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3 Quadratic Functions
1
3. QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
IMPORTANT NOTES:(i) The general form of a quadratic function is f(x) = ax
2
+ bx + c; a, b, c are constants and a
≠ 0.
(ii) Characteristics of a quadratic function:(a) Involves one variable only,(b) The highest power of the variable is 2.
3.1.1 Recognising a quadratic function
EXAMPLE
No. uadratic Functions
Non-Quadratic Function
Reason1. f(x) = x
2
+ 2x -3 f 
2
(x) = 2x - 3 No terms in x
2
( a = 0)2. g(x) = x
2
- ½g(x) =
 x x
2
2
The term
 x
23. h(x) = 4 – 3x
2
h(x) = x
3
- 2x
2
The term x
3
4. y = 3x
2
y = 3 x
-2
The term x
-2
5. p(x) = 3 – 4x + 5x
2
x
2
– 2xy + y
2
Two variablesExercise : State whether the following are quadratic functions. Give your reason for Non Q.Functions.No. FunctionsQ.F.Non-Q.F. REASON0. f(x) = 10
√
No terms in x
2
(second degree)1. f(x) = 10
2
2. g(x) = 10 - x
2
3. p(x) = x
2
+ x4. y = 2x
2
+ ½ x - 35.y =
 x
6
6. f(x) = x ( x – 2)7. g(x) = 2x
2
+ kx -3, k a constant8. h(x) = (m-1) x
2
+ 5x + 2m , m constant9. y = 3 – (p+1) x
2
, p constant10. p(x) = x
2
+ 2hx + k+1, h, k constants
 NOTE
: The proper way to denote a quadratic function is
cbxax x f 
2
:
.f(x) = ax
2
+ bx + c is actually the value (or image) f for a given value of x.
 
3 Quadratic Functions
2
3.2 Minimum Value and Maximum value of a Quadratic Function
Do you know that ....
 
A non-zero number whensquared will always beositive?
3
2
= 9(-5)
2
= 25(-1 )
2
= 1(21)
2
=41
So, what is the minimum value whenwe find the square of a number ?
Minimum valueof 
x
2
is…..
0
!This is obtained when
x
=
0.
( )
2
= 0
The value inside thebrackets must be
0
!
So, the minimum value of x
2
is 0;the minimum value of x
2
+ 3 is 0 + 3 = 3the minimum value of x
2
– 8 is 0 + (– 8) = – 8the minimum value of x
2
+ 100 is 0 + 100 = 100The minimum value of x
2
is 0 ,It means x
2
0,So,
2
0
 x
Hence the maximum value of – x
2
is 0the maximum value of – x
2
+ 5 is 5the maximum value of – x
2
– 3 is – 3
 
3 Quadratic Functions
3
3.2.1 To state the
Minimum value of a Quadratic Function f(x) = ax
2
+ c ,
a > 0
No. FunctionMinimumvalue of yCorrespondingvalue of xMinimumPoint(Sketched) Graph
1. f(x) = x
2
0
x
= 0 (0, 0)2. g(x) = x
2
+ 3 33. h(x) =
x
2
- 40
(
0
,
-4
)4. y =
x
2
+ ½5. p(x) =
x
2
- 106. f(x) = 2
 x
2
+ 37 g(x) = ½
x
2
- 58. h(x) = 10
 x
2
+ 19. y = 4 + 2
 x
2
 x
O
 y x
O
 y
3
 x
O
 y
O
 y x x
O
 y x
O
 y x
O
 y x
O
 y x
O
 y
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