Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(FITL)
. POTENCIAL COST-EFFECTIVENESS . BETTER QUALITY, RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY . WIDER COVERAGE FOR EXCHANGES . INFORMATION SECURITY
DISADVANTAGES
. DELICATE TO HANDLE . CRAFT SENSITIVE - SPLICING - EQUIPMENT . GENERALLY STILL EXPENSIVE - EQUIPMENT - TOOLS AND TEST EQUIPMENT . REQUIREMENT FOR FIELD EQUIPMENTS POWERING
. TERMINAL EQUIPMENTS . EQUIPMENT SPACE AND RACKING . POWER SUPPLY . SKILLED MANPOWER
TYPES OF APPLICATION
i) FIBRE TO THE OFFICE (FTTO)
- FIBER IS TERMINATED DIRECT IN THE CUSTOMERS PREMISES, CATERING TO DEMANDS OF COPPORATE SECTOR.
ii)
iii)
v)
TYPICAL SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF ACCESS NETWORK LOCAL EXCHANGE B MULTI-STOREY BLDG. RESIDENTIAL HSES. AERIAL CABLE
PSTN
MDF
DUCT
EXCHANGE TUNNEL
MAINHOLE
U/G COPPER CABLE SHOP HSE OR LOW-RISE APARTMENT 8
JOINT BOX
TYPICAL SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF LOCAL NETWORK LOCAL EXCHANGE B MULTI-STOREY BLDG. RESIDENTIAL HSES. AERIAL CABLE
DROP WIRE LOCAL EXCHANGE A (FTT0) SDF RT FIBRE CABINET (FTTS) COT RT DISTRIBUTION POINT
PSTN
MDF
DUCT
EXCHANGE TUNNEL
MAINHOLE
FIBRE CABLE SHOP HSE OR LOW-RISE APARTMENT 9
JOINT BOX
10
SYSTEM FOR OPTICAL TRANSMISSION Optical transmission system are used for transmission of electrical signal via an optical fibre. The component are:-
(i) electro- optic transducer as the light transmitter at the beginning of the route.
(ii) The fibre optic transmission medium. (iii) Optic electric transducer as the light receiver at the end of the route.
11
Electrical signal from the Exchange is converted to Optical (using light as carrier) by Optical equipment (DLC) at the COT. From the equipment, the light signal is injected into the optical fibre. The light signal is guided by the fibre to its destination where it is detected and converted back into electrical signal again.
12
8
34 140 565
120
480 1920 7680
PDH System with higher number of channels transmit bit rates of 8, 34, 140, 565 Mbps signals of the PCM 30 multiplexing unit.
13
MAX.2M 63 252 63 X 2M X 16
15
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
3 BASIC TYPES ARE:I) STAR II) BUS III) LOOP - STAR TOPOLOGY ADOPTED BY TELEKOM MALAYSIA BHD. :I) STAR II) LOOP - STAR
16
EXCHANGE
EXCHANGE
18
EXCHANGE
EXCHANGE
19
LOOP NETWORK
EXCHANGE
CONFIGURATION (1+1)
20
21
22
THE CORE PERFORMS THE FUNCTION OF TRANSMITTING THE LIGHT WAVES, WHILE THE CLADDING IS TO MINIMIZE SURFACE LOSSES AND TO GUIDE THE LIGHT WAVES.
23
24
Cladding 125 um
Secondary coating
25
100-200
50 - 100
LS
125
50
LS
SINGLE MODE
10 125 LS
DIMENSION IN um
LS = LIGHT SOURCE
26
LS
LS
SINGLE MODE
LS
27
Hard UV
Soft UV
125um 190um
250um
Silica Fiber
Ultra Violet Curable Acrylate Coated Fiber
29
Silica Fiber
Nylon Coated Fiber
30
FIBER NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
4 FIBER
6 FIBER
8 FIBER 12 FIBER
BLUE BLUE BLUE BLUE YELLOW YELLOW YELLOW YELLOW GREEN GREEN GREEN GREEN RED RED RED RED VOILET VOILET VOILET WHITE BROWN BROWN WHITE WHITE WHITE WHITE WHITE WHITE WHITE WHITE
31
OPTICAL FIBRE
FILLING COMPOUND SLOT WRAPPING SHEATH CENTRAL STRENGTH MEMBER
32
33
34
0.4mm
1.1mm
35
CROSS-SECTION OF COMPLETED CABLE 24 FIBER RIBBON 4 - FIBRE RIBBON RIB IDENTIFICATION MARKING FILLING COMPOUND SLOT WRAPPING SHEATH CENTRAL STRENGTH MEMBER
36
37
TAPE B
TAPE C
TAPE D
38
39
Petroleum Jelly Two Ripcords Filler Core wrapping Strength member Buffered Tube Thixotropic Jelly Fiber Outer PE sheath
6 core
40
PE Coating
Stranded wire
PE web
Buffered Tube
36 core
41
FIBER NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
FIBER COLOUR BLUE YELLOW GREEN RED VOILET BROWN BLUE YELLOW GREEN RED VOILET BROWN BLUE YELLOW GREEN RED VOILET BROWN
TUBE NO. 1
YELLOW
GREEN
FIBER NO. 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
FIBER COLOUR BLUE YELLOW GREEN RED VOILET BROWN BLUE YELLOW GREEN RED VOILET BROWN BLUE YELLOW GREEN RED VOILET BROWN
TUBE NO. 4
VOILET
BROWN
43
FIBER NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
FIBER COLOUR BLUE YELLOW GREEN RED VOILET BROWN PINK GREY BLUE YELLOW GREEN RED VOILET BROWN PINK GREY BLUE YELLOW GREEN RED VOILET BROWN PINK GREY
TUBE NO.
TUBE COLOUR
BLUE
YELLOW
GREEN
FIBER NO. 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
FIBER COLOUR BLUE YELLOW GREEN RED VOILET BROWN PINK GREY BLUE YELLOW GREEN RED VOILET BROWN PINK GREY BLUE YELLOW GREEN RED VOILET BROWN PINK GREY
TUBE NO.
TUBE COLOUR
RED
VOILET
BROWN
44
FIBER NO. 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72
FIBER COLOUR BLUE YELLOW GREEN RED VOILET BROWN PINK GREY BLUE YELLOW GREEN RED VOILET BROWN PINK GREY BLUE YELLOW GREEN RED VOILET BROWN PINK GREY
TUBE NO.
TUBE COLOUR
PINK
GREY
BLACK
FIBER NO. 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96
FIBER COLOUR BLUE YELLOW GREEN RED VOILET BROWN PINK GREY BLUE YELLOW GREEN RED VOILET BROWN PINK GREY BLUE YELLOW GREEN RED VOILET BROWN PINK GREY
TUBE NO.
TUBE COLOUR
10
LIGHT BLUE
11
WHITE
12
ORANGE
45
46
47
INSTALLATION OF SUB-DUCT
Two types of sub-duct :-
i) PVC Sub-duct 32mm X 6M length, one end side with spigot for jointing purpose.
ii) Corrugated sub-duct 32mm X 600M length per coil complete with nylon string.
48
Existing copper duct route (Main duct) :M/H copper duct route
M/H M/H
180 220M
New duct route for 100% optical fibre cable can goes up to 300M to 500M per section C/W concrete encasement.
49
i)
ii) Under no circumstance may a second cable be drawn into the duct later
iii) Max allowable only 60% of duct space use for cable
50
PURPOSED OF MAIN-DUCT
100mm
PVC Main - duct 100mm X 6M length, one end side with spigot for jointing purpose. i) For pulling cable
iv) Additional duct space allow future cabling to be drawn in without opening ground for new duct installation
v) Manholes and joint boxes at interval of duct route enable easier maintenance
51
i)
To increase the capacity of the duct route system inside the main-duct.
ii) To provide the fibre cable with protection/safety iii) Also provide the fibre cable with additional protection from the environment iv) Ameans for fiture cable installation and removal v) To allow additional cables to be place in the same route
SELECTION OF MAIN DUCT FOR CARRYING THE SUB-DUCTS:i) Should be at least at the second layer of the main duct (to avoid possible damage due to cave in and etc.)
ii) For loop network configuration when using the same duct route, chose the lowest and the second lowest layer of the main duct route
iii) Can be installed in duct already occupied by existing cables, only for short distance <50M iv) Occupy the duct closest to the wall then work towards the centre of the manhole at each level
53
Installation procedure 1. Preparation of duct a. Cleared of obstruction b. Roding- use rod sweep cane, pvc rod c. Cleaning mandrel cutting,brushes and cleaning disc best mandrel is 457 mm long x 83 mm diameter and cylindrical brush 108 mm in diameter 2. Preparation of sub duct prior laying a. Jointing of sub duct b. Bunches of sub duct c. Cutting of sub duct
54
4. Installation of corrugated sub duct 1. Preparation of sub duct bunch together with 3 layer adhesive tape at every 1.5 meter interval long 2. Fit 1 meter pulling rod to every sub duct 3. Hold the end of sub duct, tightly together 800 mm 4. Pass the cable grip over + swivel 5. Laying of sub duct 1. manually pulling 2. Max.Pulling force 80 KN(8160kg) 3. Max pulling speed is 15 meter/minute 4. Use swivel to avoid twittering during hauling 5. 3 sub duct (34 mm )to be installed simultaneously in 107 mm duct
55
6. After pulling in 1. cut 60 mm from the sub duct mouth 2. Install O ring 3. Install flange holder (B plate) 4. Install another O ring 5. Make I slit to secure the nylon rope 6. Fit end cap 7. Marking of sub duct. 1 st sub duct white 2 nd sub duct yellow 3 rd sub duct Green
56
8. Jointing sub duct 1. cut both sub duct perpendicularly 2. Remove all burr 3. Jointing sleeve 250 mm piece of sub duct 4. Wrap 10-12 turn 5. Pull one of the sub duct 50 mm out of the jointing sleeve 6. Wrap another 12-15 turn
57
58
Wrap the sub-duct with four turns of colour tape 100mm from duct end.
1st Sub-duct colour white 2nd Sub-duct colour yellow 3rd Sub-duct colour green
59
1.5m
Use of cable grip, swivel, D shackle and pulling rope for pulling sub-duct into the main duct.
60
Rubber O ring
End Cap
60mm
Usage
Safety/traffic warning Safety/traffic warning Safety/traffic warning Safety/traffic warning Provide shade for workman For opening the manhole cover To detect dangerous gases To remove water in manhole To supply electrical power To ventilate manhole For cable drum jacking
63
Tool name
12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. roding tools (PVC Type) Cable cutter Cable grip Shackle D Swivel Pulling rope Cable roller Cable guide Dynamometer PVC Sheeting Cable winch Pulley Cable trailer
Usage
For rodding or sub duct To cut the cable Grip cable for pulling As a connector To prevent cable twisting For pulling the cable To guide the cable into duct To protect the cable against damage To measure the pulling tension Cable protection while forming F8 Pulling cable To pull pulling rope out of manhole To hold cable drum
64
No of core
UP TO 48 CORE
Max.pulling force
1.7 KN(170kg)
MARCONI/HESFI BEL
UP TO 96 CORE
1.1 KN(110kg)
OPCOM
UP TO 96 CORE
2KN(200kg)
PERWIRA ERICSON
UP TO 96 CORE
2.5KN(250kg)
65
3. LAYING SPEED : 15 meter / minute 4. BENDING RADIUS : 10 D while setting 20 D while pulling 4. LAYING MATHOD : 1. unidirectional pulling 2. Bi-directional pulling 3. Intermediate pulling 5. Diameter of figure 8 is min.1 meter
66
In this case, the cable drum is placed at one of the manhole, and cable is pulled in a continuous operation in one direction only.
67
68
69
d) A suitable space measuring about 6m x 3m is necessary for uncoiling the cable. This operation is shown in figure 8. Pull the cable end of the uncoiled cable in the other direction.
70
As illustrated in figure 6. A cable is placed at the corner of the cable route and the cable is laid in two steps. In the first pull, a longer length is laid into duct in continuous operation. The remaining shorter cable on the same cable drum is uncoiled for the second pull. The cable should be coiled on the ground in the form of figure 8. This will be enable the remaining cable to pull in the other direction easily. The diameter of figure 8 should be greater than 1 meter. Fig 7 show the uncoiling of the remaining cable in the drum.
71
Pulling a long cable with sharp bends. Figure 8a and 8b shows how bi-directional pulling is used in route with sharp bends. a) Place the cable drum at the chosen corner manhole. b) First pull in the direction indicated as (1)-fig 8a
c) Uncoil the balance of the cable in the drum in the form of a Figure 8 at the position (2)
d) The second pull is in the opposite direction that toward (3) (Fig 8b) and (4)-(Fig 8b)
72
Manhole
c. After pulling the cable through four or five manhole say 1 km, take the cable out of the manhole and coil it on the ground to form the figure 8. Continue this process until the cable in the drum as completely uncoiled. Turn the coiled figure 8 cable over to get the pulling end to continue with the cable pulling process.
74
Here we have a number of pull-through manholes assistance is needed in the intermediate manholes. A man is stationed in each intermediate manholes. A manholes manually assisting in the cable pulling process ( hand-over-hand) as it passes through. This reduce the effective tail load at the manhole. As a result, the maximum pulling tension is substantially reduced. Figure 9 shows the intermediate manual assisted cable pulling.
75
Greater than 1 km
76
Manhole
Uncoil the balance of the cable in the drum for the second pull. A PVC sheet (6M X 3M) placed on the ground to protect the cable while forming the 77 Figure 8.
Cable roller
Cable Jack
78
79
80
After pulling the cable through four or five manhole say 1 km, take the cable out of the manhole and coil it on the ground to form the figure 8.
81
82
84
85
No 1 2
3L+ 2w + 2H
86
6. When bending the cable the following cable length should be kept straight :
89
10.The jointing closure is tight to to supporting plate using cable tie no.6 11.To prevent the cable bearer bracket from floating install anti floating device. 12. In manhole constructed at both end of bridge, cable slack more than 100 cm to absorb cable creep caused by expansion & contraction of cable laid. 13. Important cable must be protected use helically coiled protector.
90
LABELLING
1. Should be fitted 7 cm away from the cable joint. 2. Labeling information a. b. c. d. e. Type and cable size Route name Contract Number Installation date Cable section code
ROUTE NAME
CABLE SECTION CODE CONTRACT NUMBER
DATE OF INSTALLATION
20 DISEMBER 05
92
93
Minimum clearance :
LOCATION MINIMUM CLEARANCE 4.5 Meter
1 2
3
Along road
At road crossing
At railway crossing From power cables a. Less than 600 Volt b. More than 600 Volt
5,5 Meter
6.7 Meter (not relevant)
600 mm
2000 mm
94
2.
95
CONTRACT
NO.OF CORES
TOMEN
UP TO 36
8 KN(800kg)
MARCONI/HESF IBEL
UP TO 36
1.1 KN(110kg)
OPCOM
UP TO 36
15KN(1500kg
PERWIRA ERICSON
UP TO 48
9KN(900kg)
96
4. Termination of IB OFC a. Beginning and the end of route b. Distribution pole c. Angle pole deviation of the route is greater than 400 d. All river and railway crossing
99
L1 = Just sufficient to terminate bearer wire with correct size of preformed grip + 200 mm L2 = Just sufficient to terminate bearer wire with correct size of preformed grip + 50 mm
100
101
Precautions
When optical fibres are not handled properly, stress due to torsion and bending, will remain in the fibres. This stress may cause the fibre to break later.
The presence of dust in splices will increase their losses. Keep the site where splicing is to be done clean and dry. To avoid contamination of the fibers while splicing keep your hands, tools and equipment clean.
The optical fibre, which is very fine and fragile to avoid injury all fibre clippings must be gathered and place into plastic bag/box/tin, for safe disposal do not leave them around the work site.
102
Precautions
The incident rays in the fibre are strong enough to damage your eyes, never look into the end of fibers. When cutting optical fibre cable, do not use a metallic saw, always use a cable cutter / bolt cutter.
Minimum bend radius for fibre is 4 cm and minimum bend radius for optical fibre cable while setting is 10 D.
Estimated splicing loss should be kept low,i.e within the recommended values of 0.01 0.05 db. All optical fibre cable equipment must be handled carefully.
103
NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Scissors
TOOL NAME Bolt cutter Optical Fibre Sheath Cutter Screw Driver Set Tape Measuring Allen Key Pliers Combination 8" Knife Trimming Torque Wrench Adapter Spanner Fibre Cleaver Fibre Stripper Buffer Tube Stripper SPLICING MACHINE
USE For cutting cable For cutting wrapping For removal of cable sheath For tightening screws For measurement For tightening nuts For cutting tension member, etc Removing slot For tightening nuts For tightening nuts For cutting glass fibre To remove secondary coating To remove PVC sheath of fibre cord/buffer tube For splicing fibre
104
NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
MATERIALS LIST Alcohol (Purity 95%) Cotton Gauze/Lint free cloth Cloth Abrasive Cotton Bud Methylated spirit Cotton Waste PVC Tape 20mm & 10mm Fibre Protection sleeve
105
106
Clean the cable and fibres with methylated spirit after removing of cable sheath
107
Cut slot at the position of 55mm from end of cable sheath and strip (shave by knife) the end of slot 30mm. Wrap the end of the slot with pvc tape.
108
109
CRACK
LIP
INCLINE If the CLEAVE ANGLE function is ON, the end face angles are checked and an error occurs if either is more than 3 to 5 degrees.
110
SEPARATION
BUBBLE
TOO THICK
TOO THIN
112
TREATMENT OF DEFECTIVE SPLICE RESULTS Improper cleaving of optical fibre. Dust on fibre end face. Cleave the fiber again or change the cleaver.
BUBBLE
Mulfunction of fusion splice main body. Abnormal discharge. Mulfunction of fusion splice main body.
Adjust the splice programmed parameter. Adjust the splice programmed parameter. (ARC POWER, etc.)
Change the arc power parameter
113
SEPARATION
Tighten the bolts of Bands further by a torque of 70Kgf-cm. After 10 minutes, tighten bolts again by same torque.
114
SPLICE CLOSURE KIT FOR OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE FUJIKURA TYPE 115
7.
8. 9.
116
ST joint
Y or Tap joint
X joint
117
118
119
120
122
123
INTERCONNECTION LOSS
Light Loss
Light Loss
Core diameter mismatch loss ( Core diameter of the TX Fibre is larger than the core diameter of the RX Fibre)
124
INTERCONNECTION LOSS
125
INTERCONNECTION LOSS
Cladding Core 2
Core 1
ATTENUATION LOSS
Ray of light to partially scatter
Light Loss
Rayleigh Scattering
Caused by microscopic non uniformities in the optical fibre.
127
ATTENUATION LOSS
Obsorption Caused by the molecular structure of the material, impurities in the fibre, metal ions, OH ions (water) and atomic defects (unwanted oxidized elements in glass composition). 128
ATTENUATION LOSS
MICROBENDING LOSS
CHANGES OF THE CORE DIAMETER, ROUGH BOUNDARIES BETWEEN THE CORE AND CLADDING, MECHANICAL STRESS, PRESSURE, TENSION OR TWISTING.
129
130
FIBRE TRAY
131
132
ATTENUATION LOSS
MACROBENDING LOSS
(i) Min. BENDING RADIUS OF CABLE 10 X DIA. OF CABLE (ii) Min. BENDING RADIUS OF FIBRE 40MM
133
50cm
134
135
2 3
Sensor Module
Connector Adaptor
138
ALCOHOL
PACTH CORD
1.
140
where, a = Cable Loss dB/km, which is 0.40 or 1300 nm region and 0.25 for 1550 nm region b = Average Loss per slice, which is 0.20 dB for RT and 0.1dB for Fokus and trunk lines. C = Constant of 1 for Connector Loss (i.e 0.5 dB per connector). L = Cable Length (km). N = Number of splice.
141
142
Splice loss
The maximum loss allowed shall be less than or equal to 0.20 dB for RT and 0.1dB for Fokus and Trunk lines. This value shall be average value (measured from both sides of the link using an OTDR).
143
The measured value at 1550 nm region shall not exceed that measured at 1300 nm region by 0.15 db. The rationale of this requirement is to ensure that the macro-bending and microbending loses at 1550 nm is not excessive as a result of poor installation practices at a jointing closures. Any splices failing to meet the above criteria shall be respliced.
144
145
Testing Method
i) Light source is sent from upper station and lower station. ii) Detect light signal in fibre cores starting from the center fibres using Fibre Identifier. This is to ensure fibre core numbers are matched and spliced together at both ends of the link. iii) If fibre core reversal is not detected, repeat the same process ( I & ii) at first joint (FTB joint of upper station ) and last joint (FTB joint of lower station ) until signal is detected at both FDFs. iv) If signal is detected at the different core numbers from DFD in the above procedure, this shows that there could be a core reversal at any joint along the link. Repeat the above process at all the joints until the error at the joint is rectified
146
COMMISIONING
After testing have been successfully completed in the presence of Superintendent Officer (S.O) or his appointed representative, test results shall be certified by both contractor and TMs S.O.
148
THE LOSS DATA OF THE SINGLE MODE OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE FROM FDF TO FDF
1
2 3 4 5 6
149
DATE
THE LOSS DATA OF THE SINGLE MODE OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE (EVERY SPLICING POINT)
CONTRACT NO: ROUTE: ACTUAL DISTANCE: WAVELENGHT: 1300nm / 1550nm INDENT NO: REGION: OTDR DISTANCE: STATE: CORE: NO. OF SPLICING: +(TB X 2)
CORE NO.
SPLICEP OINT
TESTING 5 6 DATE BY
150
THE LOSS DATA OF THE SINGLE MODE OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE FROM FDF TO FDF CONTRACT NO: ROUTE: ACTUAL DISTANCE: WAVELENGTH: INDENT NO: REGION: OTDR DISTANCE: STATE: CORE: NO OF SPLICING:
CABLE LOSS MEASUREMENT BY OTDR CORE NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1-2 LOSS (dB) REMARKS
151
THE LOSS DATA OF THE SINGLE MODE OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE (EVERY SPLICING POINT) CONTRACT NO: ROUTE: ACTUAL DISTANCE: WAVELENGTH: 1300nm/1550nm SPLICE POINT INDENT NO: REGION: OTDR DISTANCE: STATE: CORE: NO OF SPLICING: +(TBX2)
10
11
12
TESTING DATE BY
PREPARED BY
CONFIRMED BY TELEKOM
152
153
The tests that an OTDR may perform on a fibre cable are as follows:
Distance measurement to an event Distance measurement of a cable length Loss measurement at an event Loss measurement of a cable length Recognitions of various trace events
155
CONNECTOR LOSS
SPLICE LOSS
OTDR
156
OTDR TRACES
The 'fibre' itself is produced by light that is backscattered as the pulse from the OTDR travels along the fibre. This backscatter is produced by (mainly) impurities in the fibres material. The backscatter slopes down to the right due to the pulse of light being attenuated as it travels away from the OTDR.
157
158
Fibre Crack
A reflection combined with a loss (as shown at the point of the bold vertical bar labeled C) is usually either a mechanical splice or a connector, but could also be a crack in the fibre. As the locations of connectors and mechanical splices is normally known the identification of the type of event should be easy.
160
This is a reflective feature that has no loss. This is due to a double reflection, normally where light reflected back towards the OTDR is reflected back into the fibre from the OTDR's front connector, only to be re-reflected back to the OTDR by a reflective event. 'Ghost busting' techniques are used by experienced technicians to get rid of ghosts.
161
Fibre Bend
Fusion Splice A B
162
A point loss which has no reflection is usually either a fusion splice or a bend. Again splice locations should be known so differentiating between splices and bends is normally easy. Note that if a good splice is testing really bad it can mean that their is a bend nearby and the OTDR is not able to split the two close together events.
163
Here the level of backscatter before and after a fusion splice shows a upwards trend, usually called a 'gainer splice' or simply a 'gain'. This is not due to the splice having an actual gain but is instead a result of the second fibre have a higher backscatter. If the OTDR was placed at the far end of the fibre (so that we view from the higher backscatter fibre to the lower one) then we would see a large loss through the same splice. The actual splice loss is the average of the splice loss measured in both directions. 165
The end of this fibre shows a strong reflection as it is terminated in a polished connector. If the end was shattered or immersed in water (as can happen in a broken cable situation) then there may be a smaller reflection or no reflection at all.
167
168
You can use the OTDR to locate features or breaks for a larger fibre core diameter, but not to measure loss accurately.
169
Position of features is OK
170
You can use the OTDR to locate features or breaks for a larger fibre core diameter, but not to measure loss accurately.
171
1. WARM UP THE METER SET AT LEAST 30 MIN. 2. SETTING LIGHT SOURCE:SET THE WAVE LENGTH ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF FIBER LINK.
176
- Press wave.
Mode
Param
177
3. SETTING POWER METER: - Set the wave length according to Light Source setting. - Press Param until you get T to set Average Time , press Modify to set 200ms.
- Press
- Press
Auto
dBm
- Press N Dig
178
To make the two power meters same reading. - Press Mode Param until you get CAL , then press Modify soft key to do calibration.
179
THE LOSS DATA OF THE SINGLE MODE OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE FROM FDF CONTRACT NO:
ROUTE: ACTUAL DISTANCE: WAVE LENGTH: (1) REPRESENTATIVE CALIBRATION VALUE OF THE POWER METER P1 DESCRIPTION dBm 1ST 2ND 3RD DEVIATION V (E=MAX - MIN) REP. CALIBRATION VALUE E+ (P1-P2)/3 dBm dBm PP2 E=P1-P2 REMARKS INDENT NO: REGION: OTDR DISTANCE: STATE: CORE: NO OF SPLICING:
(2) OPTICAL LOSS OF END TO END DESCRITION 1 INPUT LEVEL P IN: (1) OUTPUT LEVEL P OUT: (2) REP. CALIB. VALUE "E": (3) OPTICAL LOSS: (2)-(1)+(3) (3) ALLOWANCE VALUE ALLOWANCE VALUE (dB) AVERAGE VALUE (dB) MAXIMUM VALUE (dB) OPTICAL POWER METER AT UPPER EXCH: OPTICAL POWER METER AT LOWER EXCH: STABILIZED LIGHT SOURCE: PREPARED BY NAME SIGNATURE DATE 2 3 4 Core No. (unit:dB) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
FORMULA(4) ALLOWANCE VALUE IS CALCULATED BY THE FOLLOWING FORMULA : ALLOWANCE VALUE dB 0.4L+0.2N+1.0(const)
CONFIRMED BY TELEKOM
180
THE LOSS DATA OF THE SINGLE MODE OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE FROM FDF CONTRACT NO:
ROUTE: ACTUAL DISTANCE: WAVE LENGTH: (1) REPRESENTATIVE CALIBRATION VALUE OF THE POWER METER P1 DESCRIPTION dBm 1ST 2ND 3RD DEVIATION V (E=MAX - MIN) REP. CALIBRATION VALUE E+ (P1-P2)/3 dBm dBm P2 E=P1-P2 REMARKS INDENT NO: REGION: OTDR DISTANCE: STATE: CORE: NO OF SPLICING:
181
THE LOSS DATA OF THE SINGLE MODE OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE FROM FDF CONTRACT NO:
ROUTE: ACTUAL DISTANCE: WAVE LENGTH: * 1300nm / 1550nm (1) REPRESENTATIVE CALIBRATION VALUE OF THE POWER METER P1 DESCRIPTION dBm 1ST 2ND 3RD DEVIATION V (E=MAX - MIN) REP. CALIBRATION VALUE E+ (P1-P2)/3 dBm dBm P2 E=P1-P2 REMARKS INDENT NO: REGION: OTDR DISTANCE: STATE: CORE: NO OF SPLICING:
182
THE LOSS DATA OF THE SINGLE MODE OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE FROM FDF CONTRACT NO:
ROUTE: ACTUAL DISTANCE: WAVE LENGTH: * 1300nm / 1550nm (1) REPRESENTATIVE CALIBRATION VALUE OF THE POWER METER P1 DESCRIPTION dBm 1ST 2ND 3RD DEVIATION V (E=MAX - MIN) REP. CALIBRATION VALUE E= (P1-P2)/3 20.4 20.42 20.48 dBm 19.85 20.32 20.34 dBm 0.55 0.1 0.14 P2 E=P1-P2 REMARKS INDENT NO: REGION: OTDR DISTANCE: STATE: CORE: NO OF SPLICING:
0.45
61.3 60.51 0.26
183
THE LOSS DATA OF THE SINGLE MODE OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE FROM FDF CONTRACT NO:
ROUTE:WERE RD. - IPK ACTUAL DISTANCE: 4.623km WAVE LENGTH: * 1300nm / 1550nm (1) REPRESENTATIVE CALIBRATION VALUE OF THE POWER METER P1 DESCRIPTION dBm 1ST 2ND 3RD DEVIATION V (E=MAX - MIN) REP. CALIBRATION VALUE E= (P1-P2)/3 20.35 20.32 20.3 dBm 20.32 20.29 20.27 dBm P2 E=P1-P2 REMARKS INDENT NO: REGION: OTDR DISTANCE:4.624km STATE: CORE:6 NO OF SPLICING: 3+(TBx2)
184
THE LOSS DATA OF THE SINGLE MODE OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE FROM FDF CONTRACT NO:
ROUTE:WERE RD. - IPK ACTUAL DISTANCE: 4.623km WAVE LENGTH: * 1300nm / 1550nm (1) REPRESENTATIVE CALIBRATION VALUE OF THE POWER METER P1 DESCRIPTION dBm 1ST 2ND 3RD DEVIATION V (E=MAX - MIN) REP. CALIBRATION VALUE E= (P1-P2)/3 20.35 20.32 20.3 dBm 20.32 20.29 20.27 dBm 0.03 0.03 0.03 P2 E=P1-P2 REMARKS INDENT NO: REGION: OTDR DISTANCE:4.624km STATE: CORE: 6 NO OF SPLICING:3+(TBX2)
0
60.97 60.88 0.03
185
(2) OPTICAL LOSS OF END TO END DESCRITION 1 INPUT LEVEL P IN: (1) OUTPUT LEVEL P OUT: (2) REP. CALIB. VALUE "E": (3) OPTICAL LOSS: (2)-(1)+(3) (3) ALLOWANCE VALUE ALLOWANCE VALUE (dB) AVERAGE VALUE (dB) MAXIMUM VALUE (dB) OPTICAL POWER METER AT UPPER EXCH: OPTICAL POWER METER AT LOWER EXCH: STABILIZED LIGHT SOURCE: PREPARED BY NAME SIGNATURE DATE FORMULA(4) ALLOWANCE VALUE IS CALCULATED BY THE FOLLOWING FORMULA : aL+bN+C ALLOWANCE VALUE dB 0.4L+0.2N+1.0(const) Wlength 1300nm CONFIRMED BY TELEKOM 2 3 4 Core No. (unit:dB) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
20.30 20.35 20.32 20.30 20.35 20.30 23.65 23.55 23.70 23.58 23.71 23.54
186
(2) OPTICAL LOSS OF END TO END DESCRITION 1 INPUT LEVEL P IN: (1) OUTPUT LEVEL P OUT: (2) OPTICAL LOSS: (2)-(1)+(3) 2 3 4 Core No. (unit:dB) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
20.30 20.35 20.32 20.30 20.35 20.30 23.65 23.55 23.70 23.58 23.71 23.54 3.38 3.23 3.41 3.31 3.39 3.27 FORMULA(4) ALLOWANCE VALUE IS CALCULATED BY THE FOLLOWING FORMULA : aL+bN+C ALLOWANCE VALUE dB 0.4L+0.2N+1.0(const) Wlength 1300nm CONFIRMED BY TELEKOM
REP. CALIB. VALUE "E": (3) 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
(3) ALLOWANCE VALUE ALLOWANCE VALUE (dB) 3.44dB AVERAGE VALUE (dB) 3.33dB MAXIMUM VALUE (dB) 3.41 coreno.3 OPTICAL POWER METER AT UPPER EXCH: OPTICAL POWER METER AT LOWER EXCH: STABILIZED LIGHT SOURCE: PREPARED BY NAME SIGNATURE DATE
187
(2) OPTICAL LOSS OF END TO END DESCRITION 1 INPUT LEVEL P IN: (1) OUTPUT LEVEL P OUT: (2) REP. CALIB. VALUE "E": (3) OPTICAL LOSS: (2)-(1)+(3) (3) ALLOWANCE VALUE ALLOWANCE VALUE (dB) AVERAGE VALUE (dB) MAXIMUM VALUE (dB) OPTICAL POWER METER AT UPPER EXCH: OPTICAL POWER METER AT LOWER EXCH: STABILIZED LIGHT SOURCE: PREPARED BY NAME SIGNATURE DATE FORMULA(4) ALLOWANCE VALUE IS CALCULATED BY THE FOLLOWING FORMULA : aL+bN+C ALLOWANCE VALUE dB 0.25L+0.1N+1.0(const) Wlength 1550nm CONFIRMED BY TELEKOM 2 3 4 Core No. (unit:dB) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
188