETE
International, Inc. US and foreign patent and trademark offices. Marca registrada. All other trademarks are
property of their respective companies.
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 143
Section 10 – Swimming Pool, Fountain and Spa Detail Drawings
†
United States Patent No.: 6881768 (and other Patents).
^ United States Patent No.: 6784229 B2 (and other Patents).
Revision Date: 4/09 Scale: NTS For latest revision of this and all LATICRETE details please visit www.laticrete.com/ag
As a professional courtesy, LATICRETE offers technical servcies free of charge. The user maintains all ©2009 LATICRETE International, Inc. All rights reserved. The right to utilize LATICRETE details for
responsibility for verifying the applicability and suitability of the technical service or information provided. commercial purposes is granted excluisvely to contractors, architects, quantity surveyors, engineers, and
specifications writers. LATICRETE®, LATAPOXY® and SpectraLOCK® are registered trademarks of LATICRETE
International, Inc. US and foreign patent and trademark offices. Marca registrada. All other trademarks are
property of their respective companies.
144 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 10 – Swimming Pool, Fountain and Spa Detail Drawings
†
United States Patent No.: 6881768 (and other Patents).
^ United States Patent No.: 6784229 B2 (and other Patents).
Revision Date: 4/09 Scale: NTS For latest revision of this and all LATICRETE details please visit www.laticrete.com/ag
As a professional courtesy, LATICRETE offers technical servcies free of charge. The user maintains all ©2009 LATICRETE International, Inc. All rights reserved. The right to utilize LATICRETE details for
responsibility for verifying the applicability and suitability of the technical service or information provided. commercial purposes is granted excluisvely to contractors, architects, quantity surveyors, engineers, and
specifications writers. LATICRETE®, LATAPOXY® and SpectraLOCK® are registered trademarks of LATICRETE
International, Inc. US and foreign patent and trademark offices. Marca registrada. All other trademarks are
property of their respective companies.
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 145
Section 10 – Swimming Pool, Fountain and Spa Detail Drawings
†
United States Patent No.: 6881768 (and other Patents).
^ United States Patent No.: 6784229 B2 (and other Patents).
Revision Date: 4/09 Scale: NTS For latest revision of this and all LATICRETE details please visit www.laticrete.com/ag
As a professional courtesy, LATICRETE offers technical servcies free of charge. The user maintains all ©2009 LATICRETE International, Inc. All rights reserved. The right to utilize LATICRETE details for
responsibility for verifying the applicability and suitability of the technical service or information provided. commercial purposes is granted excluisvely to contractors, architects, quantity surveyors, engineers, and
specifications writers. LATICRETE®, LATAPOXY® and SpectraLOCK® are registered trademarks of LATICRETE
International, Inc. US and foreign patent and trademark offices. Marca registrada. All other trademarks are
property of their respective companies.
146 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 10 – Swimming Pool, Fountain and Spa Detail Drawings
†
United States Patent No.: 6881768 (and other Patents).
^ United States Patent No.: 6784229 B2 (and other Patents).
Revision Date: 4/09 Scale: NTS For latest revision of this and all LATICRETE details please visit www.laticrete.com/ag
As a professional courtesy, LATICRETE offers technical servcies free of charge. The user maintains all ©2009 LATICRETE International, Inc. All rights reserved. The right to utilize LATICRETE details for
responsibility for verifying the applicability and suitability of the technical service or information provided. commercial purposes is granted excluisvely to contractors, architects, quantity surveyors, engineers, and
specifications writers. LATICRETE®, LATAPOXY® and SpectraLOCK® are registered trademarks of LATICRETE
International, Inc. US and foreign patent and trademark offices. Marca registrada. All other trademarks are
property of their respective companies.
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 147
Section 10 – Swimming Pool, Fountain and Spa Detail Drawings
†
United States Patent No.: 6881768 (and other Patents).
Revision Date: 4/09 Scale: NTS For latest revision of this and all LATICRETE details please visit www.laticrete.com/ag
As a professional courtesy, LATICRETE offers technical servcies free of charge. The user maintains all ©2009 LATICRETE International, Inc. All rights reserved. The right to utilize LATICRETE details for
responsibility for verifying the applicability and suitability of the technical service or information provided. commercial purposes is granted excluisvely to contractors, architects, quantity surveyors, engineers, and
specifications writers. LATICRETE®, LATAPOXY® and SpectraLOCK® are registered trademarks of LATICRETE
International, Inc. US and foreign patent and trademark offices. Marca registrada. All other trademarks are
property of their respective companies.
148 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 10 – Swimming Pool, Fountain and Spa Detail Drawings
†
United States Patent No.: 6881768 (and other Patents).
Revision Date: 4/09 Scale: NTS For latest revision of this and all LATICRETE details please visit www.laticrete.com/ag
As a professional courtesy, LATICRETE offers technical servcies free of charge. The user maintains all ©2009 LATICRETE International, Inc. All rights reserved. The right to utilize LATICRETE details for
responsibility for verifying the applicability and suitability of the technical service or information provided. commercial purposes is granted excluisvely to contractors, architects, quantity surveyors, engineers, and
specifications writers. LATICRETE®, LATAPOXY® and SpectraLOCK® are registered trademarks of LATICRETE
International, Inc. US and foreign patent and trademark offices. Marca registrada. All other trademarks are
property of their respective companies.
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 149
Section 10 – Swimming Pool, Fountain and Spa Detail Drawings
†
United States Patent No.: 6881768 (and other Patents).
Revision Date: 4/09 Scale: NTS For latest revision of this and all LATICRETE details please visit www.laticrete.com/ag
As a professional courtesy, LATICRETE offers technical servcies free of charge. The user maintains all ©2009 LATICRETE International, Inc. All rights reserved. The right to utilize LATICRETE details for
responsibility for verifying the applicability and suitability of the technical service or information provided. commercial purposes is granted excluisvely to contractors, architects, quantity surveyors, engineers, and
specifications writers. LATICRETE®, LATAPOXY® and SpectraLOCK® are registered trademarks of LATICRETE
International, Inc. US and foreign patent and trademark offices. Marca registrada. All other trademarks are
property of their respective companies.
150 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 10 – Swimming Pool, Fountain and Spa Detail Drawings
^
United States Patent No.: 6784229 B2 (and other Patents).
Revision Date: 4/09 Scale: NTS For latest revision of this and all LATICRETE details please visit www.laticrete.com/ag
As a professional courtesy, LATICRETE offers technical servcies free of charge. The user maintains all ©2009 LATICRETE International, Inc. All rights reserved. The right to utilize LATICRETE details for
responsibility for verifying the applicability and suitability of the technical service or information provided. commercial purposes is granted excluisvely to contractors, architects, quantity surveyors, engineers, and
specifications writers. LATICRETE®, LATAPOXY® and SpectraLOCK® are registered trademarks of LATICRETE
International, Inc. US and foreign patent and trademark offices. Marca registrada. All other trademarks are
property of their respective companies.
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 151
Section 10 – Swimming Pool, Fountain and Spa Detail Drawings
^
United States Patent No.: 6784229 B2 (and other Patents).
Revision Date: 4/09 Scale: NTS For latest revision of this and all LATICRETE details please visit www.laticrete.com/ag
As a professional courtesy, LATICRETE offers technical servcies free of charge. The user maintains all ©2009 LATICRETE International, Inc. All rights reserved. The right to utilize LATICRETE details for
responsibility for verifying the applicability and suitability of the technical service or information provided. commercial purposes is granted excluisvely to contractors, architects, quantity surveyors, engineers, and
specifications writers. LATICRETE®, LATAPOXY® and SpectraLOCK® are registered trademarks of LATICRETE
International, Inc. US and foreign patent and trademark offices. Marca registrada. All other trademarks are
property of their respective companies.
152 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 10 – Swimming Pool, Fountain and Spa Detail Drawings
^
United States Patent No.: 6784229 B2 (and other Patents).
Revision Date: 4/09 Scale: NTS For latest revision of this and all LATICRETE details please visit www.laticrete.com/ag
As a professional courtesy, LATICRETE offers technical servcies free of charge. The user maintains all ©2009 LATICRETE International, Inc. All rights reserved. The right to utilize LATICRETE details for
responsibility for verifying the applicability and suitability of the technical service or information provided. commercial purposes is granted excluisvely to contractors, architects, quantity surveyors, engineers, and
specifications writers. LATICRETE®, LATAPOXY® and SpectraLOCK® are registered trademarks of LATICRETE
International, Inc. US and foreign patent and trademark offices. Marca registrada. All other trademarks are
property of their respective companies.
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 153
Section 10 – Swimming Pool, Fountain and Spa Detail Drawings
†
United States Patent No.: 6784229 B2 (and other Patents).
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154 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 10 – Swimming Pool, Fountain and Spa Detail Drawings
†
United States Patent No.: 6881768 (and other Patents).
^ United States Patent No. 6784229 B2 (and other Patents).
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property of their respective companies.
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 155
Section 10 – Swimming Pool, Fountain and Spa Detail Drawings
† ^
†
United States Patent No.: 6881768 (and other Patents).
^ United States Patent No.: 6784229 B2 (and other Patents).
Revision Date: 4/09 Scale: NTS For latest revision of this and all LATICRETE details please visit www.laticrete.com/ag
As a professional courtesy, LATICRETE offers technical servcies free of charge. The user maintains all ©2009 LATICRETE International, Inc. All rights reserved. The right to utilize LATICRETE details for
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property of their respective companies.
156 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 10 – Swimming Pool, Fountain and Spa Detail Drawings
†
United States Patent No.: 6881768 (and other Patents).
^ United States Patent No.: 6784229 B2 (and other Patents).
Revision Date: 4/09 Scale: NTS For latest revision of this and all LATICRETE details please visit www.laticrete.com/ag
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property of their respective companies.
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 157
Section 10 – Swimming Pool, Fountain and Spa Detail Drawings
10.16 CEMENT BACKER BOARD – STEEL FRAMING – EXTERIOR AND WET AREAS
W244(E)
^
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International, Inc. US and foreign patent and trademark offices. Marca registrada. All other trademarks are
property of their respective companies.
158 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 10 – Swimming Pool, Fountain and Spa Detail Drawings
†
United States Patent No.: 6881768 (and other Patents).
^ United States Patent No.: 6784229 B2 (and other Patents).
Revision Date: 4/09 Scale: NTS For latest revision of this and all LATICRETE details please visit www.laticrete.com/ag
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specifications writers. LATICRETE®, LATAPOXY® and SpectraLOCK® are registered trademarks of LATICRETE
International, Inc. US and foreign patent and trademark offices. Marca registrada. All other trademarks are
property of their respective companies.
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 159
Section 10 – Swimming Pool, Fountain and Spa Detail Drawings
†
United States Patent No.: 6881768 (and other Patents).
^ United States Patent No.: 6784229 B2 (and other Patents).
Revision Date: 4/09 Scale: NTS For latest revision of this and all LATICRETE details please visit www.laticrete.com/ag
As a professional courtesy, LATICRETE offers technical servcies free of charge. The user maintains all ©2009 LATICRETE International, Inc. All rights reserved. The right to utilize LATICRETE details for
responsibility for verifying the applicability and suitability of the technical service or information provided. commercial purposes is granted excluisvely to contractors, architects, quantity surveyors, engineers, and
specifications writers. LATICRETE®, LATAPOXY® and SpectraLOCK® are registered trademarks of LATICRETE
International, Inc. US and foreign patent and trademark offices. Marca registrada. All other trademarks are
property of their respective companies.
160 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 10 – Swimming Pool, Fountain and Spa Detail Drawings
Revision Date: 4/09 Scale: NTS For latest revision of this and all LATICRETE details please visit www.laticrete.com/ag
As a professional courtesy, LATICRETE offers technical servcies free of charge. The user maintains all ©2009 LATICRETE International, Inc. All rights reserved. The right to utilize LATICRETE details for
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Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 161
162 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 11 – Pool Water and
TileSection 1: Introduction
Installation Maintenance
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 163
Section 11 – Pool Water and Tile Installation Maintenance
11.1 Fill and Drain Rates are present (e.g. very cold water source,
Swimming pools and fountains which have pool exposed to direct sunlight for extended
had tile and stone installed should be filled periods, etc…).
and drained at a prescribed rate of 1" (25 mm)
11.2 Opening and Closing Seasonal
per hour. Following this prescribed fill rate
Swimming Pools and Water Features
will help to alleviate the rapid expansion of
Opening – Opening a swimming pool,
the pool walls due to the weight of the water,
depending on the climate, is an annual rite of
moisture expansion of the tile and thermal
spring for pool owners. The process of opening
gradient variation. Maintain a differential of
a swimming pool involves many different
10°F (5.5°C) or less between the fill water
tasks and allows for routine inspection and
and substrate temperatures during fill cycles.
maintenance to be performed.
While the movement joints and sealant will
accommodate most of this movement they will For swimming pools in northern climates the
be stressed during the fill period so a slow fill list includes;
can help the movement joints better fulfill their n emoving, Cleaning and Storing the Pool
R
intended purpose. Cover
During the drain periods the slow rate will n T esting Water Balance, pH, Calcium, Cyanuric
allow the movement joints and tile system to Acid, Calcium Hardness, and Alkalinity
shrink back at a slower and safer rate. As the Levels
tile or stone, immersed in water for extended n Inspecting Electrical Service, Filters,
periods, dry out they will experience shrinkage Ladders, Diving Boards, Plugs, Gauges, and
movement due to the loss of moisture. The Other Important Components of the System
weight of the water in the pool goes down n L ubricate Fittings, Valves, O-Rings, and
and the walls can shrink back due to the loss
Plugs
of pressure. The slow empty rate allows for a
normal process to take place without damage
n Inspect Tile and Grout Installations, and
to the pool or tile system. The slow drain rate Clean Tiles and Skimmer With Cleanser
also helps to prevent hydrostatic pressure from n Clean and Inspect Pool Deck
causing delamination of tile in pools without a n kim Pool Water Surface and Vacuum Pool
S
waterproofing membrane. Bottom
NOTE: The prescribed fill and drain rate described above n Backwash Filter if Necessary
is recommended for pools, fountains and water features
which have received a tile or stone installation. Filling or n Shock Pool Water to Breakpoint Levels
emptying these vessels which have received other finish
types may not be necessary or recommended. Please
Failure to inspect and correct any problems
check with the finish material manufacturer for their during the opening may result in down time of
recommended fill and drain rates. the pool during the warmer season when the
While the prescribed rate of 1" (25 mm) per pool will be utilized the most.
hour is rather slow, damage caused by filling For swimming pools in southern climates,
or emptying too quickly can be far more time where the pool will be open year round, it is still
consuming and costly than waiting a few days necessary for an inspection and maintenance
longer to fill the pool. regimen to be followed. This will help keep
Initial alkalinity of pool water may be very high, the pool sanitary and safe for the users and
due to exposure to plaster, grouts and mortars prevent significant down time due to improper
so careful and frequent balancing of the pool upkeep.1
water is required. The pool or fountain should
not be filled if potential thermal gradients
164 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 11 – Pool Water and Tile Installation Maintenance
In many cases a professional pool maintenance 11.3 Water Treatments and Tile
company is utilized to make sure that the Installations
pool is running efficiently, the pool mineral It is not the goal of this manual to provide advice
and chemical levels are properly maintained, or recommendations for the proper treatment
and that the entire pool system is working of swimming pool, fountain, water feature, or
properly. spa water. The best advice that we can offer
Closing – Closing a pool for the winter is also along these lines is to consult with a pool
a common sight in cold weather climates. The professional who knows the water conditions
process of closing a pool is just as important and best water treatment options available
to the long term performance of the pool as for your pool and geographical region. For
the opening. Some of the steps to closing more information on locating a qualified pool
the pool properly typically include (check professional in your area, please contact The
local guidelines for proper pool closing Association of Pool and Spa Professionals at
requirements); www.apsp.org.
n Balance the Pool Water Chemistry To get a better understanding of pool water
n emove Skimmer Baskets, Cleaners,
R balance we will look at several aspects of water
Ladders, Wall Fittings, and Solar Blankets treatment;
From the Pool Sanitizers – A pool sanitizer and its
n L ower the Water Level in the Pool to Below accompanying shock is commonly referred
the Skimmer Level in the Pool to as either a sanitizer, a disinfectant or an
oxidizer, but, these products must be able to
n rain All Pumping, Filtering, Heating, and
D
perform all 3 tasks.
Sanitizing Equipment to Prevent Damage
Caused By Breezing
n anitizing – Killing all bacteria, living
S
organisms and other contaminates that are
n L ubricate O-Rings, Valves and Plugs to Make
present in water
Opening the Pool in the Spring Easier
n isinfecting – Kills all potential disease-
D
n Clean and Vacuum the Pool
carrying capabilities of these bacteria, living
n interize the Plumbing by Blowing Out the
W organisms and other contaminates
Lines and Plug the Lines With Expansion n xidizing – Oxidizes any ammonia that is
O
Plugs
present in the pool due to environmental
n Add Winterizing Algaecide factors, fertilizers blowing into the pool,
n Cover the Pool With a Tight Fitting Cover or swimmer waste (e.g. urine, saliva,
In warmer climates many people simply reduce perspiration, suntan lotions, saliva, body
the amount of filtration times per day and also oils, etc…). Ammonia is usually only oxidized
find that the pool requires fewer chemicals. As using a pool shock suitable for use with the
the use of the pool decreases, the opportunity sanitizer being used in the pool
to inspect and provide maintenance to the pool There are currently several methods for
increases.2 sanitizing pools, fountains and water features;
NOTE: It is important to note that swimming pools and Chlorine – Chlorine is the most commonly used
water features which are in use year round also require pool sanitizer in the industry today. Chlorine
the same regular attention and maintenance as seasonal
swimming pools and water features.
will take a leadership role in sanitizing,
disinfecting and oxidizing when present in
any water. Unfortunately, it is not as easy
as adding chlorine to your pool from time
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 165
Section 11 – Pool Water and Tile Installation Maintenance
to time, expecting the water to stay crystal ammonia compound, becoming a chloramine,
clear and sparkling. The chlorine levels must or is broken down into its component atoms,
be monitored on a continual basis based on becoming deactivated itself.
environmental conditions (e.g. temperature, Chlorine is available in many forms for use in a
humidity, sunlight, rain, wind, and evaporation) swimming pool;
and bather load. Failure to do so can cause the n ranular Chlorine – Granular chlorine has
G
water to turn murky and green with the growth
many advantages; it is fast dissolving,
of algae.
typically has 63% available chlorine,
For a better understanding of chlorine and contains cyanuric acid, has a long shelf
how it works we will look at some terminology life, has a pH level of 6.8 (fairly close to
regarding this type of chemistry; the desired level), does not add any by-
Chlorine Demand – The amount of chlorine products to the water, and can be used both
needed to kill bacteria, living organisms and for sanitizing and shocking. Disadvantages
other pollutants in the water. include a cost higher than chlorine tablets
Free Chlorine – The chlorine not presently and less available chlorine than tablets
being used to kill bacteria, living organisms or n hlorine Tablets – Easily the most common
C
other pollutants in the water. form of chlorine sold for pool treatments.
Chloramines – Formed when chlorine combines Chlorine tablets contain about 90%
with ammonia in pool water. Chloramines available chlorine, contains cyanuric acid,
are ineffective at sanitizing, disinfecting and have long shelf life, and are less expensive
oxidizing pool water. than granular chlorine. The disadvantages
are few and are easily corrected. Chlorine
Total Chlorine – The combined reading
tablets have a pH between 2.8 – 3.0, which
combination of Free Chlorine and
can lower the pH level in the pool water. If
Chloramines.
the pH level is not monitored and corrected
Chlorine levels are measured on two scales; often then degradation of metal in the pool,
Total Chlorine and Free Chlorine. The as well as cement based tile and stone
results of testing for Total Chlorine tells you installation materials (e.g. grout) can occur
when to shock the pool to get rid of excess
n L iquid Chlorine – Liquid chlorine is
chloramines and ammonia, and, the test
inexpensive, easy to use, and begins
results for Free Chlorine tells you when to
working immediately after it is added to
add chlorine to the pool. When chlorine is
the pool or fountain. Disadvantages include
added to water, a dissociation occurs. In other
the fact that liquid chlorine provides only
words, Cl2 (chlorine) + 2H2O (water) = HOCl
about 12 – 15% available chlorine which
(hypochlorous acid) + HCl (hydrochloric acid).
can be exhausted quickly due to exposure
Hypochlorous acid is the active by product
to sunlight and a short shelf life. The use of
of this reaction that is responsible for killing
liquid chlorine may also add unwanted salts
bacteria, living organisms or other pollutants
to the pool water (a result of the production
in the pool water. The chlorine molecule or
process of the liquid chlorine)
ion kills microorganisms by entering through
cell walls and destroying inner enzymes, n hlorine Gas – Chlorine gas is reasonably
C
structures and processes. When this occurs inexpensive, provides 100% available
the cell is effectively deactivated or oxidized. chlorine and adds no by-products to the
The hypochlorous molecule or ion continues pool water. This form of chlorine is rarely
working until it combines with a nitrogen or used in swimming pools mainly because
of its one significant disadvantage – if
166 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 11 – Pool Water and Tile Installation Maintenance
misused, chlorine gas is deadly. Chlorine by sunlight and that it cannot be protected
gas is difficult to handle, making misuse by the use of cyanuric acid. Bromine has a pH
easy of 4.0, therefore, constant monitoring of the
Cyanuric acid is a necessary addition to any pool water will be necessary to avoid possible
pool treated with a chlorine product. Chlorine problems caused by low pH (acidic).
tablets and granular chlorine are Cyanurates, Bromine by itself, cannot oxidize. In other
which simply means they contain cyanuric words, to be effective, bromine requires a
acid. Typically sold as either “Conditioner” or catalyst; and the catalyst is often chlorine. The
“Stabilizer” cyanuric acid protects chlorine tablet mixture is typically around 60% bromine,
from being destroyed by sunlight. Cyanuric 28% chlorine and 12% inert ingredients.
acid needs to be added whenever a pool is Bromine levels should be maintained at 2.5
drained, cleaned and refilled because tap – 4.0 ppm (2.5 – 4.0 ml/l) with an industry
water contains almost none of this chemical. accepted minimum level of 2.0 ppm (2.0 ml/l).
The recommended range for cyanuric acid is It is best to add bromine when the level reaches
30 – 80 ppm (30 – 80 ml/l) with a maximum 2.5 to avoid any potential problems.
of 100 ppm. If the level of cyanuric acid rises
above 100 ppm the only way to achieve a
suitable reading is to drain the pool completely
and refill with new water. Cyanuric acid has a
pH of 4.0, so if the pH level is not monitored
and corrected often then degradation of metal
in the pool, as well as cement based tile and
stone installation materials can occur. Figure 11.1 – Diagram of how ozone is created by an ozone
generator.
Bromine – Bromine is an effective alternative
Salt Water – Salt water pools are becoming
to chlorine that comes in both tablet (far more
more and more prevalent, and this method of
commonly used) and granular forms. Bromine
sanitizing a pool is very effective. A salt water
is far more stable at higher temperatures,
pool has 3 main components; salt, a salt cell
and, as such, is used more often than chlorine
and a control box.
to sanitize, disinfect and oxidize spas. Due
to the presence of ammonia in pool water, First, it will be best to explain that the level
bromamines (like chloramines) will be present of salt used to sanitize a swimming pool or
in pool water. But, unlike chloramines, fountain is not the same as ocean salt water.
bromamines are at least marginally effective Ocean salt water contains about 20,000 ppm
at assisting in sanitizing, disinfecting and (20 ml/l) of salt, while a salt water pool contains
oxidizing the water. Unlike chloramines, only about 3,000 ppm (3 ml/l). At 3,000 ppm
bromamines will breakdown by themselves (3 ml/l) you generally cannot even taste the
but they should be removed from the water salt; in fact, your eyes contain about 9,000
by regular shocking to maintain a stable water ppm (9 ml/l) of salt. Any water under 6,000
environment. ppm (6 ml/l) is still considered fresh water.
The main drawback of bromine, coupled A salt water pool system works to sanitize a
with its non-chlorine shock, Potassium pool based on the fact that chlorine can be
Peroxymonosulfate (required to get rid of produced by running the salt water through
ammonia and bromamines), is its expense. a series of plates (the salt cell) with opposite
Bromine is more expensive than chlorine and electrical charges. As the water passes through
only equally effective at producing results. these plates electrolysis takes place which
Another drawback is that it will be destroyed
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 167
Section 11 – Pool Water and Tile Installation Maintenance
releases the chlorine in the salt. The control box a fraction of the cost of using chlorine and
sends electricity to the salt cell and controls bromine alone. In fact, ozone has been proven
how much chlorine is produced by regulating to purify, clean and sanitize pool water faster
how long the electricity is applied to the cell. and more effectively than traditional chlorine
Salt water pools do not have the ability to or bromine alone.
shock the pool water so a chlorine shock (super When used in conjunction with chlorine or
chlorinator) is used to quickly raise bromine, ozone will kill or get rid of all bacteria,
the chlorine level when necessary. Cyanuric living organisms, ammonia, swimmer wastes,
acid would also be required at 30 – 80 ppm algae, dirt, debris, and other contaminants
(30 – 80 ml/l) since chlorine is the end result virtually on contact. This is done with no odor
of the salt water electrolysis process. Another and without leaving any by-products in the
benefit of salt water pools is that the water is water, other than oxygen.
softer, since salts are commonly used to soften The ozone sanitizing process works by placing
water. Salt water may have an effect on a tile an ozonator in line with the pool circulation
or stone installation system as well as many equipment after the filter. Water flows through
other cement based finishes; efflorescence. the pump and passes through the filter where
any dirt, debris or particles are trapped. The
water continues through the heater (if present)
and then through the ozonator where the water
will be exposed to a specific wavelength of UV
light. The UV light converts oxygen molecules
into ozone molecules where the water is
cleaned naturally.
Ultraviolet Light (UV) – UV lamps are useful
for supplemental sanitation in swimming
pool and spa water. Although UV light is very
Figure 11.2 – A typical salt water circulation and treatment effective against microorganisms, UV lamps
system4.
cannot be used as stand-alone sanitizers since
There are other water treatment options but they do not impart a sanitizer residual into the
these are used infrequently, and will not be water. As such, UV lamps can only be used in
mentioned in this text. However, choosing the conjunction with a suitable EPA registered pool
water treatment option best suited for your water sanitizer to ensure bathers are protected
conditions is very important and the decision against disease and infection. For the UV lamp
should be after consultation with a qualified to be effective as a germicide it must emit UV
pool professional. light wavelengths in the 200 – 310 nanometer
Supplemental Sanitizers (nm) which is in the UV-C range, and to a lesser
Ozone – In its natural state, ultraviolet (UV) light extent UV-B.
from the sun converts oxygen molecules into UV light inactivates microorganisms by
ozone molecules. Ozone is the earth’s natural damaging their nucleic acid, thereby preventing
purifier and cleaner; and this fact makes it a the microorganism from replicating which
perfect choice to assist in the sanitization of thereby prevents infecting a host.
swimming pool water. Ozone is a supplement
Pool Water Chemistry
to be used with chlorine or bromine to fully
Water, by itself, is rarely free of harsh minerals
sanitize the pool water. In combination, the
and various chemicals or contaminants (e.g.
end result is crystal clear, sparkling water at
bacteria, ammonia, living organisms, and
168 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 11 – Pool Water and Tile Installation Maintenance
other pollutants). Some of these contaminants The pH affects three key aspects of pool
are evident in the water used to fill the pool, operation as well as swimmer comfort and
some come from certain environmental safety:
factors, and others result from pool chemistry. n ater maintained within the range of
W
The fact is that the majority of these minerals 7.2 – 7.8 is generally not irritating to eyes
and impurities must be eliminated from your and skin.
pool. To do this requires the addition of certain n T he pH range of 7.2 – 7.8 is good in terms
chemicals to combat the undesired effects
of the sanitizing and oxidizing efficiency
caused by the contamination, and to have
of chlorine sanitizers. At higher pH, only a
the proper amount of minerals to achieve
small fraction of the free available chlorine
“balanced water”. Alkalinity, pH, and hardness
will be in hypochlorous acid form, and
are your water balancers and are responsible
hypochlorous acid is far more effective as
for creating optimal water chemistry. If these
a sanitizer and oxidizer than is hypochlorite
levels are within their desired ranges, if
ion. At lower pH, chlorine gas may form
water circulation is adequate, and a proper
resulting in inefficiencies due to chlorine
maintenance program is followed, the result
loss and possible breathing hazards for
will be clean, clear sparkling blue water.
occupants. The effectiveness of other
When water is considerably less than saturated sanitizers (e.g. bromine, Polyhexamethylene
(minerals) it is said to be in a corrosive or biguanide [PHMB]) is not dependent on pH.
aggressive condition. When water is over n H is a key driver in maintaining water
p
saturated and can no longer hold the minerals
balance by avoiding conditions in which the
in solution it is in a scaling condition. Balanced
water is excessively corrosive to plumbing
water is that which is neither over-saturated
and pool surfaces, or, predisposed to
nor under-saturated. Water which is under-
deposit scale on exposed surfaces.
saturated will attempt to saturate itself by
dissolving everything in contact with it in order pH can be raised or lowered with the addition
to increase its own mineral content. Water of certain chemicals. Sodium Bisulfate is
which is over saturated will attempt to rid itself commonly used to reduce pH and Sodium
of this content by precipitating minerals out of Carbonate is commonly used to raise pH. At
solution in the form of scale. This gives a whole the conclusion of all surface preparation and
new meaning to the phrase “water seeks its prior to the installation of tile, measure the pH
own level”.3 level of the substrate. This work should not
commence until the pH value is 10 or less.
pH – Although a pH of 7.0 is considered
“neutral” for everyday water, it is not ideal for Total Alkalinity – Alkalinity is often confused
pool water. The ideal pH range for pool water with pH as a unified and singular water-
is 7.2 – 7.8, with pH of 7.4 – 7.6 being optimal. balancing chemical. While alkalinity has a
Therefore, for a swimming pool, the pH scale definite affect on pH, they are certainly not
has to be revised: the same. A pH test will show the acidity or
alkalinity of water, while the Total Alkalinity test
n pH Level Between 1.0 – 7.19 Will Be
A
will show the quantity of alkaline material in
Considered Acidic (Having a Low pH)
the water. Some alkaline material is required in
n pH Level Between 7.2 – 7.8 is Good For
A the water to maintain proper water chemistry.
Pool Water Both pH and Total Alkalinity play a role in
n pH Level Between 7.81 – 14.0 Will Be
A achieving and maintaining water chemistry;
Considered Alkaline (Having a High pH) therefore both must be adjusted on a regular
basis. It should also be known that the Total
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 169
Section 11 – Pool Water and Tile Installation Maintenance
Alkalinity level must be adjusted first and Typically, Calcium Hardness levels should
then the pH. This is because Total Alkalinity be maintained between 200 – 450 ppm
is a measure of the pH buffering capacity of (0.2 – 0.45 ml/l) with a maximum of 500 ppm
the water (the ability of the water to resist (0.5 ml/l). Maintaining Hardness levels within
pH change); if Total Alkalinity is in range, the the accepted range is important and levels
pH is far less likely to fluctuate. For adequate too high or too low can lead to a variety of
buffering of the pool pH, a Total Alkalinity problems.
level of 60 – 180 ppm as calcium carbonate If the Hardness level gets too low these
(CaCO3) must be maintained. Ideally, the Total problems may occur;
Alkalinity level should be between 80 – 100 n Dissolved Metallic Parts of Your Pool
ppm as CaCO3 where calcium hypochlorite,
lithium hypochlorite and sodium hypochlorite
n tained and Etched Concrete or Cement
S
are used because these sanitizers will cause Products in Your Pool (Including Cement
the pH to rise. Based Grout)
170 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 11 – Pool Water and Tile Installation Maintenance
to combat the effects of bacteria, improper It should be noted that it is possible to have
mineral levels, wrong pH levels, and poor an ideal LSI and still have pool water that is
sanitizer levels the person who is monitoring corrosive or scaling. Each of the levels affecting
the pool water should know what treatment pool water chemistry must be maintained
must be provided to correct the problems). within ideal ranges. For instance, an LSI which
calculates as SI = 8.1 + 0.7 + 2.0 + 1.3 – 12.1
TDS Factor
= 0.00 which states that the LSI is very good
<1,000 12.10
but the pH is high. In this state, the high pH
1,000 12.19 can have a corrosive effect on cement based
2,000 12.29 products if the calcium level is low.
3,000 12.35 Once water chemistry is balanced, it can be
4,000 12.41 lost within 24 hours. Maintaining proper water
5,000 12.44 balance requires constant monitoring, testing
Figure 11.4 – Factor conversions for elevated TDS levels. and chemical additions. Unfortunately, water
chemistry balance is not as easy as adding one
Temperature Total Alkalinity† Calcium
Hardness pound of treatment every other day; it requires
knowledge, good record-keeping, patience,
°F TF ppm AF ppm CF
and dedication to keep the pool functioning
32 0.0 25 1.4 25 1.0
properly and the users of the pool safe.
37 0.1 50 1.7 50 1.3
Mineral Balance – When discussing minerals in
46 0.2 75 1.9 75 1.5 water chemistry the reference is usually to the
53 0.3 100 2.0 100 1.6 presence of copper, iron, calcium, manganese,
60 0.4 125 2.1 125 1.7 and magnesium, as well as various other
66 0.5 150 2.2 150 1.8
minerals. Water is a solvent, in fact, it is often
referred to as the universal solvent. As a
76 0.6 200 2.3 200 1.9
solvent, when water chemistry is out of balance,
84 0.7 250 2.4 250 2.0 water will dissolve any metallic material that it
94 0.8 300 2.5 300 2.1 comes in contact with to satisfy its own needs
105 0.9 400 2.6 400 2.2 for certain minerals and to achieve saturation
800 2.9 800 2.5 point. After achieving saturation point, water
will rid itself of any excess dissolved material
Use the reading closest to your actual reading
(known as the precipitation point of water). In
in choosing the factor.
fact, water has the ability to dissolve, corrode,
† T otal alkalinity in this context refers to the total of
carbonate and bicarbonate alkalinity. If cyanuric acid is stain, scale, or calcify any surface in your pool
used, a correction factor must be used (refer to local pool in which the water comes in contact. This list of
water specialist for the cyanuric acid correction factor). surfaces includes walls, floors, ladders, hand
Source: ANSI/APSP-11 2009 rails, light fixtures, internal pump and filter
Figure 11.5 – Conversion factors for Temperature, Total parts, grout, adhesives, and stone. The fact
Alkalinity and Calcium Hardness when using the Langelier
Saturation Index (LSI). that water is volatile and must be kept under
close supervision is critical to the long term
For example: The Langelier Saturation Index of
performance of any pool system. The effects
pool water (without cyanuric acid correction
of improper mineral (metal) balance can also
factor) with a pH of 7.6, a temperature of 81°F
lead to colored water, stains and the formation
(TF), Total Alkalinity (AF) of 100, and Calcium
of scale.
Hardness (CF) of 400, and a TDS of 850 is
calculated as SI = 7.6 + 0.7 + 2.0 + 2.2 – 12.1
= 0.4.
172 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 11 – Pool Water and Tile Installation Maintenance
Measurement of pool chemicals and minerals chemistry can cause problems with a tile or
utilize parts per million (PPM) as their reading , stone installation;
and pH is measured using the pH scale. The pH of pool water should be between 7.2 and
CHEMICAL MINIMUM IDEAL MAXIMUM 7.8 on the pH scale. If the pH level gets too low
then any cementitious material within the pool
Chlorine (Free 1 ppm 2 – 3 ppm 4 ppm
Available (0.001 (0.002 – (0.004 ml/l) can be affected. Portland cement is reactive
Chlorine) ml/l) 0.003 ml/l) when exposed to acids and this exposure can
Cyanuric Acid 25 ppm 30 – 50 ppm 100 ppm have a deteriorating affect on the concrete
(0.025 (0.030 – (0.1 ppm) or cement based product (e.g. grout, plaster,
ml/l) 0.050 ml/l)
gunite). While the level of acidity is usually not
Bromine 1 ppm 3 – 4 ppm 5 ppm (0.005 very strong, there can be cumulative effects if
(0.001 ml/l) (0.003 – ml/l) for pools
for pools 0.004 ml/l) the problem is not treated promptly or repeats
6 ppm (0.006
2 ppm for pools ml/l) for spas over periods of time. If the pH of the pool is
(0.002 ml 4 – 6 ppm too low (acidic) the effects on the tile or stone
/l) for spas (0.004 – installation can be;
0.006 ml/l)
for spas n Etched Cement Based Grout or Plaster
Total Alkalinity 60 ppm 80 – 100 ppm 180 ppm n Cement Based Grout or Plaster Erosion
(0.06 ml/l) (0.08 – 0.1 (0.18 ml/l)
ml/l)
n Blotchy Cement Based Grout or Plaster
Calcium 150 ppm 200 – 400 1000 ppm n Fading Cement Based Grout Color
Hardness (0.15 ml/l) ppm (0.2 – 0.4 1.0 ml/l) as n alcite Loss in Marble and Limestone (Loss
C
as CaCO3 ml/l) as CaCO3 CaCO3
of Stone Surface Material)
pH 7.2 7.4 – 7.6 7.8
n alcium Loss in Portland Cement Based
C
Figure 11.6 – Ideal PPM (parts per million) Readings for
Successful Pool Water Chemistry (ANSI/APSP-112009). Installation Materials Which Can Lead to
Weakening and Erosion of Materials
11.4 Pool Water Chemistry and How It
n Stains on Horizontal Grout or Plaster
Affects Tile or Stone Installations
Maintaining pool water chemistry at proper If the pH of the pool water gets too high
levels is extremely important, not only to the (alkaline) the effects on the tile or stone
owner and users of the pool, but also to the installation can be;
tile or stone installation or plaster located in n Scale Formation on Pool Walls and Floor
the pool. Pool water which is out of balance n Greater Potential for Algae Growth
can be unhealthy, unsightly, as well as time
If the Total Alkalinity and/or Total Hardness
consuming and expensive to correct.
of the pool water get outside of their specific
Correcting any problems with pool chemistry ranges there could be an effect on a tile or
can actually take the pool out of use for a stone installation. If the Alkalinity or Hardness
period of time until the proper balance is gets too low the effects on tile or stone can
achieved to ensure the safety and well being be;
of the pool users. n taining and Etching of Cement Based Grout
S
Tile and stone installations may also be or Plaster
affected by the pool chemistry. A big difference n tains (in the Stone and/or Grout) Caused
S
between correcting the pool water chemistry
by Dissolving Metallic Components of the
and fixing the tile or stone installation is how
Pool
long the pool may be out of commission to
make repairs. Let’s look at how pool water
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 173
A problem resulting from Alkalinity and/or replacement attempted while submerged.
Total Hardness of the pool water being too To replace any tile, stone or grout in a pool,
high can lead to this effect on the tile or stone fountain, water feature or spa the use of any
installations; of the LATICRETE materials listed in Section
n Scale formation on pool walls and floors 7 can be used for the particular substrate in
question.
Pool water balance issues are very common
in public pools and water features. The use Proper maintenance of pool water chemistry
of epoxy based grouts and setting material will help to prevent problems and limit the
is a great choice to help overcome some down time of the swimming pool, fountain,
of these potential issues. Epoxy materials spa, or water feature.
are typically not affected by the etching or Unless otherwise noted, much of the
erosion problems inherent in cement based information used in this section was excerpted
products by pH, alkalinity and hardness from ANSI/APSP-11 2009, ANSI/NSPI-1 2003,
imbalance. LATICRETE recommends the use and www.poolmanual.com.
of LATICRETE® SpectraLOCK® PRO Grout† for
all submerged pool, fountain, spa, or water 1. Spring Pool Openings, Retrieved on September 24,
2008 from www.poolcenter.com.
feature installations. LATICRETE SpectraLOCK
PRO Grout utilizes non-pigmented technology 2. Fall Pool Closings, Retrieved on September 24,
which means that the grout will not become 2008 from www.poolcenter.com.
blotchy or fade due to imbalanced pool water 3. Water Balancing, Retrieved on September 24,
chemistry. 2008 from www.poolcenter.com.
LATAPOXY® 300 Adhesive will provide 4. Benefits of Salt Water Pools, Retrieved on March
the ultimate in adhesive performance in 14, 2007 from www.poolplaza.com.
submerged installations. Providing incredible †
nited States Patent No.: 6881768 (and other
U
bond strength and high chemical resistance, Patents).
LATAPOXY 300 Adhesive is the product of
choice for installations in pools and spas with
steel or fiberglass shells.
174 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 12 – Troubleshooting
andSection
Case 1: Introduction
Study
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 175
Section 12 – Troubleshooting and Case Study
176 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 12 – Troubleshooting and Case Study
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 177
Section 12 – Troubleshooting and Case Study
178 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 12 – Troubleshooting and Case Study
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 179
Section 12 – Troubleshooting and Case Study
180 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 12 – Troubleshooting and Case Study
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 181
Section 12 – Troubleshooting and Case Study
182 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 12 – Troubleshooting and Case Study
Case Study 10 – The swimming pool is now Case Study 12 – The installation of the tile
in the flood test stage. The waterproofing in the horizontal areas is now complete.
membrane must be allowed to reach its full Once the tiles are installed and grouted; the
cure prior to flood testing. Full cure will vary installation must cure for a full 14 days after
by manufacturer and product type. The pool is the final grouting period at 70°F (21°C) if a latex
filled at a rate of 1" (25 mm) per hour. Generally fortified portland cement based grout (e.g.
the water level will be continually monitored LATICRETE PermaColor™ Grout) is used or 10
during the length of the flood test (typically days if an epoxy based grout (e.g. LATICRETE
24 - 72 hours) to determine a vessel’s ‘water- SpectraLOCK® PRO Grout*) is used.
tightness’. The water is then drained at a rate After the installation materials have fully cured,
of 1" (25 mm) per hour. the water feature can be filled with water. Use
the same water fill and drain rate of 1" (25 mm)
per hour whenever a tiled water feature is filled
and drained.
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 185
Section 13 – Appendix
186 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 13 – Appendix
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 187
Section 13 – Appendix
9. What approvals are available for (e.g. LATICRETE PermaColor™ Grout) is used,
LATICRETE® 9235 Waterproofing Membrane or 10 days if an epoxy based grout (e.g.
and LATICRETE Hydro Ban™? LATICRETE SpectraLOCK® PRO Grout*) is used.
Related Documents: Related Documents:
IAPMO Waterproofing Membrane Approval For Installation of Tile in Swimming Pools TDS 192
Shower Pan/Waterproofing Membrane – File 12.What types of sealant are compatible with
No. 3524 (www.icc-es.org) LATICRETE 9235 Waterproofing Membrane
ICC ES Evaluation Report – LATICRETE® Hydro or LATICRETE Hydro Ban?
Ban™ Shower Pan/Waterproofing Membrane – Use LATICRETE Latasil along with LATICRETE
ESR-2417 (www.icc-es.org/pmg) Latasil 9118 Primer for submerged installations
ICC PMG Listing – LATICRETE 9235 or in steam rooms
Waterproofing Membrane – PMG-1005 Related Documents:
City of Los Angeles Approval for 9235 Shower Detail ES-WP300
Pan / Waterproofing Membrane
LATICRETE Latasil™ DS 6200.1
10. Will LATICRETE 9235 Waterproofing
Membrane or LATICRETE Hydro Ban LATICRETE Latasil 9118 Primer DS6528.1
control moisture or water from entering LATICRETE Installation Instructions for
the underside of the tile system due to Membranes (DS WPAF.5)
negative hydrostatic pressure or excessive LATICRETE Hydro Ban Installation Instructions
moisture content? (DS 663.5)
No! LATICRETE 9235 Waterproofing Membrane
13. How do I treat the drains when using
and LATICRETE Hydro Ban are both designed
LATICRETE 9235 Waterproofing Membrane
to contain water from the positive side only.
or LATICRETE Hydro Ban?
These products are not recommended where
You must use a 2-part clamping ring style drain.
negative hydrostatic pressure or excessive
The LATICRETE waterproofing membranes
moisture vapor transmission exists. The
must be installed down into the drain assembly
moisture vapor emission rate should not
and clamped down.
exceed 5 lbs./1,000ft2/24 hours (283 µg/s
m2) as tested per ASTM F1869 or 75% RH as Related Documents:
measured with in situ moisture probes (ASTM Drawing WP301
F2170). LATICRETE Installation Instructions for
Related Documents: Membranes (DS WPAF.5)
LATICRETE 9235 Waterproofing Membrane LATICRETE Hydro Ban Installation Instructions
DS 236.0 (DS 663.5)
LATICRETE Hydro Ban DS 663.0 14. If I find an air bubble or blister in the
LATICRETE Installation Instructions for waterproofing membrane, what can I do?
Membranes (DS WPAF.5) When using LATICRETE 9235 Waterproofing
Membrane cut out the bubble or blister
LATICRETE Hydro Ban Installation Instructions
back to sound and well-adhered membrane.
(DS 663.5)
Apply a liberal amount of waterproofing
11. H
ow soon can I fill a water feature for use? liquid overlapping the existing membrane
The installation must cure for a full 14 days by 6" (150 mm). Place the reinforcing
after the final grouting period at 70°F (21°C) if membrane fabric into the liquid
a latex fortified portland cement based grout and immediately coat with additional
188 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 13 – Appendix
190 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 13 – Appendix
AVAILABLE CHLORINE – A rating of a chemical's BATHER – Any person using a pool, spa or hot
total chlorine content, based on a comparison tub and adjoining deck area for the purpose
to elemental (gaseous) chlorine having 100 of water sports, recreation, therapy or related
percent available chlorine. activities. Also user.
BACK-BUTTER – The spreading of a bond coat BATHER LOAD—See USER LOAD.
to the back of tile or stone just before it is BEACH ENTRY or ZERO ENTRY – A sloping
placed to improve coverage of the mortar. entry starting above the waterline at deck level
BACK PRESSURE – Resistance to flow, and ending below the waterline in a pool or
normally expressed in pounds per square inch spa. (Does not refer to sand only.)
(kilograms per square centimeter). BEGINNER'S AREA – In a pool, a water area
BACTERIA – Single-celled microorganisms of that is three feet or less in depth.
various forms, some of which cause infections BLEACH (Sodium Hypochlorite) – Also called
or disease. liquid chlorine. A chlorine source typically
BACTERICIDE – Any chemical that kills having between 5- and 16 percent available
bacteria. chlorine.
BACKWASH – The process of cleansing the BODY COAT – A layer of diatomaceous earth or
filter medium and/or elements by the reverse similar material on a filter element that acts as
flow of water through the filter. the filtering medium.
BACKWASH CYCLE – The time required to BODY FEED – A controlled amount of
backwash the filter medium and/or elements diatomaceous earth that is continuously added
and to remove debris in the filter vessel. to the filter element during the course of a filter
BACKWASH RATE – The rate of flow water run to help maintain filter porosity.
through the filter medium per unit of area (U.S. BOND COAT – A material used between the
gallons per minute per square foot). back of the tile or stone and the properly
BALANCE – In pools and spas, refers to a prepared substrate.
condition of the water that is neither scaling BOND STRENGTH – A bond coat’s ability to
nor corrosive. resist separating from the tile and setting bed,
BALL VALVE – A device that can partially or usually measured in pounds per square inch
totally obstruct the flow of water, using a ball (psi).
shaped diverter. BOOSTER PUMP SYSTEM – A pump that is
BARRIER – A means to limit, delay or restrict completely independent of the filtration and
access to a pool, spa or hot tub (refer to ANSI/ heating system, used to provide support for
NSPI-8 Model Barrier Code for Residential hydrotherapy jets, cleaning systems and gas
Swimming Pools, Spas and Hot Tubs). chlorinators or special water features.
BASE – A chemical used to raise the pH and/or BREAK IN GRADE – Occurs when the slope of a
total alkalinity of pool or spa water. Opposite pool floor changes to a greater slope.
of acid. BREAKPOINT CHLORINATION – The practice of
BASE DEMAND – A measure of the amount of adding a sufficient amount of chlorine to water
alkaline material required to raise the pH to a to destroy the combined inorganic chlorine
predetermined level. This can be accomplished present. Normally, the amount added is 10
by use of a base demand test, whereby a times the combined chlorine concentration.
standard base is added by drops to the pH test BRIDGING—Build up of body coat on
solution until the desired pH is reached. diatomaceous earth filter elements to the point
BASIC – Having a pH above 7.0. Opposite of that the body coats of two adjacent elements
acidic. touch.
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 191
Section 13 – Appendix
BROADCAST – A method of applying chemicals CARBON DIOXIDE – Common gas found in the
to a pool or spa by spreading them uniformly air. Can be used to lower pH in a pool.
over the water surface. CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
BROMIDE – A salt that contains a bromide ion. (CPR) – A lifesaving technique involving both
Bromide becomes hypobromous acid when chest compressions to circulate blood and
reacted with oxidizers such chlorine, ozone or mouth-to-mouth breathing to restart a non-
monopersulfates. beating heart.
BROMINE – One of several chemicals that yield CARTRIDGE – A replaceable, porous element
hypobromous acid when added to water. designed to retain suspended particles from
BROMINE FEEDER – A device used to add or water.
deliver bromine disinfectant at a controlled CARTRIDGE FILTER – A filter that uses a porous
rate. element to act as a filter medium.
BTU (British Thermal Unit) – A unit of CATCH POOL – A pool or designated section
measurement used to define the capabilities of a pool used as a terminus for water-slide
of heaters. One BTU is capable of raising the flumes.
temperature of one pound of water by 1°F (one CAUSTIC – Sodium hydroxide, lye. In pools, an
liter of water by 1.2°C). extremely high pH alkalizer. Generally refers to
BUFFER – Any chemical that, when dissolved in high pH.
water, will resist pH change. Also any chemical CAUTION (Signal Word) – Indicates a
solution used to calibrate pH instruments. potentially hazardous situation that, if not
BYPASS VALVE – A valve used to limit or adjust avoided, could result in minor or moderate
the amount of water flowing through a device injury. May also be used to alert against unsafe
in a bypass loop to divert flow to an alternate practices. (Reference ANSI Z535 Series of
plumbing path. Standards for Safety Signs and Colors.)
CALCIFICATION – Formation of calcium CAVITATION – The formation of partial
carbonate on walls of pools or pipes, or in a vacuums when pump capacity exceeds the
filter or heater, due to precipitation of calcium water replacement supply.
carbonate. CEMENT GROUT – A cementitious mixture of
CALCIUM CARBONATE – Insoluble calcium cement, sand or other ingredients and water
compound that is the major component of or latex additive to produce a water-resistant,
calcium scale. Also, a substance found in uniformly colored material to fill the joints of
nature as limestone or marble. tile.
CALCIUM CHLORIDE – A soluble white salt CENTRIFUGAL FORCE – The outward force
containing calcium ions and chloride ions, exhibited by a circular motion.
used to raise the calcium hardness of pool and CENTRIFUGAL PUMP – A pump that circulates
spa water. water using a shaft-mounted impeller powered
CALCIUM HARDNESS – A measure of the by an electric motor or gasoline engine. The
amount of calcium dissolved in water and centrifugal force of the spinning impeller
expressed in parts per million (ppm) or mg/l as creates the flow through the pump.
calcium carbonate. CF – Abbreviation for the calcium hardness
CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE – A solid white form factor in calculating the saturation index of
of inorganic chlorine found in both granular water.
and tablet forms (65–75% available chlorine).
Because it is an alkaline compound, it will raise
the pH of pool and spa water.
192 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 13 – Appendix
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 193
Section 13 – Appendix
194 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 13 – Appendix
CURING – Maintenance of humidity and DESIGN RATE OF FLOW – The rate of flow used
temperature of the freshly placed mortar or for design calculations in a system.
grout during some definite period following DIATOMACEOUS EARTH FILTER – A filter that
the placing or finishing, assuring acceptable uses a coating of diatomaceous earth (DE)
hydration of the cement and proper hardening over a porous fabric as its filter medium.
of the mortar or grout. DIATOMITE – The filtering medium of a
CUSHION-EDGED TILE – Tile on which the facial diatomaceous earth filter composed of
edges have a distinct curvature that results in a microscopic fossil skeletons of the diatom, a
slightly recessed joint. tiny freshwater plankton used to trap solids
DANGER (Signal Word) – A visual alerting while allowing clear water to pass through the
device in the form of a decal, label placard filter. Also known as diatomaceous earth.
or other marking such as an embossing, DIATOMITE FILTER ELEMENT – A device used
stamping, etching or other process. It advises in a filter tank called a filter grid or element,
the observer of the nature and degree of the coated with a fabric that traps diatomite on its
potential hazard(s) that can cause property surface.
damage, injury or death. Can also provide DIFFUSER – A pump component that reduces
safety precautions or evasive actions to take, velocity and increases static pressure of fluid
or other directions to eliminate or reduce the passing through a system.
hazard. Aquatic safety signage shall conform
DISCHARGE HEAD – Resistance to water flow
to ANSI Z535 specifications.
encountered on the discharge side of a pump,
Signal Word – To convey the gravity of the measured in feet of head. Each foot of water
risk. on the suction side of the pump is equal to one
Consequences – What will likely happen if a foot of head on the discharge side.
warning is not heeded. DISINFECTANT – Any chemical used to kill
Instructions – Appropriate behavior to reduce undesirable or pathogenic (disease-causing)
or eliminate a hazard. bacteria.
Danger – Indicates an imminently hazardous DISINFECTION – The killing of pathogenic
situation that, if not avoided, will result in organisms with chemicals or other proven
death or serious injury. This signal word is to means, such as ozone, copper or silver.
be limited to the most extreme situations. DIVE – A free-fall entry as a planned acrobatic
Warning – Indicates a potentially hazardous maneuver into the designated diving area of a
situation that, if not avoided, could result in pool.
death or serious injury. DIVING AREA – The area of a swimming pool
Caution – Indicates a potentially hazardous that is designed to be used for diving.
situation that, if not avoided, could result in DIVING BOARD – A flexible board secured at
minor or moderate injury. May also be used to one end to be used for diving.
alert against unsafe practices.
DIVING EQUIPMENT, COMPETITIVE – Includes
DECKS – The areas immediately adjacent to or competitive diving boards and adjustable
attached to a pool or spa that are specifically fulcrum-setting diving stands intended for
constructed or installed for sitting, standing or competitive diving.
walking. Generally made of concrete, wood or
DIVING PLATFORM – A stationary platform
masonry.
designed for diving.
DEEP AREA – Water areas exceeding five feet
in depth.
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 195
Section 13 – Appendix
DIVING STAND – Any supporting device for a Sand Filtration Type – The effective filter area
springboard or diving board. is the top surface area of the sand within the
DOT-MOUNTED TILE – Tile packaged in sheet filter calculated in square inches or square
format and held together by plastic or rubber feet.
dots between the joints. EFFECTIVE PARTICLE SIZE – The theoretical
DPD (Diethylphenylene Diamine) – A chemical size of sieve (in mm) that will pass 10 percent
reagent that specifically measures bromine or by weight of the sand.
free available and total chlorine; produces a EFFLORESCENCE – The residue deposited on
series of colors from pale pink to dark red. the surface of a material by crystallization of
DRAFT HOOD – Part of an indoor heater used soluble salts present in portland cement.
to vent to the outside to prevent a down draft. EFFLUENT – The outflow of water from a filter,
DRY ACID (Sodium Bisulfate) – A granular pump or pool.
material used to lower total alkalinity and pH EGRESS – The means of exiting an area.
in water. ELECTROLYTIC CHLORINATOR – A device
DRY-SET MORTAR – A mixture of cement with that converts dissolved chloride salt (sodium
sand and additives imparting water retentivity, chloride) into chlorine and its reaction
often is used as a bond coat for setting tile. products.
DYNAMIC HEAD – The resistance caused by the ENCLOSURE – A fenced-in, secured area.
friction of the water flowing through an entire ENERGY (Electric) – The amount of electricity
circulation system, including the plumbing and consumed when power is used over a period of
equipment and the head pressure measured time, measured in kilowatt-hours.
from the suction and discharge side. ENTRY POOL – A pool at a water theme park
ELBOW – A plumbing fitting shaped at a 90° or that is provided at the entrance to a water slide
45° angle. Also known as an "ell." or inner-tube ride.
EFFECTIVE FILTER AREA – The total surface EPOXY ADHESIVE – An adhesive system
area through which designed flow rate will be employing an epoxy resin and hardener.
maintained during filtration. EPOXY GROUT – A grout system employing an
Cartridge Type – The total effective filter area epoxy resin and hardener and powder.
is the cartridge fabric area that is exposed EPOXY MORTAR – A system employing epoxy
to the direct flow of water, figured in square resins and hardener portions, often containing
footage of fabric. This excludes cartridge ends, coarse silica filler and which is usually
seals, supports and other areas where flow is formulated where high strength is required
impaired. or industrial and commercial installations
Diatomaceous Earth (DE) Type – The actual where chemical resistance is of paramount
area of the filter element is the total effective importance.
area of the porous fabric septum, less any area EQUIPMENT AREA – An area used to house
of a septum support member greater than 1/4" recirculation and disinfecting equipment and
wide contacting the septum during filtration. related appliances.
Permanent Medium Type – The effective filter EROSION – 1. The act of destroying or dissolving
area is the filter surface that is perpendicular by slow disintegration or wearing away. 2. In
to the flow direction. an erosion feeder, the way water dissolves the
chemical being fed.
196 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 13 – Appendix
FLOOR SLOPE – The slope of the pool floor, GALVANIC ACTION – The creation of electrical
usually expressed in feet or inches of vertical current by the process of electrochemical
rise per feet or inches of horizontal distance. action of dissimilar metals in a liquid.
FLOW – The rate of the movement of water, GALVANIC CORROSION – The deterioration of
typically in gallons per minute. metal produced when two dissimilar metals
FLOW METER – A device that measures the are exposed to the electrical current produced
rate of flow of liquid through piping. by electrochemical action.
FLOW RATE – The volume of liquid flowing past GATE VALVE – A device in a pipe that can
a given point in a specified time period. Usually partially or totally obstruct the flow of water,
expressed as U.S. gallons per minute (gpm) or using an internal "gate" that moves in and out
gallons per hour (gph). as the valve is operated.
FLOW RIDER – Pool at a waterpark that uses GFCI (Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter) –
wave sheet technology for body boarding or A mechanism that cuts the current to an
body surfing activity. electrical device the moment a change in
voltage occurs.
FLOW SWITCH – A safety device that prevents
a heater from firing if water flow through the GRAB BAR/RAIL – A rail used to enter or leave
system is not adequate. a pool/spa.
FLUME – A trough-like or tubular structure, GRADE – A predetermined degree of slope that
generally recognized as a water slide, that a finished surface should have.
directs the path of travel and rate of descent GROUNDING – Connecting or providing a
of the rider. conducting path to earth or a conducting body
FLUME SLIDE – Slides of various configurations that serves in place of earth.
that are characterized by having deep riding GROUT – A cementitious, epoxy or other
channels, vertical and lateral curves, and material used for filling joints between tiles.
high water flows, and accommodate riders GROUTING – The process of filing tile joints
using or not using mats, tubes, rafts and other with grout.
transport vehicles. Included but not limited to GUNITE – A pneumatically applied (sprayed)
family raft rides, inner-tube rides, body slides, concrete that is a dry mixture of cement,
speed slides, etc. aggregate and/or sand. Water is applied to the
FREE AVAILABLE CHLORINE – That portion of mix at the hose nozzle.
the total chlorine that is not combined chlorine GUTTER – Overflow trough in the perimeter
and is available as a sanitizer. wall of a pool, a component of the circulation
FREEBOARD – In a sand filter, the clear vertical system.
distance between the top of the filter medium HAIR AND LINT STRAINER – Readily removable,
and the lowest outlet of the upper distribution perforated or otherwise porous container used
system. to catch coarse material. (See NSF definition.)
FREEZE-THAW CYCLE – Seasonal weather and HALOGEN – Any of the active chemical elements
temperature changes that can cause stress to fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, used as
a surface. disinfectant or oxidizers.
FRICTION – Resistance created by liquid HANDHOLD/HANDRAIL – A device that is
passing along the inner surface of a conductor intended to be gripped by a user for the
pipe and fittings. purpose of resting and/or steadying him/
FRICTION HEAD – Head specifically caused by herself. Typically located within or without the
friction or drag. pool/spa or as part of a set of steps or deck
installed equipment.
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HARDNESS – The amount of calcium and HIGH LIMIT SWITCH – A temperature control
magnesium dissolved in water, measured by switch that can deactivate a control circuit at
a test kit and expressed as ppm of equivalent a preset temperature. Normally preset at the
calcium carbonate. factory and nonadjustable; must be manually
HAZARD – A condition or set of circumstances reset.
that has the potential of causing or contributing HIGH PERMEABILITY ELEMENT – Mechanically
to injury or death. interlocked, nonwoven filter material designed
HEAD – A measure of the amount of pressure to remove suspended solids.
or resistance in a hydraulic system, expressed HOOP – A circumferential constraint that
in feet. prohibits the staves of a hot tub from
HEAD LOSS – The amount that flow reduces as separating. Also, a device used to secure two
head increases. halves of a filter together. See band.
HEADER – A manifold in a heater that directs HOOP CONNECTOR – A tightening and
the flow of water into and out of the heat connecting device.
exchanger. HOT TUB – A spa constructed of wood with
HEAT EXCHANGER – A device with coils, tubes sides and bottom formed separately, and
or plates that transfers heat from air or a fluid joined together by pressure from surrounding
to another fluid without intermixing them. hoops, bands or rods; as distinct from spa
HEAT LOSS – The natural drop in water units formed of plastic, concrete, metal or
temperature as heat is transferred to the other materials.
surrounding air. HYDRAULICS – An engineering process used
HEAT PUMP – A refrigeration compressor, to pump, filter and return water to the pool
usually electrically driven, that is operated in that ensures effective circulation of water and
reverse. To obtain heat, the evaporator side chemicals and a lack of dead spots.
(cooling coil) is exposed to water, air or ground. HYDROCHLORIC ACID – A very strong acid
The coil transfers the heat from this source to used in pools or spas for pH control and
the condenser coil, where it discharges the certain specific cleaning needs, a byproduct of
heat to a pool or spa. adding chlorine to water. Use extreme caution
HEATER – An electric, fossil-fueled or solar in handling. Called muriatic acid when diluted.
device used to heat pool or spa water. See also muriatic acid.
Electric Heater – Uses a heating element HYDROGEN – The lightest chemical element.
immersed in water. A component of water and a frequent product
of chemical reactions. Used as a measure of
Fossil-Fueled Heater – Uses natural, propane
acidity and pH in its ionic form in solution.
gas or fuel oil and an open flame to heat a heat
exchanger. HYDROGEN PEROXIDE – A compound of
hydrogen and oxygen usually supplied in an
Solar Heater – Uses the ultraviolet rays of the
aqueous solution, used as a disinfectant.
sun as a heat source. Other ways to categorize
heaters: HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE – The upward
pressure of a liquid, commonly ground water,
* Direct heaters heat the tubes in which water
on the bottom of an empty pool or spa.
circulates.
* Indirect heaters circulate steam or hot water
inside a heat exchanger, through which pool
water flows.
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HYDROSTATIC RELIEF VALVE – A fitting installed INGRESS – Means of entry into an area.
in the bottom of a main drain, designed to open INLET, RETURN – See return inlet.
automatically or manually to relieve upward INLET FITTING – The fitting aperture through
ground-water pressure by allowing water to which water under positive pressure returns to
flow into the pool or spa. a pool or spa.
HYDROTHERAPY JET – A fitting that blends air INSULATOR – In electricity, any device that
and water, creating a high-velocity turbulent serves as a nonconductor, usually made of
stream of air-enriched water. glass or porcelain.
HYDROTHERAPY SPA – A spa unit having a INTERMITTENT IGNITION DEVICE – An
therapeutic use, but which is not drained, electrical spark device used to ignite a gas
cleaned or refilled for each user. Includes, but is heater.
not limited to, hydrotherapy jet circulation, hot
IODINE – A chemical element that exists as a
water, cold water mineral baths, air induction
grayish-black granule in its elemental state,
bubbles or any combination thereof, industry
or as a part of a chemical compound. In the
terminology includes, but is not limited to,
form of liquid iodine and in iodide compounds,
"therapeutic pool," "hydrotherapy pool,"
a biocidal agent used to disinfect pool and
"whirlpool," "hot spa," etc. NSPI standards
spa water. Chlorine used with iodides releases
exclude facilities under direct supervision and
elemental iodine.
control of licensed medical personnel.
IONIZATION – The process whereby a
HYPOBROMOUS ACID – The most powerful
compound, in solution, separates into charged
disinfecting form of bromine in water.
ions.
HYPOCHLORINATOR – A chemical feeder
ISOCYANURATES – See Chlorinated
through which liquid solutions of chlorine
Isocyanurates.
bearing chemicals are fed into the pool water
at a controlled rate. Types of hypochlorinators JETS – See hydrotherapy jet.
include: positive displacement, which are KINETIC ENERGY – The energy from the motion
usually motor-driven; aspirator, which work off imparted to a liquid by the action of impeller
a pressure difference in the hydraulic system; vanes, causing the liquid to flow out of the
and metering, which are connected to the pump casing and away from the impeller.
pump suction and use a timing mechanism. LADDER – "A-Frame " Ladder – An entry ladder
HYPOCHLORITE – Any of a family of chemical that straddles an aboveground/on ground pool
compounds including calcium hypochlorite, wall and is either removable (Type A) or has a
lithium hypochlorite, sodium hypochlorite, built-in, entry-limiting feature (Type B).
etc., used in various forms as chlorine carriers Double Access Ladder (Type A) – An "A-Frame"
in pool and spa water. ladder that straddles the pool wall of an
HYPOCHLOROUS ACID – The most powerful aboveground pool and provides pool ingress
disinfecting form of chlorine in water. and egress, and is intended to be removed
IMPELLER – The rotating vanes of a centrifugal when not in use.
pump; its action creates the flow of the water. Limited Access Ladder (Type B) – A
IMPERVIOUS TILE – Tile with water absorption removable "A-Frame" ladder that straddles an
of 0.5% or less. This type of tile is ideal for aboveground/on ground pool wall with a built
submerged installations. in, entry-limiting provision for making the pool
inaccessible when not in use (i.e., swing-up,
INFLUENT – The water entering a filter or other
slide-up, "pick off" or equivalent). Staircase
device.
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Ladder (Type C) – A "ground-to-deck" staircase LIQUID ACID – A chemical used to lower pH and
ladder that allows access to an aboveground total alkalinity, most commonly muriatic acid.
pool deck and has a built-in, entry-limiting LIQUID CHLORINE – Sodium hypochlorite.
feature. Used with a Type E "in pool" staircase LIQUID PROPANE GAS – The liquid form of
ladder to provide a means of ingress and propane gas, a heavy hydrocarbon that occurs
egress from the pool to the deck. naturally in petroleum.
In-Pool or Spa Ladder (Type D) – An "in pool" LITHIUM HYPOCHLORITE – A solid, white,
ladder located in a pool or spa to provide granular form of inorganic chlorine that has a
ingress and egress from the deck. Staircase pH of approximately 9 and contains an available
Ladder (Type E) – An "in-pool" staircase ladder chlorine content (ACC) of 35 percent.
located in the pool to provide a means of LOWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (Under
ingress and egress from the pool to the deck. Drain) – A device in the bottom of a permanent
LAITANCE – A layer of weak and non-durable medium filter used to collect water during
material containing cement and aggregate filtering and distribute it during backwashing.
fines, brought by bleed water to the top of MAGNESIUM HARDNESS – A measure of the
wet concrete, the amount of which is generally amount of magnesium dissolved in water.
increased by overworking or over manipulating
MAIN DRAIN – An outlet located at the bottom
concrete at the surface.
of a pool or spa that conducts water to the
LANGELIER INDEX – A numerical calculation recirculating pump.
based on the Langelier water balance equation,
MAKE-UP WATER – Fresh water used to fill or
which indicates whether water is corrosive or
refill a pool or spa. See also source water.
scaling. See also SATURATION INDEX.
MANIFOLD – A pipe with several openings for
LATEX-PORTLAND CEMENT GROUT – A
making multiple connections.
combination of portland cement grout with a
latex additive. MANOMETER – An instrument that measures
vacuum or pressure differential across an
LATEX-PORTLAND CEMENT MORTAR – A
orifice by means of a column of liquid, usually
mixture of portland cement, sand and either a
mercury. In pools, usually calibrated to show
liquid latex additive or dry, redispersible latex
rate or flow of water in gallons per minute
polymers used as a tile setting mortar.
(gpm).
LATH – Metal mesh which acts as a backing
MARBLE TILE – Marble cut into tiles and
or reinforcing agent for the scratch coat or
available in several finishes; including polished,
mortar.
honed and split face.
LIFELINE – A rope line which is laid across
MARCITE – See plaster.
a pool to designate a change in slope at the
bottom, especially where deep water begins. MASTER GRADE CERTIFICATE – A certificate
which states that the tile listed in the shipment
LINE LEVEL – A small spirit level that can be
and described on the certificate are made in
suspended from a string line. When the string
accordance to industry standards.
line is level, the bubble will be centered within
the tube. MECHANICAL SEAL – A device used to prevent
the passage of water in or out of a centrifugal
LINER – See vinyl liner.
pump at the motor shaft.
LINT STRAINER – A device attached to the front
MICRON – One-millionth of a meter. Used to
of a pump to which the influent line (suction
describe the size of particles that filters are
line) is connected, used to entrap lint, hair or
capable of trapping.
other debris that could damage the pump.
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Section 13 – Appendix
MICROORGANISM – A microscopic plant or OPEN TIME – The period of time during which
animal. the bond coat retains its ability to adhere to
MORTAR BED – The layer of mortar on which a the tile and bond the tile to the substrate.
waterproofing membrane or tile is set. ORGANIC MATTER – In a pool or spa, material
MOTOR – A machine that converts electrical introduced to the water by users and the
energy into mechanical energy. When electrical environment such as perspiration, urine,
current is supplied to a series of wires saliva, suntan oil, cosmetics, lotions, dead skin
(windings), a magnetic field is created that and similar debris.
drives the rotor and shaft of a pump impeller. ORGANISM – Plant or animal life. Usually refers
MUD – A slang term for a mortar bed. to algae or bacteria-like growth in pool water.
MULTIPLE FILTER-CONTROL VALVE – A ORIFICE – An opening, usually carefully
multiport valve having a number of control calibrated in size, through which water flows.
positions for various filter operations, ORIFICE PLATE – A disc, placed in a water flow
combining the function of two or more single line, with a concentric, sharp-edged circular
valves in one unit. opening in the center that creates a differential
MULTIPORT VALVE – A device that allows for pressure used to measure flow and operates
the multidirectional control of the passage or feeders and instruments or other hydraulic
flow of water through a system. equipment.
MURIATIC ACID – Used to lower pH and/or ORP (also called Redox) – Oxidation reduction
total alkalinity in pool and spa water. See also potential produced by strong oxidizing agents
hydrochloric acid. in a water solution. Derived from the oxidation
level measured in millivolts by an ORP meter.
NEW POOL and/or CONSTRUCTION – The
activity of building or installing a pool and/or OTO (Orthotolidine) – A colorless reagent that
spa structure and its component parts where reacts with chlorine or bromine to produce a
no such structure has previously existed. series of yellow to orange colors, indicating
the amount of chlorine or bromine in water.
NITROGEN – An element introduced into
Effectively measures total chlorine.
the pool or spa via perspiration, hair spray,
cosmetics, etc. Easily combines with chlorine OUTLET – An aperture or fitting through which
to form chloramines. water under suction is drawn from a pool, spa
or hot tub.
NONSWIMMING AREA – Any portion of a
pool where water depth, offset ledges or OUTLET, SUCTION – See Suction Outlet.
similar irregularities prevent normal swimming OVERFLOW SYSTEM – A system for the removal
activities. of pool/spa surface water through the use
NON-TOXIC – Having no adverse physiological of overflows, surface skimmers, and surface
effect on human beings or other living water collection systems of various design and
organisms. manufacture.
NON-VITREOUS TILE – Tile with a water OXIDIZERS – Products used to destroy organic
absorption rate of more than 7.0%. Typically waste in water.
not suitable for submerged installations. OZONE – A gaseous molecule composed of
NOTCHED TROWEL – A trowel with a serrated or three oxygen atoms, generated on site and
notched edge which is used for the application used for the oxidation of water contaminants.
of a gauged amount of tile mortar or adhesive
in ridges of a specific dimension.
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OZONE, LOW OUTPUT GENERATING lesser type (i.e., Type III equipment with a Type
EQUIPMENT (Ozonator) – A device that will II pool). Commercial /Public
produce ozone in air at a concentration of less Pool – Any pool, other than a residential pool,
than 500 ppm. Usually refers to ultraviolet (UV) that is intended for swimming or bathing and
generators. is operated by an owner, lessee, operator,
OZONE CONTACT CONCENTRATION – A licensee or concessionaire, regardless of
measure of the amount of ozone dissolved in whether a fee is charged for use. References
pool/spa water. within the standard to various types of public
OZONE GENERATOR – A device used to pools (refer to ANSI/NSPI-1 Standard for Public
produce ozone. Swimming Pools) are defined by the following
PATHOGENS – Disease-producing categories:
microorganisms. pH – A value for the relative Class A: Competition Pool – Any pool intended
acidity or alkalinity of a substance, such for use for accredited competitive aquatic
as water, as indicated by the hydrogen ion events such as Federation Internationale De
concentration. Expressed on a scale of 0 to Natation Amateur (FINA), U.S. Swimming, U.S.
14, 0 being most acidic, 7 being neutral and 14 Diving, National Collegiate Athletic Association
being most basic. (NCAA), National Federation of State High
pH METER – An instrument that measures pH School Associations (NFSHSA), etc. The use of
by electrical conductivity across a membrane the pool is not limited to competitive events.
of an electrode. Class B: Public Pool – Any pool intended for
PHENOL RED – A dye used in measuring pH. public recreational use.
PILOT GENERATOR – The component in a Class C: Semipublic Pool – Any pool operated
millivolt system that transforms heat from the solely for and in conjunction with lodgings such
pilot into electrical energy. Also referred to as a as hotels, motels, apartments, condominiums,
thermal coupling or thermocouple. etc.
Pool – Any pool whose sides rest in partial or Wading Pool – A pool that has a shallow depth
full contact with the earth (refer to ANSI/NSPI- used for wading. There are no requirements
5 Standard for Residential Swimming Pools or for residential wading pools (refer to NSPI-1
ANSI/NSPI- 1 Standard for Public Swimming Standard for Public Swimming Pools for public
Pools as applicable). On-Ground Residential wading pools).
Swimming POOL USER – Any person using a pool and
Pool-Type O – A removable pool package adjoining deck area for the purpose of water
whose walls rest fully on the surrounding earth activity such as swimming, wading, diving or
with an excavated area below the ground level. other related activities.
Diving and water slides are prohibited (refer to POT LIFE – The period of time during which
NSPI-4 Standard for Aboveground Swimming a material maintains its workable properties
Pools). The slope adjacent to the shallow area after it has been mixed.
shall have a maximum slope of 3:1, and the POTABLE WATER – Any water, such as an
slope adjacent to the side walls shall have a approved domestic water supply, which is
maximum slope of 1:1. bacteriologically safe and otherwise suitable
Permanently Installed Swimming Pool – A for drinking.
pool that is constructed in the ground or in a PPM – Abbreviation for parts per million,
building in such a manner that it cannot be the unit of measurement used in chemical
readily disassembled for storage (refer to testing that indicates the parts by weight in
ANSI/NSPI-1 Standard for Public Swimming relation to one million parts by weight of water.
Pools or ANSI/NSPI-5 Standard for Residential Essentially identical to the term milligrams per
In ground Swimming Pools as applicable). liter (mg/l).
Class D: Other Pool – Any pool operated for PRECIPITATE – A solid material that is forced
medical treatment, therapy, exercise, lap out of a solution by some chemical reaction and
swimming, recreational play and other special settles out or remains as a haze in suspension
purposes, including, but not limited to, wave (turbidity).
or surf action pools, activity pools, splasher
PRE-COAT – The coating of filter aid on the
pools, kiddie pools and play areas. These
septum of a diatomaceous earth-type filter at
pools are not intended to be covered within the
the beginning of each filter cycle.
scope of NSPI standards.
PRE-COAT FEEDER – A chemical feeder
Public Pools – May be diving or non-diving.
designed to inject diatomaceous earth into
If diving, they shall be further classified into
a filter in sufficient quantity to coat the filter
types as an indication of the suitability of a
septum at the start of a filter run.
pool for use with diving equipment.
PRE-FLOAT – The term used to describe mortar
Type VI–XI – Public pools suitable for the
that has been placed and allowed to harden
installation of diving equipment by type.
prior to bonding tile to it with thin-set or
Diving equipment classified at a higher type
adhesive.
is not prohibited from being used on a pool
of lesser type (i.e., Type VIII equipment with a PRESSURE – In a liquid, a form of energy
Type VI pool). proportional to the depth of a column of liquid.
Expressed as pounds per square inch, feet of
Type N – A non-diving public pool (no diving
liquid or feet of head.
allowed).
PRESSURE CHECK – A test for the rate of water
Splasher (Wader) Pools – A pool that has a
flow; also a test for leaks in a system.
minimum water depth of 24" and a maximum
water depth of 36".
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PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL – The difference RATE OF FLOW – The quantity of water flowing
in pressure between two parts of a hydraulic past a designated point within a specified
system, such as the influent and effluent of a time, such as the number of gallons flowing in
filter. one minute (gpm).
PRESSURE GAUGE – A gauge that measures RATED PRESSURE – Pressure that is equal to
the amount of pressure built up within a closed or less than the pressure designated on the
container, such as a filter. data plate of the equipment.
PRESSURE SWITCH – A device that will not REAGENTS – The chemical agents or indicators
allow a heater to fire unless there is adequate used to test various aspects of water quality.
water pressure in the system. See Flow REHABILITATION – The activity of restoring
Switch. all or part of a pool or spa structure and its
PRIMING – Refers to re-establishing the water components to the original design condition,
flow by the recirculating pump. including the rebuilding and/or replacing of
PSI – Abbreviation for pounds per square worn and broken parts or components.
inch. REMOTE SWITCH – Any switching device used
PUMP – A mechanical device, usually powered to activate an apparatus from a distance.
by an electric motor, which causes hydraulic RESIDUAL – The measurable sanitizer present
flow and pressure for the purpose of filtration, in water.
heating and circulation of pool and spa water. RESPONSE TIME – The time between pool user
Typically, a centrifugal pump design is used for distress and rescue by a lifeguard.
pools and spas. RETURN INLET – The aperture or fitting through
PUMP CAPACITY – The volume of liquid a pump which the water under positive pressure
is capable of moving during a specified period returns into a pool or spa.
of time against a given total head. RETURN PIPING – Effluent piping.
PUMP CURVE – A graph of performance REVERSE CIRCULATION – A circulation system
characteristics of a given pump under varying in which water is taken from the surface and
power, flow and resistance factors. Used in returned through inlets at the bottom of the
checking and sizing a pump. structure.
PUMP STRAINER – A device, placed on RING BUOY – A ring-shaped floating buoy
the suction side of a pump that contains a capable of supporting a user.
removable strainer basket designed to trap
ROPE AND FLOAT LINE – A continuous line, not
debris in the water flow with a minimum of flow
less than 1/4" in diameter that is supported by
restriction. Sometimes called a hair/lint pot or
buoys and attached to opposite sides of a pool
trap.
to separate the deep and shallow ends.
PUNCTURE HAZARD – Any surface or protrusion
RUBBER FLOAT (Float) – The rubber trowel
that is capable of puncturing a user's skin
used to force grout into the joints of a tile
under casual contact.
installation, remove excess grout from the
PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) – A thermoplastic surface and form a smooth grout finish.
resin commonly used for pool piping and
SALINITY – The sodium chloride or salt content
plumbing components.
of water.
QUATERNARY AMMONIUM (also Quats) –
SAND FILTER – A filter that uses sand, or sand
Organic compounds of ammonia used as an
and gravel, as the filter medium.
algae stat and germicide.
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Section 13 – Appendix
SATURATION INDEX – A rating that indicates SHALLOW AREAS – Areas of a pool or spa with
whether water will have a tendency to deposit water depths less than 5'.
calcium carbonate from a solution, or whether SHOCK – Product used to treat microbial
it will be potentially corrosive. Four factors are infestations and inorganic contaminants in
used in the computation: pH, total alkalinity, water. Must be registered by EPA.
calcium hardness and temperature. When SHOCK OXIDIZER – Product ,used to destroy
correctly balanced, water will be neither scale non-living organic and inorganic contaminants
forming nor corrosive. in water, which is neither a sanitizer nor
SCALE – The precipitate that forms on surfaces algaecide.
in contact with water whose calcium hardness, SHOCK OXIDIZER TREATMENT – The practice
pH or total alkalinity level is too high. of adding a shock oxidizer product to water.
SCARIFY – A mechanical means of roughing a SHOCK TREATMENT – The practice of adding a
surface to obtain better adhesion of mortar to shock product to water.
the substrate.
SHOTCRETE – A mixture of cement and sand
SCRATCH COAT – A mixture of cement, sand that is applied to contoured and supported
and water or latex additive as the first coat surfaces to build a pool or spa. Shot-crete is
of mortar on a wall or ceiling which is usually premixed and pumped wet to the construction
scratched or roughened so that the subsequent site.
coat will bond properly.
SHUT-OFF HEAD – The amount of head at
SEALANT – An elastomeric material used to which the pump can no longer circulate water.
fill and seal expansion and control joints and
SIGHT BARRIER – The available open space in
allow for the horizontal and lateral movement.
any given or total fence area.
SEDIMENT TRAP – A device for trapping
SKIMMER (also Surface Skimming System)
sediment that is required on all gas-heater
piping. Thru-wall – A device installed in the wall of
an in ground pool or spa or aboveground/
SELF-PRIMING – A rating given to centrifugal
on ground pool that allows for continuous
pumps to indicate that the pump is capable
removal of floating debris and surface water to
of operating above pool water level, after the
the filter.
initial filling with water.
Over-the-Wall – A device installed over the wall
SEPTUM – The part of a filter made of cloth,
of an aboveground/on ground pool that allows
wire screen or other porous material on which
for continuous removal of debris and surface
the filter medium or aid is deposited.
water to the filter.
SEQUESTERING AGENT – Synonymous with a
SKIMMER COVER – A device or lid to close the
chelating or metal complexation agent, reacts
deck opening to the skimmer housing.
with potential stain-producing metal ions (i.e.,
copper, iron, etc.) to reduce staining of pool/ SKIMMER EQUALIZER PIPE – The connection
spa surfaces and associated colored water. from the skimmer housing to the pool, spa or hot
tub below the weir; sized to satisfy pump demand
SERVICE FACTOR – The degree to which an
and prevent air lock or pump loss of prime.
electric motor can be operated above its
rated horsepower without danger of overload SKIMMER EQUALIZER VALVE – The check
failure. valve on the equalizer line that opens to draw
water when the water level inside the skimmer
SETTING BED – The layer of mortar on which
body drops below operating level, and remains
the tile is set.
closed during normal skimming.
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Residential Portable Spa (Two Types) – STEPS, RECESSED STEPS, LADDERS and
Non-Self-Contained Spa – A spa in which RECESSED TREADS – Means of pool and
the water-heating and water-circulating spa ingress and egress. These elements
equipment is not an integral part of the are intended to be used separately or in
product. Non-self-contained spas may employ conjunction with one another.
separate components such as an individual Step(s) – A riser/tread or series of risers/
filter, pump, heater and controls, or they may treads extending down from the deck and
employ assembled combinations of various terminating at the pool or spa floor. Includes
components (refer to ANSI/NSPI-6 Standard recessed steps with risers located outside of
for Residential Portable Spas). user areas.
Self-Contained Spa – A spa in which all Ladder – A series of vertically separated treads
control, water-heating and water-circulating or rungs connected by vertical rail members
equipment is an integral part of the product. or independently fastened to an adjacent
Self-contained spas may be permanently wired vertical pool wall (see ladder for definitions of
or cord-connected. particular ladder types).
SPLASH POOL – A pool having a water depth Deck Ladder – Provides deck access from
not exceeding 18 inches, primarily intended outside the pool or spa.
for the use of small children. May include Recessed Treads – A series of vertically spaced
constructed play devices such as small, flume cavities in the pool or spa wall, creating tread
type waterslides. areas for step holes.
SPREAD – The clear distance between the STRAINER BASKET – An easily removable,
sides rails of a ladder. perforated or otherwise porous container
STABILIZER (also CYANURIC ACID, Isocyanuric used to catch coarse material in the pump lint
Acid, Conditioner or Triazenetrione) – A strainer.
chemical that helps reduce the excess loss of SUBSTRATE – The underlying support for
chlorine in water due to the ultraviolet rays of ceramic tile installations.
the sun.
SUCTION HEAD – Resistance to water flow
STATIC COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION (C.O.F.) – encountered on the suction side of a pump,
Slip resistance. The degree of slip resistance measured in feet of head. Reflects the vertical
presented in a quantitative number that lift required by the pump's intake.
expresses the degree of slip resistance.
SUCTION OUTLET – An aperture or fitting,
STATIC HEAD – Head loss caused by the weight other than a skimmer, on the side wall of a pool
of a standing water column to be moved; or spa through which water under negative
encountered on both the suction and discharge pressure (vacuum) is drawn from the pool or
sides of a pump. spa to the pump or circulation system.
STATIC SUCTION HEAD – The vertical SUCTION PIPING – Influent piping.
dimension between the pump center line and
SUPERCHLORINATION – The practice of adding
the level of the liquid being pumped when it is
a sufficient amount of chlorinating compound to
below the impeller plane, expressed in feet of
water to destroy chlorine demand compounds
head.
and any combined chlorine present. Generally,
STATIC SUCTION LIFT – The vertical distance the level of chlorine added is 10 times the level
in meters (or feet) from the center line of the of combined chlorine in the water. See also
pump impeller to the pool water level. breakpoint chlorination.
208 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 13 – Appendix
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 209
Section 13 – Appendix
UNDERWATER LIGHT – A fixture designed to Push-Pull Valve – Allows for dual directional
illuminate from beneath the water surface. control of the flow of water through a system.
Dry Niche Light – A light unit placed behind a VELOCITY – The speed at which a liquid flows
watertight window in a pool, spa or hot tub wall. between two specified points, expressed in
Wet Niche Light – A watertight and water- feet per second.
cooled light unit placed in a submerged niche VELOCITY HEAD – The equivalent distance a
in a pool, spa or hot tub wall and accessible liquid must fall to attain a given velocity. The
only from the pool. amount of energy, expressed in feet of head,
UPPER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM – A system required to accelerate the liquid to a given
designed to distribute the water entering a velocity.
permanent medium filter while preventing WATERPROOFING MEMBRANE – A covering
movement or migration of the filter medium. applied to a substrate before tiling to protect
Also properly collects water during filter the substrate and framing from damage by
backwashing unless other means are water.
provided. WATER PRESSURE SWITCH – A switch that,
URETHANE – An elastomeric polymer with from water flow, detects abnormally low
excellent chemical and water resistance. It can pressures on a piece of equipment and can
be difficult to install tile or stone directly to this shut it off.
type of membrane. WATTS VALVE – A mechanical valve that opens
USER – Any person using a pool, spa or hot with high pressure or high temperature, used
tub and adjoining deck area for the purpose as a safety device on fossil-fuel heaters.
of water sports, recreation, therapy or related WEIR – A device included with a through-the
activities. wall or over-the-wall skimmer that controls
USER LOAD – The number of people in the the amount of surface water (flow) drawn into
pool or spa area at any given moment or at any the skimmer and filtration system. See also
stated period of time. skimmer weir.
VACUUM – The reduction of atmospheric WET AREAS – Surfaces that are either soaked,
pressure within a pipe, tank, pump or other saturated, or regularly and frequently subjected
vessel. Measured in inches of mercury. One to moisture or liquids (usually water).
inch of mercury equals 1.13' of head. The WET NICHE – See underwater light.
practical maximum vacuum is 30" of mercury, WINTERIZED LINER – A plastic liner that is
or 33.9' of head. manufactured with sufficient plasticizers
VACUUM FILTER – A filter, usually of diatomite to withstand exposure to its lowest rated
type, through which water is pulled by a pump temperature of -20°F (-29°C).
mounted on the effluent side of the filter. WINTERIZING – The process of preparing a pool
VALVE – Any device in a pipe that will partially or spa for freezing weather. Includes chemical
or totally obstruct the flow of water (as in a treatment of the standing water, plus physical
ball, gate or glove valve) or permit flow in only and chemical protection against freezing of the
one direction (as in a check or foot valve). pool or spa, and its equipment.
Bleeder Valve – Allows air to be vented from WRINKLE – A small ridge or crease in an
a system. otherwise smooth surface.
Multiport Valve – Allows for multidirectional
1 http://www.allbusiness.com/arts-entertainment-
control of the flow of water through a system.
recreation/507693-1.html
210 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 13 – Appendix
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 211
Section 13 – Appendix
212 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Section 13 – Appendix
Expansion Joints
Expansion Joints Manufacturers Association
25 North Broadway
Tarrytown, NY 10591
Fax: 914.332.1541
www.ejma.org
Swimming Pools and Spas
The Association of Pool and Spa Professionals
(APSP)
2111 Eisenhower Ave.
Suite 500
Alexandria, VA 22314-4695
+1.703.838.0083
Fax: 703.549.0493
www.apsp.org
Plumbing
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
(ASME)
Three Park Ave.
New York, NY 10016-5990
800.843.2763 (USA/Canada)
001.800.843.2763 (Mexico)
973.882.1170 (Outside North America)
www.asme.org
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual 213
Section 13 – Appendix
214 Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas – Technical Design Manual
Cover Photo: Anse Chastenet – Jade Mountain, Soufriere, St. Lucia
©2009 LATICRETE International, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication (except for previously
published articles and industry references) may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
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The information and recommendations contained herein are based on the experience of the author
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United States Patent No.: 6881768 (and other Patents).
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