Chap 3

Chapter Three Fluid Flow Concepts
Dr.Mohammed Al-jibory 2012/2013 1

KARBALAA UNIVERSITY
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT
2
nd
Year

Fluid Mechanics

CHAPTER THREE
FLUID FLOW CONCEPTS

Prepared by: Dr. Mohammed W. Aljibory

2012/2013

3.1 Definitions.

-F|uw
Laminai
Tuibulent
Losses v
avc
Re < 2uuu
Losses v
avc
(1.7-2)
Re > 4uuu

-F|uw
viscous(Real)
Nonviscous(Iueal)
Losses
NoLosses

-F|u
Stuuy
0nStuuy
0
0t
(Piopeities) = u
0
0t
(Piopeities) u

-F|uw
0nifoim
Non0nifoim
0V
0S
= u
0V
0S
u
Where V is the velocity

and S is the direction

1-D Flow: Change in velocity in one dimension

2-D Flow:

3-D Flow: Throat areas


Stream Line: It is an imaginary line drawn tangent to the
velocity vector everywhere.
System (SYS) Control Volume (C.V.)
1. Fixed mass - Flow of mass
2. System boundaries may - Control surface (C.S.) are fixed
Fixed or movable
3. Exchange energy only - Exchange matter and energy
With surrounding
3.2 General control volume equation:
Let B = Total amount or a general property of the system
(mass, energy, momentum, moment of momentum,.atc)
And,
b= Amount of (B) per unit mass =
B
mass

so, B = b m = b. p. = b. p. J


uB
SYS
ut
= lim
8t0
(B
sys
)
t+8t
(B
sys
)
t
t

= lim
8t0
(B
I
+B
III
)
t+8t
(B
I
)
t
t

Add and subtract (B
II
)
t+8t
to get:-

uB
SYS
ut
= lim
8t0
(B
I
+B
II
)
t+8t
(B
I
)
t
t
+ lim
8t0
(B
III
B
II
)
t+8t
t

=
B
c.v.
t
+ lim
8t0
b. . v. t. uAcos b. . v. t. uAcos
II III
t

dB
SYS
dt
=
dB
.v.
dt
+ _ b. p. V. dA
C.V.


3.3 Conservation of mass: (Continuity Equation C.E.)
Let, B=mass (m) and, b=B/m=m/m=1
Also,
uB
SYS
ut
=
um
SYS
ut
= u
Thus:
u =
m
c.v.
t
+_ . v. uA
C.V.

u =
0m
c.v.
0t
+(. v. Acos)
out
+(. v. Acos)
In

Or:

=
dm
.v.
dt
+ m
uut
.
+m
tn
.
General C.E.
Where,
m
.
= mass flow rate (kg/s) = (m/t) = pIA
And, for steady flow (
dm
.v.
dt
= )
m
uut
.
= m
tn
.

Or, pVA
|n
= pVA
uut
This is the C.E. for Steady flow


For Incompressible flow we have:
p
n
= p
out
= p = Constont
V. A
|n
= V. A
uut
This is the C.E. for Steady Incomp. flow
Or,
Q
tn
= Q
uut

Where,
Q=Volume flow rate = (m
3
/s)= (Volume/time)= Discharge
And you can say,
m
.
=p.
And,
For Variable (V), = IJA


Example 1: If
u
u
max
= [
y
d
1
2
, anuu
max
= S m s , J = 2m,
inJtcJiscorgcpcrmctcrwiJt.
Ans:
Let L=width,
Q = _uuA = _uLuy
= _u
max
2
0
[
y
u
1
2
uy = _S
2
0
[
y
u
1
2
uy = 4m
3
s
Example 2: If,
v
v
o
= [1
i
R
,
finutheiatioofthemeanvelocitytothecenteivelocityv
o

Ans:
Q = _uuA =_v
o
[1
i
R
2iui
R
0

= _2iv
o
ui
R
0
_2
i
2
R
v
o
ui
R
0
= R
2
v
o
2
S
R
2
v
o

But, Q = v. R
2

v. R
2
= R
2
v
o
2
S
R
2
v
o

v
v
o
=
1
S


3.4 Conservation of Energy: (Energy Equation E.E.)
LetB = E = E
F
+E
P.E.
+E
K.E.

= mu +mgz +
1
2
mv
2

Where:
E
F
= Prcssurcorlowcncrgy
E
P.E.
= Potcntiolcncrgy: uctoitsclc:otion
E
K.E.
= Kincticcncrgy uctoits:clocity
Nowlet:b =
B
m
=
E
m
= e = u +gz +
1
2
v
2

Ius:
uE
sys
ut
=
E
c.v.
t
+_ e. vuA
c.s.

=
0
0t
c.v
e. u+ e. vuA
c.s.

We have that: The 1
st
law of thermodynamic for a system
Q W = E
Ius:
J
Jt
Jw
Jt
=
uE
sys
ut
=
t
c.v
_ e. u +_ e. vuA
c.s.


knowtot: w = w
S
+w
]Iow
= w
S
+ _ Pu
c.s.
= w
S
+_ P. LuA
c.s.

Jw
Jt
=
Jw
s
Jt
+_ P. vuA
c.s.

So,
dQ
dt
dW
s
dt
=
d
dt
.v
_ e. pd +_ _
P
p
+e] pVdA
.s.

This is the General E.E.
Now, for steady flow we have that
0
0t
c.v
e. u= u

So,
ws
= m _[
P
p
+ e
out
[
P
p
+ e
n
_

Nowlet,
Q
m
= q = heatpeiunitmass
anu,
Ws
m
= w
s
= Woikpeiunitmass
Ius:q w
s
= _
P
+e]
out
_
P
+e]
n

= _
P
+u +gz +
v
2
2
_
out
_
P
+u +gz +
v
2
2
_
n


And in differential form:

uq uw
s
= u_
P
] +uu +u(gz) +u_

v
2
2
_
=
1
uP +Pu_
1
] +uu +guz +vuv

= uu +Pu: +
uP
+guz +vuvwheie: =
1

FromtcrmoJynomicwco:c,IJS = Ju +PJ:
AnJ,IJS Jq = J(g
I
)

wcrc,
I
= Iosscs = u,orrc:crsiblcproccss

Thus:
uP
+vuv +guz +J(g

I
) +uw
s
= u

Integrate from input to output (Let input=1, output=2, and
Incompressible flow)

P1
+
v1
2
2
+gZ1 =
P2
+
v2
2
2
+gZ2 +gh
L
1-2
+w
s
1-2

wcrc, w
s
=
W
T
W
P
m
= g(h
T
h
P
)

Hence:

_
P1
y
+
V1
2
2g
+Z1_ +h
P
= _
P2
y
+
V2
2
2g
+Z2_ +h
T
+h
L
1-2

Bernoulli's Equation:
It is a special case of the (E.E.) in which (h
L
1-2
= u),
(frictionless flow) and no work exchange:

Thus: _
P1
y
+
V1
2
2g
+Z1_ = _
P2
y
+
V2
2
2g
+Z2_


General Procedure for E.E. Application:
1. Section (1) is the upstream and (2) is the downstream.
2. Each term in the E.E. represents
cncg
wcght
=
N.m
m
= (m) or
it's called the head h(m).
3.

P
y
= Floweneigyheau
V
2
2g
= Kineticeneigyheau, v = v
avc.
z = Potentialheau
TotalBeau

P
= PumpEcoJ
1
= IurbincEcoJ
L
= IosscsEcoJ
IotolcoJ =
P
+
v
2
2g
+Z

4. Flow direction h
totaI
Bigh h
totaI
Low

5. Powei = P =
E
t
=
E
W
.
W
t
=
E
W
.
m
t
. g
Also, Powei = m . g. h = . Q. g. h = Qh
6. Pump efficiency p
P
=
outputpowc
Inputpowc
=
yQh
P
I
P

7. Turbine efficiency p
1
=
outputpowc
Inputpowc
=
outpowcr
yQh
T

8. Kineticeneigycoiiectionfactoi():
Where,
Vavc
2
2g
[
u
2
2g
o:c

1
2
m :
uc
2
=
1
2
dm u
2

=
1
A
_(
u
v
avc
)
3
uA

3.5 Momentum Equation: (M.E.)
Let, B= mv and, b =
B
m
=
mv
m
= v
Thus:

u(mv)
sys
ut
=
t
_ . v. u +_ . v. v. uA
C.S. C.V.

But, we have by the Newton's 2
nd
law,
F = m. a = m.
uv
ut
=
u(mv)
sys
ut

F =
t
_ . v. u +_ . v. v. uA
C.S. C.V.
Thisistheu. N. E
Or,
F =
t
(mv)
c.v.
+(m v)
out
(m v)
In

And for steady flow,
0
0t
(mv)
c.v.
= u
Thus:
F = (m v)
uut
(m v)
tn
SteadyFluwM. E.
And for one inlet and one outlet, or (m )
uut
(m )
tn

F = m (v
uut
v
tn
)
Or:
F
x
= m (v
x
uut
v
x
tn
)anu F
y
= m [v
y
uut
v
y
tn


3.5.1: Application of M.E.
I. Forces on Blades (Vanes)
A. Fixed Vanes
Assumptions:
- Steady
- Incompressible
- Frictionless
- Z
In
= Z
out

Now, apply B.E. from in to out
P1
+
vin
2
2g
+Z1 =
P2
+
vout
2
2g
+Z2
But, P1 = P2 = uAtm.
onJ, Z1 = Z2, BoiizontalBlaue
vin = vout = v
Then, by applying M.E.
Fx =
+
m (v
x
out
v
x
In
) Fx = vA(vcos v)
Fx = pAV
2
(1 us6)
Fy
+
= m [v
y
out
v
y
In
Fy = vA(vsin u)
Fy = pAV
2
Stn6

B. Moving Vanes
- Single moving vanes:
F = m
r
(vi
out
vi
In
)
Where, viistheielativevelocity = v1 u
And, m
r
= Q
r
= . A. vi = . A. (v1 u)
Fx = m
r
(Vr
x
uut
Vr
x
tn
)onJ,
Fy = m
r
[Vr
y
uut
Vr
y
tn

Or,
F
x
= pA(V1 u)
2
(1 us6)onJ,
F
y
= pA(V1 u)
2
stn6
- Power delivered by the Vane (P):
P = F
x
. u = yQ
r
V
1
2
V
2
2
2g

- Kinetic Energy remaining in jet= yQ
r
V
2
2
2g

- Series of moving vanes:
F = m
abs
(vi
out
vi
In
)
P = F
x
. u = Q
abs
v
1
2
v
2
2
2g


K. E. iemaininginjet = Q
abs
v
2
2
2g

II. Forces on Pipe Bends
Given: P1,V1,A1,Z,A2,,
I1-2
, w
b
onJ,
b

Find: Fx and Fy
Ans:
Apply C.E. to get: A1V1=A2V2 v2
Apply E.E.1-2 to get:
P1
+
vin
2
2g
+Z1 =
P2
+
vout
2
2g
+Z2 +
I1-2
P2,
wheieZ1 = Z2
Then, apply M.E. to get:
Fx =
+
m (v
x
out
v
x
In
)
Fx +P1A1 P2A2cos = m (v
2
Cos v
1
) Fx

Fy
+
= m [v
y
out
v
y
In

F
y
W
b
W
fIuId
P2A2Sin = v1A1(v2Sin u) Fy


III. Jet Engine:
F
th
= (m v)
out
(m v)
In

= (m
aIr
+m
IucI
)v2 m
aIr
v1
= m
aIr
__1 +
m
IucI
m
aIr
]v2 v1_
V2=Exit velocity
V1=Aircraft velocity
And,
m
IueI
m
a
= f = Fuel consumption ratio

IIII. Rocket Machine:
+
F =
0
0t
(mv)
c.v.
+(m v)
out
(m v)
In

But, m
In
= 0
So,

R (m
rock
+m
IucI
)g =
t
(m
rock
+m
IucI
)v1 +(m v
r
)
Since (V) is a function of (t) only, the equation can be written as
a total differential equation:

uv
ut
=
uv1
ut
=
m v
r
R (m
rock
+m
IucI
)g
(m
rock
+m
IucI
)

whichiepiesentstheacceleiation
where:
m
rock
= Rocketmass
m
IucI
= Fuelmass = m
I
o
m . t
m
I
o
= intialmassoffuel, m = iateofbuining
m v
r
= Thiustofiocket(F
th
)


3.6 Losses due to Sudden Expansion

E.E. 1-2
_
P1
+
v1
2
2g
+Z1_ = _
P2
+
v2
2
2g
+Z2_ +h
c

For, Z1=Z2
h
c
=
P1 P2
+
v1
2
v2
2
2g
. . (1)
Then, by applying C.E. so, A1V1=A2V2 .(2)
ApplyingN. E. F
x
= m (v2 v1)
P1A2 P2A2 = A2v2
2
A1v1
2
(S)

By 1,2 and,3 Get:
h
e
=
(V1 V2)
2
2g
=
V1
2
2g
_1
A1
A2
]
2
=
V1
2
2g
_1 _
D1
D2
]
2
_
2

Also, the power required to overcome the expansion losses is
equal to: (yQh
e
)

3.7 Hydraulic Jump:

E.E. 1-2
[
V1
2
2g
+Y1 = [
V2
2
2g
+Y2 +h
]
. . (1)
C. E. Y1v1 = Y2v2 . . (2)
N. E. F1 F2 = m (v2 v1)
0i:.
Y1
2
. Y1 .
Y2
2
. Y2 = . Y2. v2
2
. Y1. v1
2
. (S)
Thenby1,2, anuSget:h
J
=
(Y2 Y1)
3
4Y1Y2

And, Y2 =
Y1
2
+
_
[
Y1
2
2
+
2V1
2
Y1
g


Example (1):


Example (2):


Example (3):

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Chapter Three Fluid Flow Concepts

Dr.Mohammed Al-jibory 2012/2013 1

Where V is the velocity

] +uu +u(gz) +u_

] +uu +guz +vuv

+vuv +guz +J(g

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