THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (ZOOS)

CONSONANTS (PULMONIC)
Bilabial Nasal Plosive Fricative Approximant Trill Tap, Flap Lateral fricative Lateral approximant Lateral lap B V Labiodental Dental I,Alveolarrl~ostI I Retroflex a veo ar Palatal Velar Uvular N Pharyngeal glottal
Epi-

Glottal

m p b
~ ~

I'D f v
U

t d

80lszlS3
.1

tct

11

Jl

1]

c J
<; j j

k 9
X

t? ;

Ul

q X

f
I--

71
h fi
Jl

-t

~
R

11

1 _!!_~

r
f

1.3

t
0.

1
i

I.

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a modally voiced consonant, except for murmured fi. Shaded areas denote articulations judged to be impossible.

CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC)
Anterior click releases (require posterior stops) Laminal alveolar fricated ("dental") Apical (post)alveolar abrupt ("retroflex") Laminal rstalveolar abrupt "palatal") Lateral a veolar fricated ("lateral") Voiced implosives Ejectives ' Examples:

CONSONANTS (CO-ARTICULATED)
M W Voiceless labialized velar approximant Voiced labialized velar approximant Voiced labialized palatal approximant Voiceless palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative Voiced palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative Simultaneous x andf (disputed)

o Bilabial fricated
I ! t II

6 cf

if
G

Bilabial Dental or alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular

p'
t'

k'
S

Bilabial Dental or alveolar velar Alveolar fricative

4.
G ~

6
kp t

Affricates and double articulations may be joined by a tie bar TONE Level tones Contour-tone examples:

VOWELS
Front Close Nearfront Central Nearback Back ill U

SUPRASEGMENTALS
II

Primary stress
I

Extra stress

i
I Y i~ 0--9

Secondary stress

[,fauna' trfan}

e 1
e i e
,

1/

Top High

~ Rising
High rising Low rising

Nearclose Closemid Mid Openmid Nearopen Open

e: Long
0

e'

Half-long Extra-short

e--y
a

Short

" ~ Falling e

e ,

~ Mid ~ Low

Syllable break INTONATION

re-3\G-A o
re
CE

~ Linking (no break)

e 1 e A

" e J Bottom
Tone terracing
t .I.

~ High falling ~ Low falling

I
D /

Minor (foot) break Major (intonation) break

Upstep Downstep

Vowels at right & left of bullets are rounded & unrounded,

DIACRITICS

Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, as y. Other IPAsymbols may appear as diacritics to represent phonetic detail: t' (fricative release), bft (breathy voice), 'a (glottal onset), (epenthetic schwa), 0 (diphthongization).

"

Global rise

Global fall

e e

-1
'-l

Peaking Dipping

SYLLABICITY & RELEASES

n.l , , ~Q th ht dn dl f
~~

Syllabic Non-syllabic (Pre)aspirated Nasal release Lateral release No audible release Lowered

nd na

PHONATION Voiceless or Slack voice Mo_qalvoice or Stiff voice Breathy voice Creaky voice Strident

PRIMARY ARTICULATION

SECONDARY ARTICULATION

tl:?

Dental Apical Laminal Advanced Retracted Centralized Raised

tg
t<J
ut i - t + +

Ug

twdw ti dj t1{d1{ fd<"

Labialized Palatalized Velarized Pharyngealized Velarized or pharyngeal ized Midcentralized

;)X ) )

More rounded Less rounded Nasalized Rhoticity Advanced tongue root Retracted tongue root

y),Cw

ez
3'3'"

t~
ill (1is a voiced

ng

eo
~Q

Linguolablal

aj'
flo!

(~ is a bilabial approximant)

alveolar non-sibilant fricative)