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CHAPTER 2
Read Chapter 2. Study all examples and complete all exercises.

Chapter 2 Outline
Discovery of the three atomic particles Isotopes Periodic Table Groups and Periods

ATOMS AND ELEMENTS

Origins of the Atomic Theory

John Dalton-1803

Law of Conservation of Matter

Law of Definite Proportions
Water is always H2O not HO

Law of Multiple Proportions

SO2 and SO3

Daltons Atomic Theory

1. All matter is composed of atoms.
2. Atoms of an element are alike, atoms of different elements are different. 3. Atoms cannot be created, destroyed, subdivided, or converted into atoms of another element. 4. A compound is formed when different atoms combine in fixed, simple, wholenumber ratio. 5. A chemical change is a rearrangement of atoms.

Radioactivity
One of the pieces of evidence for the fact that atoms are made of smaller particles came from the work of

Marie Curie (1876-1934). She discovered radioactivity, the

spontaneous disintegration of some elements into smaller pieces.

Alpha, a, mass 4 amu, charge +2 Beta, b, mass 1/1500 amu, charge -1 Gamma, g, no mass, no charge

ATOMIC COMPOSITION
Protons ( p, p+)
+ electrical charge mass = 1.672623 x 10-24 g relative mass = 1.007 atomic mass units (amu)

Electrons ( e, e-)

negative electrical charge relative mass = 0.0005 amu

Neutrons ( n, n0)
no electrical charge mass = 1.009 amu

ATOM COMPOSITION
Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus.

The number of electrons is equal to the number of protons.

Electrons in space around the nucleus. Atoms are extremely small. One teaspoon of water has 3 times as many atoms as the Atlantic Ocean has teaspoons of water.

The atom is mostly empty space.

Deflection of a Cathode Ray

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Thomsons Charge-to-Mass Experiment

Millikans Oil Drop Experiment

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The modern view of the atom was developed by Ernest Rutherford

(1871-1937).

The Rutherford Experiment

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How Large is an Atom?

Circle consists of 48 iron atoms. Radius of circle is 71 Angstrom units where 1 A = 1 x 10-8 cm.
STM image of quantum corral of iron atoms

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Atomic Number, Z
All atoms of the same element have the same number of protons in the nucleus, Z
13 Al 26.9815 atomic number (Z) symbol

atomic weight

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Mass Number, A
C atom with 6 protons and 6 neutrons is the mass standard

= 12 atomic mass units, amu

Mass Number = # protons + # neutrons

A Boron atom can have A = 5 p + 5 n = 10
A Z

10 5

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Isotopes
Atoms of the same element (same Z) but different mass number (A). Boron-10 (10B) has 5 p and 5 n Boron-11 (11B) has 5 p and 6 n
11B

10B

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Check Problems
Determine the mass number of a mercury atom with 122 neutrons and give its complete atomic symbol. 202 Hg 80 Determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in a Fe-55 atom. 26 p+, 26 e-, 29 n

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Mass Spectrometer

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Isotopes
10B

11B

Because of the existence of isotopes, the mass of a collection of atoms has an average value. Average mass = ATOMIC WEIGHT Boron is 19.91% 10B and 80.09% 11B. That is, 11B is 80.09 percent abundant on earth. For boron atomic weight (mass) = 0.1991 (10.01 amu) + 0.8009 (11.01 amu) = 10.811 amu

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Solution
1)
6Li 7Li

abundance 7.42% 92.58%

atomic mass 6.015 amu 7.016 amu

What is the atomic weight of Li? (.0742)(6.015 amu) + (.9258)(7.016 amu) .446313 amu + 6.4954 amu

6.941 amu

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Practice Problem
Calculate the % abundance for the two isotopes of gallium, given Ga atomic weight is 69.723 amu, and: Ga-69, 68.926 amu; Ga-71, 70.925 amu

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Solution
2) Calculate the % abundance for the two isotopes of gallium. Ga-69, 68.926 amu; 60.13 % Ga-71, 70.925 amu 39.87 % x(68.926 amu) + (1-x)(70.925 amu) = 69.723 amu 68.926 x amu 69.723 amu -70.925 x amu -70.925 amu -1.999 x amu = -1.202 amu x = .6013

Periodic Table

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Lothar Meyer 1869 (1830 1895)

The periodic table arranges elements according to similar properties

Dimitri Mendeleev 1868 (1834 - 1907)

Mendeleevs 1872 Periodic Table

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Periods in the Periodic Table 1-7

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Groups in the Periodic Table 1-18

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Group 1: Alkali Metals

Reaction of potassium and water K + H2O Cutting sodium metal

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Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals

Magnesium

Magnesium oxide

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Group 13: B, Al, Ga, In, Tl

Aluminum

Boron halides, BF3 & BI3

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Group 14: C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb

Quartz, SiO2

Diamond

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from http://cnst.rice.edu/images

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Allotropes of Carbon
Graphite Diamond Buckyballs

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Group 15: N, P, As, Sb, Bi

Ammonia, NH3

White and red Phosphorus

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Group 16: O, S, Se, Te, Po

Shuttle main engines use H2 and O2

Sulfur

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Group 17: F, Cl, Br, I, At

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Group 18: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

Lighter than air balloons Neon signs

XeOF4

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Transition Elements
Transition elements

Inner transition elements lanthanides and actinides

Iron in air gives iron(III) oxide

Practice Problems
The formula for aluminum sulfide is Al2S3. What is the formula for gallium sulfide?
Ga2S3

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What is the symbol and name of the element in period three and group fifteen?
P phosphorus

What is the group and period for iodine?

Period 5 and Group 17

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Summary of the Periodic Table Features

1. Name, Symbol, Atomic Number, Atomic Mass. 2. Solid, liquid, gas

Summary of the Periodic Table Features

3. Divisions: metals vs. nonmetals

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groups(families) vs. periods(series) 1 alkali metals transition metals 2 alkaline earth metals inner transition metal (rare earth series) 17 halogens 18 noble gases (inert or rare gas)
Main Group Elements (Representative Elements)

Practice Problems
1. Draw atoms of O-16 and O-17. Determine A and Z for each. 2. An atom has 14 p+, 14 e-, and 17 n. Identify the element and write the complete symbol for this atom.

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Practice Problems Answers

1. O-16 Z = 8, A = 16 O-17 Z = 8, A = 17 Protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Electrons outside the nucleus. 2. 31 Si
14

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3. a) In, Sr, Na, Ni b) P, At, S, Ar c) Ar d) Na e) At f) Ni g) none h) In, Sr, P, At, S, Na, Ar

Practice Problems
4. Calculate the atomic weight of Mg from the following information:

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mass
Mg-24 Mg-25 Mg-26 23.9850 amu 24.9858 amu 25.9825 amu

% abundance
78.99% 10.00% 11.01%

Practice Problems
5. Thallium metal, whose atomic mass is 204.384 amu, consists of two isotopes, Tl203 and Tl-205. The isotopic mass of Tl203 is 202.972 amu. and the isotopic mass of Tl-205 is 204.975 amu. a) Determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in each isotope. b) What is the % abundance of each isotope?

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Practice Problems Answers

4. 24.31 amu 5. a) Tl-203 81 p, 81 e, 122 n Tl-205 81 p, 81 e, 124 n b) Tl-203 29.5% Tl-205 70.5%