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Biologi Nama: ............................................... Tingkatan : ...................
Kertas 2
September
2008
2½ jam

SEKOLAH-SEKOLAH MENENGAH
NEGERI SELANGOR

PROGRAM PENINGKATAN PRESTASI

SPM 2008

BIOLOGI
Kertas 2
Dua jam tiga puluh minit

JANGAN BUKA KERTAS SOALAN INI SEHINGGA DIBERITAHU

1. Kertas soalan ini mengandungi dua bahagian, Bahagian A,

dan Bahagian B . Jawab semua soalan dalam Bahagian Untuk Kegunaan Pemeriksa
A, dan dua soalan daripada Bahagian B.
2. Jawapan kepada Bahagian A hendaklah ditulis dalam Bahagian Soalan Markah
ruang jawapan yang disediakan dalam kertas soalan. 1
Langkah penting dalam kerja mengira hendaklah
ditunjukkan. 2
A
3. Jawapan kepada Bahagian B hendaklah dituliskan pada
kertas tulis. Anda diminta menjawab dengan lebih panjang 3
tetapi jawapan mestilah jelas dan logik. Dalam jawapan
4
anda, persamaan, gambar rajah, jadual, graf dan cara lain
yang sesuai untuk menjelaskan jawapan anda boleh 5
digunakan.
4. Jawapan kepada kedua-dua bahagian ini hendaklah Markah Penuh 60
diserahkan bersama-sama. Anda hendaklah menyerahkan 6
kertas graf tambahan, jika digunakan, bersama-sama
dengan kertas soalan. 7
5. Rajah yang mengiringi soalan dimaksudkan untuk memberi B 8
maklumat yang berguna bagi menjawab soalan. Rajah
tidak dilukis mengikut skala kecuali dinyatakan sebaliknya. 9
6. Penggunaan kalkulator saintifik yang tidak boleh
diprogramkan adalah dibenarkan. Markah Penuh 40
7. Masa yang dicadangkan untuk menjawab Bahagian A Jumlah Markah
ialah 90 minit, dan Bahagian B ialah 60 minit. Diperolehi

Kertas soalan ini mengandungi 21 halaman bercetak

[Lihat sebelah

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SECTION A For
examiner
[60 marks] use

Answer all questions in this section.

1 Diagram 1.1 shows the structure of a plant cell.
[Gambarajah 1.1 menunjukkan struktur satu sel tumbuhan.]

Diagram 1.1
[Rajah 1.1]
(a) (i) Name X and Y.
[Namakan X dan Y ]
X : ……………………………………………………………………………….. 1(a)(i)
Y: ………………………………………………………………….....................
[2 marks]
(ii) By using an arrow ( ), match X to its correct function.
[Dengan menggunakan satu anak panah ( ), padankan X kepada fungsinya yang betul]

Structure Function
[Strukrur] [Fungsi]

• Stores water in the cell

[menyimpan air di dalam sel]
X • Site of cellular respiration
[tapak respirasi sel]
• Controls all activities in the cell
1(a)(ii)
[mengawal semua aktiviti di dalam sel]
[1 mark]

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(b) Diagram 1.2 shows the detail structure of Y.

Diagram 1.2

(i) Name an organ in a plant where Y is found abundantly.

Give a reason for your answer.
[Namakan satu organ dalam tumbuhan dimana Y didapati dengan banyaknya.
Beri satu sebab bagi jawapan anda ]

Name of the organ:………………………………………………........

[ Nama organ ]

Reason :………………………………………………………………… 1(b)(i)

[ Sebab ]
[2 marks ]

(ii) During photosynthesis, P is the site where light reaction occurs whereas Q
is the site where dark reaction occurs.
[Semasa fotosintesis ,P ialah tempat dimana tindakbalas cahaya berlaku sementara Q
ialah tempat dimana tindakbalas gelap berlaku]
Explain how light reaction occurs at P.
[ Terangkan bagaimana tindakbalas cahaya berlaku di P]

..…………………………………………….............………………………
……………………………………………………………………………… 1(b)(ii)
....……………………………………………………………………….…
[2 marks]

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(iii) Explain the effect to the process of dark reaction in Q if the light reaction at
P does not occur.
[ Terangkan kesan kepada proses tindakbalas gelap pada Q jika tindakbalas cahaya pada
P tidak berlaku ]
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
..…………………………………………….............………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
1(b)(iii)
....……………………………………………………………………….…..
[ 3 marks ]

(c)(i) Complete the word equation to show the process of photosynthesis by

filling in the empty box provided.
[Lengkapkan persamaan perkataan di bawah untuk menunjukkan proses fotosintesis
dengan mengisi kotak kosong yang disediakan ]

Chlorophyll
Carbon dioxide + water
….…...…… + Oxygen.
Light 1(c)(i)

[1 marks]

(ii) Explain the effect on the rate of photosynthesis if the atmospheric

temperature is more than 45º C.
[Terangkan kesan ke atas kadar fotosintesis jika suhu persekitaran bertambah
melebihi 45º C ]
.................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................ 1(c)(ii)
................................................................................................................
[2 marks]

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2 Diagram 2 shows a series of reaction. Process X is the formation of molecules
Q, while process Y is the breakdown of polypeptide.
[Rajah 2 menunjukkan satu siri tindakbalas. Proses X adalah pembentukan molekul Q, manakala
proses Y adalah penguraian polipeptida.]

Process X
Proses X Molecules Q
Molekul Q

Process Y
Molecules P Proses Y
Molekul P

Polypeptide
Polipeptida

Diagram 2
Rajah 2
(a) Name molecules P and Q.
[Namakan molekul P dan molekul Q.]
Molecules P : ………………………………………………………………
[Molekul P]
Molecules Q ; .......………………………………………………………… 2(a)
[Molekul Q]
[2 marks]
(b) Explain processes X and Y.
[Terangkan proses X dan proses Y.]
(i) Process X [Proses X]

………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2(b)(i)
.. …………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2 marks]
(ii) Process Y [Proses Y]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2(b)(ii)
.. …………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2 marks]

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(c) The breakdown of polypeptide molecule to molecule Q through process

Y occurs in human digestive system.
[Pemecahan molekul polipeptida kepada molekul Q melalui proses Y berlaku dalam
sistem pencernaan manusia.]

(i) State one organ where process Y occurs.

[Nyatakan satu organ dimana proses Y berlaku.]

………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Name one enzyme secreted by the organ which is needed in
process Y.
[Namakan satu enzim yang dirembes oleh orgam tersebut yang diperlukan dalam
proses Y.] 2(c)

. ……………………………………………………………………………………………
[2 marks]
(d) Enzyme is used to wash away the blood stain on a shirt.
Explain how the enzyme acts on the blood stain at a maximum rate.
[Enzim digunakan untuk mencuci kesan darah yang terlekat pada baju.
Terangkan bagaimana enzim bertindak keatas kesan darah pada kadar maksimum.]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

.. …………………………………………………………………………………………………

.. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2(d)

[2 marks]
(e) Enzyme is made up of chains of polypeptide molecule. The Golgi
apparatus in a living cell are malfunction. Explain the effect of the
malfunction to the production of extracellular enzyme.
[Enzim terbina dari rantaian molekul polipeptida. Alat Golgi dalam sel hidup gagal
berfungsi. Terangkan kesan kegagalan itu dalam penghasilan enzim luar sel.]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2(e)
[2 marks]

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3 Diagram 3.1 shows three stages X, Y and Z in meiosis.
[Rajah 3.1 menunjukkan tiga peringkat X, Y dan Z dalam meiosis]

X Y Z

Diagram 3.1
[Rajah 3.1]

(a) (i) Name stages X and Y.

[Namakan peringkat X dan Y]
X: ....................................................................... 3(a)(i)
Y: .......................................................................
[2 marks]
(ii) State two differences between chromosomal behaviour at X and Y.
[Nyatakan dua perbezaan perlakuan kromosom di X dan Y]

……………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………… 3(a)(ii)

……………………………………………………………………………………
[2 marks]

(b) (i) State the occurrence at Z.

[Nyatakan kejadian yang berlaku di Z]
…………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………. 3(b)(i)
[2 marks]

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(ii) The chromosome number in somatic cell of this organism is 12.
State the chromosome number in each of the daughter cell in Z.
Give a reason for your answer.
[Bilangan kromosom dalam sel soma bagi organisma ini ialah 12. Nyatakan bilangan
kromosom dalam setiap sel anak Z. Berikan alasan anda.]

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

3(b)(ii)
…………………………………………………………………………………….
[2 marks]

(c) Diagram 3.2 shows the formation of zygote during fertilization. The sperm
has 24 chromosomes after meiosis.
[Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan pembentukan zigot semasa persenyawaan. Selepas meiosis
sperma mempunyai 24 kromosom.]

24 23
3
Sperm Ovum
Sperma ovum

ZYGOTE
ZIGOT

OFFSPRING
ANAK

Diagram 3.2
[Rajah 3.2]

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(i) Explain why the sperm has 24 chromosomes?

[Terangkan mengapa sperma mempunyai 24 kromosom]

………………………………………………………………………………………..
3(c)(i)
………………………………………………………………………………………...
[2 marks]

(ii) Explain the genetic disease faced by offspring P?

[Terangkan penyakit genetik yang dihidapi oleh anak P]

………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………...

3(c)(ii)
………………………………………………………………………………….
[3 marks]

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4 Graph 4.1 shows the level of antibody in the blood of an individual after
receiving two injections.
[Graf 4.1 menunjukkan aras antibodi dalam badan saorang individu selepas menerima dua
suntikan.]
Level of antibody in blood

Immunity level
Aras antibodi dalam darah

Aras keimunan

Time (weeks)
0 1 2 3 4 5 Masa(minggu)

First Injection Second Injection

Suntikan pertama Suntikan kedua

Graph 4.1

(a)(i) State the content of the injections.

[ Nyatakan kandungan dalam suntikan tersebut].

4(a)(i)
.........................................................................................................................
[1 marks]
(ii) State the type of immunity in graph 4.1.
Explain your answer.
[ Nyatakan jenis keimunan pada graf 4.1.]
[ Terangkan jawapan anda.]

………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………..
4(a)(ii)
………………………………………………………………………………..
[3 marks]

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(b) A person is having measles. Explain how he get the disease.
[ Seorang lelaki mengidap demam campak. Terangkan bagaimana dia mendapat
penyakit tersebut.]
…………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………….. 4(b)
[3 marks]
(c) Diagram 4.2 shows a mother is breastfeeding her baby.
[Rajah 4.2 menunjukkan seorang ibu sedang menyusukan bayinya.]

Diagram 4.2
Explain the type of immunity that the baby would acquire.
[Nyatakan jenis immuniti yang akan diperolehi oleh bayinya.]

………………………………………………………………………………..

.. ………………………………………………………………………………
...……………………………………………………………………………… 4(c)
..……………………………………………………………………………….
[3 marks]
(d) Explain the importance of vaccination to a new born baby.
[ Terangkan kepentingan pemvaksinan kepada bayi yang baru dilahirkan.]

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………
4(d)
………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………..
[ 3 marks]

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5 Diagram 5 shows the structure of a nephrone in a human kidney

Diagram 5.1
Rajah 5.1

(a) Explain the process that take place at P?

[Terangkan proses yang berlaku di P?]

....................................................................................................................... 5(a)
.......................................................................................................................
[2 marks]

(b) State one difference in the content in part Q and R.

5(b)
[Nyatakan satu perbezaan kandungan di dalam bahagian Q dan R]

........................................................................................................................

……………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark]

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(c)(i) Explain the effect on the urine content formed at R if structure at Q is
impaired?
[Terangkan kesan keatas kandungan air kencing yang dihasilkan di R sekiranya
struktur di Q gagal
berfungsi]

....................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................... 5(c)(i)
....................................................................................................................
[4 marks]

(ii) Suggest a method to overcome the problem of impaired kidney.

[Cadangkan satu kaedah untuk mengatasi masalah kegagaian fungsi ginjal]

5(c)(ii)
.....................................................................................................................
[1 mark]

(d) Describe the importance of kidney in osmoregulation.

[Huraikan kepentingan ginjal dalam pengosmokawalaturan]

………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………..

5(d)
………………………………………………………………………………………..
[3 marks]

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Section B
Bahagian B
[40 marks]
[40 markah]

Answer any two questions from this section.

Jawab mana-mana dua soalan daripada bahagian ini.

6 Diagram 6.1 shows a human digestive system.

[ Rajah 6.1 menunjukkan sistem pencernaan manusia ]

Fried food P
Makanan
bergoreng P

Diagram 6.1
RAJAH 6.1
(a)
Explain how fried food P is digested in the digestive system.
[Terangkan bagaimana makanan bergoreng P dicernakan di dalam sistem pencernaan itu ]
[ 5 marks ]

Diagram 6.2 shows a structure found in Q.

[ Rajah 6.2 menunjukkan satu struktur yang terdapat dalam Q.]

Diagram 6.2
Rajah 6.2

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(b) State the characteristics of the structure for the absorption of the
digested food of P.
[ Nyatakan ciri-ciri struktur itu untuk penyerapan makanan P yang telah tercerna]

[ 2 marks ]
(c) Diagram 6.3 shows a part of the digestive system and the organs related to digestion.
[ Rajah 6.3 menunjukkan sebahagian sistem pencernaan dan organ-organ yang berkaitan dengan proses
pencernaan ]

Diagram 6.3
Rajah 6.3

(i) Explain the effect of malfunction of organ S and organ R to the digestion of
food P.
[Terangkan kesan kegagalan fungsi organ S dan organ R ke atas pencernaan makanan P ]
[ 4 marks ]
(ii) Explain how organ R helps in the assimilation of the following digested food
[ Terangkan bagaimana organ R membantu dalam asimilasi makanan tercerna berikut ]
(a) glucose
Glukosa
(b) amino acid
Asid amino
[ 4 marks ]

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Diagram 6.4 shows the daily menu taken by a teenage boy aged 15 .
[ Rajah 6.4 menunjukkan menu harian yang diambil oleh seorang remaja lelaki berumur 15 tahun ]

Carbonated drink Oil

[Minuman bergas] [Minyak]

Banana
Pisang

Cheese
[keju]
Vegetable
[Sayur]

Meat
[Daging]

Diagram 6.4
Rajah 6.4

(d) Explain whether the menu is suitable for the boy.

Explain the consequences to his health if he continues taking the daily menu for a long
time .
[Terangkan sama ada menu itu sesuai bagi budak lelaki tersebut.
Terangkan kesan kaetas kesihatanya jika dia terus mengambil menu harian tersebut dalam satu jangka masa
yang panjang ]
[ 5 marks]

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7 Diagram 7 shows the cross –section of plant organs that involved in transportation of
substances in a green plant.
[Gambarajah 7 menunjukkan struktur organ tumbuhan yang berkaitan dengan pengangkutan
bahan-bahan dalam satu tumbuhan hijau.]

Air space
Ruang udara

S
Xylem

R
Phloem S
Xylem

R Pore
Phloem T
Stoma
Liang T Guard cell
Sel pengawal
R
Phloem

S
Xylem
Diagram 7
Rajah 7

(a) Explain the movement of water molecules from air space through pore T.
[Terangkan pergerakan molekul air keluar daripada ruang udara melalui liang T.]
[2 marks]
(b) The size of pore T is controlled by two guard cells.
Explain the process which occurs in the opening of pore T.
[Saiz liang T dikawal oleh sepasang sel pengawal.
Terangkan proses yang berlaku semasa pembukaan liang T. ]
[4 marks]
(c) The plant is grown in an area which is exposed to hot weather
during the day.
Explain the adaptations of the plant in order to survive in the environment.
[Tumbuhan ini ditanam dalam satu kawasan yang terdedah kepada cuaca yang panas pada siang
hari. [Terangkan penyesuaian tumbuhan ini supaya terus hidup dalam persekitaran tersebut.]
[4 marks]

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(d) R and S are vascular tissues. Explain how R and S are involved in the movement
of substances in plants.
[R dan S ialah tisu vaskular. Terangkan bagaimana R dan S terlibat dalam pergerakan
bahan dalam tumbuhan.]
[5 marks]

(e) Discuss the importance of transportation of water in plants.

[Bincangkan kepentingan pengangkutan air dalam tumbuhan.]
[5 marks]

8 Diagram 8 shows human activities which are carried out near a river.
[Rajah 8 menunjukkan aktiviti yang dilakukan oleh manusia berhampiran dengan sungai]

Agriculture area
Kawasan pertanian

P
Palm oil factory
Kilang kelapa sawit

Housing area
Kawasan
perumahan R

Diagram 8
[Rajah 8]

(a) Explain one type of pollution that occurs at site Q.

[Terangkan satu jenis pencemaran di kawasan Q]
[2 marks]

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(b) The farmers at site P spray a large amount of pesticide in their agriculture activity.
Diagram 9 shows a food chain at site R.

Algae Tadpole Fish

[Alga] [Berudu ] [ Ikan]

Diagram 9
[Rajah 9]

Explain why the tissues in the fish contains a higher level of pesticide molecules
compared to the algae.
[Petani – petani menyembur racun serangga dengan banyak di kawasan P dalam aktiviti pertanian mereka.
Rajah 9 menunjukkan rantai makanan di kawasan R. Terangkan mengapa kandungan racun tersebut lebih
tinggi di dalam tisu ikan berbanding dengan alga]

[4 marks]
(c) Explain the differences in BOD value between site P and site R?
[Terangkan perbezaan nilai BOD antara kawasan P dan kawasan R?]
[4 marks]

(d) Explain the impact of human activities at site Q on humans.

[Terangkan kesan aktiviti manusia di kawasan Q kepada manusia.]
[5 marks]

(e) Discuss the importance in maintaining a balance ecosystem in a river.

[Bincangikan kepentingan mengekalkan keseimbangan ekosistem sungai]
[5 marks]

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9 Ahmad has blood group A, while his wife Fatimah has blood group B.
Their daughter Amirah has blood group O.
IA and IB are dominant alleles while IO is recessive allele.
The inheritance is summarized as in diagram 9.1
[Ahmad mempunyai kumpulan darah A manakala isterinya Fatimah mempunyai kumpulan darah B. Anak
perempuan mereka Amirah mempunyai kumpulan darah O]
A B O
[ I dan I adalah alel dominan manakala I adalah alel resesif]
[Perwarisan tersebut diringkaskan seperti rajah 9.1]

Parents Ahmad Fatimah

Phenotype Blood group A Blood group B
[Kumpulan Darah A] [Kumpulan Darah B]
[Fenotip
Induk]

Amirah
Offspring Blood group O
Phenotype [Kumpulan Darah O]
[Fenotip Anak]

Diagram 9.1
[Rajah 9.1]

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(a) Explain how Amirah inherits blood group O.
[Terangkan bagaimana Amirah mewarisi darah kumpulan O]
[5 marks]

(b) Continuous variation and discontinuous variation are types of variation.

[Variasi selanjar dan variasi tak selanjar adalah jenis-jenis variasi]
(i) Identify the type of variation of blood group. Give a reason for your answer.
[Kenalpasti jenis variasi bagi kumpulan darah. Beri satu sebab bagi jawapan anda]
[2 marks]

(ii) State the differences between continuous variation and discontinuous variation.
[Nyatakan perbezaan diantara variasi selanjar dengan variasi tak selanjar]
[4 marks]

(c) Amirah lost plenty of blood during an accident. She needs to replace the blood
lost. Explain why her father is not a compatible donor to Amirah.
[Amirah kehilangan banyak darah dalam satu kemalangan. Dia perlu menggantikan darah
yang hilang. Terangkan mengapa bapanya bukan penderma yang sesuai kepada Amirah]

[4 marks]

(d) AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is caused by HIV (Human

Immunodeficiency Virus). The virus can be transmitted by sexual intercourse with the
infected person.
Discuss the importance of the HIV test to ensure the virus is not transmitted to
their children.
[AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) disebabkan oleh HIV (Human
Immunodeficiency Virus). Virus ini dijangkiti melalui hubungan seks dengan seorang yang telah
menghidap penyakit ini.
Bincangkan kepentingan ujian HIV untuk memastikan virus ini tidak dipindahkan kepada
anak-anak mereka]

[5 marks]

END OF THE QUESTION PAPER

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SCHEMA
No Criteria Score

1a(i) Able to name X and Y

Answer

X : Vacuole 1
Y : Chloroplast 1 2
a ( ii ) Able to match X to its function

Answer :

X Stores water in the cell 1 1

b(i) Able to name an organ where Y is abundantly found in a plant

and able to give a reason

Answer 1
Leaf

Reason

The leaf has plenty of palisade mesophyll cells ( containing

plenty of chloroplasts ) // the site for photosynthesis 1 2

b ( ii ) Able to explain the light reaction at P

Sample answer
• P ( granum ) contains plenty of chlorophyll absorb 1
/capture light energy
• to produce chemical energy // ATP 1
• to split / break down the water molecule // photolysis of 1
water 1
• to release oxygen and hydrogen atom 2
Any two

b ( iii ) Able to explain the effect of dark reaction if the light reaction
does not occur
Sample answer
• Photolysis / splitting of water molecules does not occur
• No hydrogen atom (is released) to combine with carbon 1
dioxide ( during reduction process ) // no reduction of 3
carbon dioxide 1
• No glucose is produced 1

c ( ii ) Able to explain the effect on the rate of photosynthesis if the

atmospheric temperature is higher than 45 ºC
• Rate of photosynthesis is lower / stops 1
• Enzyme is denatured 1 2

Total 13

Total
No Criteria Mars
Mark

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2 (a) Able to name molecules P and Q.
Answer:

Molecules P : Amino acids 1

Molecules Q : Dipeptides 1 2

(b) Able to explain processes X and Y.

Sample answer:

Process X :

Condensation of amino acids / (molecules) P // (Two unit of) 1
amino acids / (molecules) P combine / link and water
(molecules) are released.

Peptide bond formed (between amino acids / P). 1 2

Process Y :

Hydrolysis of dipeptides / (molecules) Q // Dipeptides / Q is 1
broken down by water (molecules).

Peptide bonds are broken down. 1 2

(c) (i) Able to state the organ in which process Y occurs.

Answer:

Stomach / Ileum / Small intestine/duodenum 1 1

Able to name one enzyme needed in process Y.

(ii) Sample answer:

Pepsin / Erepsin/ Peptidase/ Trypsin / Protease 1 1
Note:
The enzyme named is related to the organ stated in (c)(i).

(d) Able to explain how to ensure the process Y occurs at a

maximum rate in the washing of blood stain on a shirt
Sample answer:

Use (warm) water with temperature of 37ºC. 1

This is an optimum temperature for enzyme (activity) // 1
Enzymes work best at this temperature.

OR

Add a little vinegar / acid (in the water) 1

Enzymes / pepsin work best in an acidic medium. 1

OR

Add more soap / alkali solution (in the water) 1

Enzymes / trypsin / protease work best in an alkaline 1 2
medium.

(e) Able to explain the effect of the malfunction of golgi apparatus.

Sample answer:
• Processing/ modifying/ packaging/ sorting/ transporting of
the synthesised protein / carbohydrates/ glycoproteins/ 1

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phospholipids could not be carried out
• Resulting thesynthesised protein/ carbohydrates/
glycoproteins are not able to be released out of the cell 1 2
through the plasma membrane.

TOTAL 12

No Marking criteria Marks Total

marks
3 (a)(i) Able to name stages X and Y .
Answer: X : Prophase I 1
Y : Metaphase I 1 2
(ii) Able to explain the differences in chromosomal behavior
At X and Y.
Sample Answer:
Prophase I Metaphase I
(Paired homologous (Paired homologous
chromosomes) are arranged chromosomes) are arranged
randomly. on the metaphase plate /
equatorial plane.
Spindle fibre does not hold Spindle fibre holds on the
on the centromer of the centromer of the
chromosomes . chromosomes.

(The homologous (The homologous

chromosomes paired and) chromosomes paired)
crossing over take place. crossing over does not take
place.

Any 2 2

(b)(i) Able to explain the occurrence at Z.

Sample answer: 1
P1 : Four daughter cells formed 1 2
P2 : Each daughter cell has two chromosomes / haploid / n

(ii) Able to state the chromosome number in the daughter

cell and give reason for the answer.
Answer:
Six (chromosomes)
Reason:
(During meiosis) the daughter cell / n receives half 1
The number of chromosome from the parent cell / 2n //
Daughter cell haploid / n, daughter cell diploid / 2n 2

(d)(i) Able to explain why the chromosomes contain 24 1

chromosomes.
Sample answer:
1. Homologous chromosomes fail to separate equally 1
(during anaphase I)
2. due to exposure to mutagen // any example of mutagens 1 2

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(d)(ii) Able to explain the genetic disease faced by the
offspring.
Sample answer : 1
1. Offspring has 47 chromosomes 1
2. Down’s Syndrome 1
3. Chromosome number 21 has three chromosome 1
4. Has short tongue / broad face // any suitable
characteristic. 2
Any 2

Total 12

No Marking Criteria Marks

4(a)(i) Able to name the content in the injections correctly.
Answer:
Antiserum 1 1
Able to state the type of immunity.
(a)(ii)
Answer:
Artificial passive immunity
1
Able to explain the reason for the answer correctly.
Sample answer:
* The antibody increase above the immunity level immediately 1
after the injection is given.
* The quantity of antibody in blood last for only two weeks/ does 1 3
not last long

(b) Able to explain how a person get measles correctly.

Sample answer:
• The first time measles virus enter the blood . 1
• The lymphocyte takes longer time to produce antibody. 1
• The level of antibody is lower than the immunity level. 1 3
(So he gets the measles)

(c ) Able to explain the type of immunity acquire by the baby.

Sample answer:
• Natural passive immunity 1
• Because breast milk contain antibody 1
• Antibody destroys pathogen 1
• Protects the baby from disease (which the mother immune) 1
Any three 3

(d) Able to explain the importance of vaccination to a new born

baby.
Sample answer
• Vaccination contain vaccine/weak /dead pathogen. 1

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• Stimulates the lymphocytes 1

• To produce antibody 1
• Enhance production of antibody until achieve the immunity 1
level 1
• To protect the body against disease.
Any two
2
Total 12

No MARKING CRITEIA MARKS TOTAL

MARKS
5(a) Able to explain the process
Answer :
Ultrafiltration
1
Explanation :

P1 : Higher hydrostatic pressure biger diameter of

afferent arteriole than efferent arteriole in the 1
glomerulus cause

P2 : Blood plasma without protein plasma (of the 1

Blood) to be filered out (from the glomerulus into
the Bowman’s capsule)
Any one 1

5 (b) Able to state one difference in content of part Q

and R :
Sample answer:

Q R

P1 : Presence of glucose Absent of glucose 1

P2 : Precence of amino Absent of amino acid 1

acid
P3 : Less content of urea High content of urea
1

Any one 1

5(c)(i) Able to explain the effect on the urine content at R if

Q is impaired.

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Sample answer:

P1: Reabsorption of water/amino acid/glucose

cannot occur. 1
P2: Glucose present in urine. 1
P3: amino acid present in urine 1
P4: Volume of water increase 1 4

(c)(ii) Able to suggest a method to overcome the impaired

kidney
Answer:

Haemodialysis // kidney transplant 1 1

(d) Able to describe the importance of kidney in

osmoregulation
Sample answer:
F1 : Blood osmotic pressure can be regulated
P1 : If blood osmotic pressure increases, 1
P2 : More ADH will be produced 1
P3 : More water will be reabsorbed 1
// 1
P1 : If blood osmotic pressure
P2 : decreases more aldosterone will be 1
P3 : Produced to reabsorbed more salt 1
Any 3 1 3

Total 11

Item Criteria Mark Total

No. Mark
6 Able to explain the role of digestive system in digestion of
(a) (i) food P / Fried banana

Criteria
1. Identify the classes of food in fried food P/banana 1
2. Peristalsis occurring in the any parts of the alimentary 1
canal
3. Digestion of carbohydrates in mouth // ileum with 1
correct enzymes
4. Digestion of fats in duodenum //ileum with correct 1
enzyme
5. Any correct product of carbohydrates//fats 1 5

Sample answer

P1 : Fried banana/food P is rich in carbohydrates/starch and

fats

( Physical digestion takes place in the mouth where fried

banana are chewed into smaller pieces )

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P3: In the mouth salivary amylase hydrolysed the (pieces of)

carbohydrates /starch
P5: into Maltose

P2 : The food is pushed down the esophagus through

peristalsis

(In stomach , Food P is not hydrolysed )

P4: Fats is hydrolysed / break down

P5: to fatty acids and glycerol by lipase //

Lipase
Fats +water Fatty acids + Glycerol
( in alkaline medium )

In ileum ,
P4 & P5 :( Fats is hydrolyzed / break down into fatty acids
and glycerol )
P3 & P5 :Maltose is hydrolysed into glucose // Sucrose is
hydrolysed by sucrase to glucose and fructose
//Lactose is hydrolysed by lactase to glucose and galactose
( In alkaline medium )

(a) (ii) Able to state the characteristic of villus in absorption of

digested food P correctly
Sample answer

P1 :Villus has very thin cell wall //one cell thick 1

P2 : surrounded by dense blood capillaries//lacteal 1

P3 : They are many villi (to increases the total surface area
per volume) 1
P4 : The Villus is moist/ covered with a thin layer of water 1 2
Any two

b(i) Able to state the effect of malfunction of organ R/ liver and

organ S / Pancreas to the digestion of fried banana

Sample answer

Malfunction of the liver

P1 : Too little / no bile is secreted by the liver 1

P2: Resulting fats is not /hardly emulsified // medium is not 1
alkaline
Malfunction of pancreas

P3: Too little / no pancreatic juice is secreted 1

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P4 : Lipids is not /hardly hydrolysed by Lipase to fatty acids
and glycerol 1
P5 : Starch is not / hardly hydrolysed by amylase to maltose 1
Any four 4

6(b)ii Able to explain the assimilation of digested food of glucose

and amino acids by organ R / liver
Sample answer
Glucose
• Glucose is used (by cells) to produced energy/carry
(cellular) respiration. 1
• Excess of glucose in the blood is converted to
glycogen and stored // excess glucose is stored as 1
glycogen.
• When glucose level in the blood is low the glycogen 1
is converted into glucose
• Excess of glycogen is converted into lipids 1
Amino acid
• Synthesis of plasma protein/ enzymes/ any suitable 1
protein molecule from amino acids
• Excess amino acids are converted/deaminated into 1
urea (to be excreted)
Any four
4

(b) Able to justify and explain if the menu is suitable for a

teenage boy
Criteria
1. Justify the menu
2. Explanation
3. Consequences

Sample answer :

P1 : The Menu is not a balance diet ( not suitable for the boy ) 1 1

// The Menu does not contain food from 7 food classes in

appropriate ratio

P2 : It contains too little food rich in carbohydrates ,

( it only has banana and carbonated drink ) which does not
give enough energy value required by the boy to undergo his 1
daily activity

P3 : It contains too little food which is rich in proteins (red

meat and cheese ) which is required by the boy for the
growth / new cells formation // cells replacement 1

P4 : It contains too little water which is required for

biochemical processes // any suitable function of water 1

P5 : It does not contain sufficient vitamins for healthy growth 1

P6 : It contains food highly rich in fats example butter and oil

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which will supply too much energy for the boy , if stored will 1
cause obesity / arteriosclerosis / heart attack/ high blood
pressure ( only about one third of body’s energy requirements
comes from food rich in fats)

But
P7 : It has sufficient vegetables and fruit ( banana ) which are
rich in fibre /roughage to prevent constipation. 1

P8 : The banana , vegetable provide minerals needed for the

development of bones and maintaining health
(But the different types of minerals requirement are not
sufficient ) 1

Any 3 from P2 to P8 3

If the boy keeps taking the above menu his total energy value
is not enough // energy needed is less than energy taken

Bad effects to the boy

May have malnutrition diseases

(I ) Rickets , lack of vitamin D

(ii ) Beri beri , lack of vitamin B
(iii) Scurvy , lack of vitamin C
(iv ) Kwashiorkor, lack of protein
(v ) Cretinism ,lack of iodine// any suitable health problems
(vii ) Diabetic
Any one bad effect 1 1

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Total
Item Criteria Marks
Mark
7 (a) Able to explain the movement of water molecules from air
space through pore T.

Sample answer:

The lost of water (molecules) from a plant into the 1
atmosphere,

in the form of water vapour // evaporation of water 1

Occurs when the water content in the atmosphere is
lower than (in the sub-stomatal air spaces) in leaves. 1
(Accept the difference in any suitable physical
condition between these two regions).
(Any 2 correct answer) 2

(b) Able to explain the process which occurs in the opening

of pore T.

Sample answer:

During the day // In the presence of sunlight. 1

Guard cells carry out photosynthesis // Glucose is 1
produce.

Active transport of potassium ions into the guard cells. 1

Osmotic pressure in the guard cells increases. 1

Water enters the guard cells by osmosis. 1

Hydrostatic pressure in the guard cells increases. 1

The guard cells become turgid. 1
(Any 4 correct answer) 4

(c) Able to explain the adaptation of plant grown in an area

which is exposed to an intense heat of the sun during the
day.

Sample answer:

Leaves / (young) stems are covered with thick 1
cuticles/ waxy.

Have sunkened stomata // stomata are in grooves. 1

More stomata on the lower epidermis (compared to 1

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the upper epidermis).

The stomata are closed during the day // Absorption 1
of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis occurs during the
night.

The young leaves roll / to reduce the surface area. 1

These are to reduce the rate of transpiration / lost of 1
water from the plant.
(Any 4 correct answer) 4

(d) Able to explain how xylem and phloem involved in the

movement of substances in plants.

Sample answer:

Xylem:
P1 S are xylem (vessels) 1
P2 Xylem / S are well-adapted for water transport which 1
are long / narrow / continuous tubes.
P3 which transports water in plants 1

P4 by capillary action 1
P5 due to the forces between water molecules / cohesion
force, and the forces between water molecules and
wall of xylem / S / adhesion force. 1
OR
P4 by root pressure
P5 water enters xilem by osmosis
OR
P4 by transpirational pull
P5 water is pulled out of xilem (during transpiration)

(Any 3 correct answer) 3

Phloem:

R are phloem / sieve tubes and companion cells 1

which transport organic compounds / glucose / 1
products of photosynthesis.

by translocation. 1
(Any 2 correct answer) 2 5

(e) Able to discuss the importance of water transport in

plants.

Sample answer:

It is a necessity / need / important (for water transport 1
in plant to survive).

Water is a medium to transport minerals. 1

As the medium of biochemical reaction (in cells). 1

Transpiration creates a transpirational pull / pull water 1
from roots.

Evaporation of water (during transpiration) keeps the 1
plants cool.

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Water provides turgor pressure for support 1

Water / are needed in guard cells in the opening of
stomata. 1
(Any 5 correct answer) 5

TOTAL 20

8 (a) Able to explain one type of pollution at site Q.

Sample answer:

F1: Water pollution. 1

E1: Effluents/ phosphate/any suitable pollutant are released 1 2
from the factory release into the river.
F2: Thermal pollution 1
E2: Hot water from the factory is released into the river//
Which reduce dissolved oxygen in the river. 1

(b) Able to explain why the tissues in the fish contains a higher
level of pesticide molecules compared to the algae.

Sample Answer:
P1 : Algae absorbs the contaminated water/ chemicles 1

P2 : The tadpole feeds on the algae. 1

P3 : The chemical in the algae will accumulate in the tadpole 1
body tissue.
P4 : The fish feeds on the tadpole. 1
P5 : Will cause the chemical (accumulated) in the body tissue
of the tadpole to be passed to the fish. 1
P6 : The fish will have a higher concentration of chemicals in 1
their body tissues.
Any 4 4

(c) Able to explain the difference in BOD value in site P and

R.

Sample answer:
P1 : The BOD value in site P is lower than in site R. 1
P2 : Because R is at the down stream. 1
P3 : More pollutants accumulated in R. 1
P4 : The river water flow from agriculture area / P to palm 1
oil factory / Q.
P5 : The higher/ increase in organic substance in the river will
increase the population of bacteria / decomposition // 1
more aquatic organism die // less oxygen dissolved in the
river water (at R)/ Resulting the BOD to increase Max 4

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(d) Able to explain the impact of human activities at Q on

human.

Sample answer:

Impact 1: Lack of clean water supply 1

P1: Water effluents from factories contain numerous 1
Contaminants/pollutants/chemicals
P2: Leads to disease example diarrhea/ cholera/ any
suitable example which threaten health 1

Impact 2 : Reduction of freshwater fish/food/aquatic 1

organism/natural resources
P1: Lack of food /protein for human//any suitable 1
impact and explanation
P2: Destruction of food chain//aquatic organisms die 1

Impact 3: Destruction of food chain

P1: Accumulation of chemicals in human 1
P2: Through food chains/taking fresh water food 1
P3: Cancer/mutation/disease 1 5

(e) Able to discuss the importance of maintaining the balance

ecosystem of a river.

Sample answer:
F: A balance ecosystem in a river must be maintain.
P1: When water pollution occurs//chemical content is 1
very high 1
P2: Sunlight penetration is reduced/amount of dissolved
oxygen very low. 1
P3: Plants/producers do not carry out photosynthesis 1
P4: First consumer species/herbivores/carnivores do not 1
receive enough energy//destruction of energy flow.
P5: Very high decomposition/eutrophication 1
P6: Aquatic organisms die/extinct//destruction of food 1
chain.
P7: River becomes shallower/causing flooding/overflow 1
of water.
Any 5 5

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No Marking Criteria Marks
9 (a) Able to explain how Amirah inherits blood group O.
Criteria : P1 Parents genotypes
P2 The formation of gamete
P3 Random fertilization of gametes
P4 Offspring genotype
P5 Offspring phenotype
P6 Conclusion of Amirah’s blood group
Sample answer:
Parents Ahmad Fatimah

genotype IA IO X IB IO 1

Gametes IA IO IB IO 1

Fertilisation
1
Offsprings
A B A O B O O O
Genotype I I I I I I I I
1
Phenotype Blood group Blood group Blood group Blood group 1 4
AB A B O

Conclusion: Amirah’s genotype

1 1
Any 4 of P1  P5 : 4 marks
P6 : 1 mark
OR
9(a) Able to explain how Amirah inherits blood group O.
P1 : Ahmad’s probable genotype is IAIA and IAIO 1
Fatimah’s probable genotype is IBIB and IBIO
Amirah’s genotype should be IOIO
P2 : To obtain IOIO Ahmad’s genotype is IAIO, while 1
Fatimah’s genotype is IBIO
P3 : During meiosis, gametes produced from Ahmad carry allele
IA and IO While from Fatimah carry allele IB and IO 1
P4 : During fertilization, 1
P5 : Genotypes produced in the offsprings are IAIB, IAIO, IBIO, IOIO 1
P6 : Phenotypes produced by the offspring are blood group AB, A, B 1 4
and O respectively.
P7 : So Amirah with blood group O has the genotype of IOIO 1 1

Any 4 of P1  P6 : 4 marks
P7 : 1 mark

(b)(i)
Able to identify and explain the type of variation of blood group.
Answer: 1
Discontinuous variation

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Reason
1
• Blood group shows distinctive differences in the characteristic//
does not show intermediate characteristics/
(ii) Qualitative characteristic.
Able to differentiate the continuous variation and discontinuous
variation.

Continuous variation Discontinuous variation

Has a normal distribution/ Has a discrete graph// graph 1
Bell shape graph//graph drawn drawn
Quantitative//has intermediate Qualitative// no intermediate 1
Characteristic/values Characteristic/values
Influenced by genetic Influenced by genetic factor 1
and environmental factors
Controlled by many genes/ Controlled by A, AB, B,O single 1
polygenes gene

No Marking Criteria Marks

9(c) Able to explain Ahmad and Fatimah is not a compatible donour to
Amirah.
Sample answer:

P1: ( Ahmad’s blood group is A), the erythrocyte has antigen A 1

and the blood plasma has antibody B.
P2: (Amirah’s blood group is O) erythrocyte has no antigen A or B 1
but blood plasma has antibody A and antibody B.
P3: Agglutination of Amirah’s blood occurs because 1
P4: Antibody A acts on antigen A (in Ahmad’s blood) 1 4

(d) Able to discuss the importance of the HIV test to ensure the virus is
not transmitted to their children.

P1: HIV test is a screen test done on the blood 1

P2: To detect the present of the virus(HIV) 1
P3: As a safety measure for couple to have children 1
P4: So that the virus is not transmitted// free from HIV 1
P5: Healthy future generation// any suitable explanation on healthy 1 5
community
Total 20

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