Professional Documents
Culture Documents
GVI Ecuador
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Edited by
• Added 14 species to the Yachana Reserve species list bringing the total number for
the Reserve to 617 species of birds, mammals, amphibians, reptiles and butterflies.
• Added eleven new bird species to the reserve species list: Lesser Goldfinch (Carduelis
psaltria), Crested Oropendola (Psarocolius decumanus), Swainson’s Thrush (Catharus
ustulatus), Olive-faced Flatbill (Rynchocyclus olivaceus), Glowing Puffleg (Ericonemis
vestitus), Black-eared Fairy (Heliothryx aurita), Olivaceous Flatbill (Rynchocyclus
olivaceus), Ocellated Woodcreeper (Xiphorhynchus ocellatus), Straight-billed
Woodcreeper (Xiphorynchus picus), Blackburnian Warbler (Dendroica fusca) and
Variable Hawk (Buteo polysoma).
• Conducted five mist netting sessions for birds, which provided six of the new species
additions.
• Made incidental sightings of eight mammal species including Amazon Bamboo Rat
(Dactylomys dactylinus), Neotropical Otter (Lontra longicaudis) and a rare sighting of a
Southern Two-toed Sloth (Choloepus diadactylus) and juvenile, which proved to be
new to the reserve species list.
• Trialled the use of Sherman live traps for small mammal surveying.
• Continued collecting swab samples from amphibians within the reserve in order to
assess the status of the epidemic fungal disease Batrachochytrium dendrobatitus.
• Made a rare sighting of a Caecilian (Caecilia aff. tentaculata).
• Encountered twelve species of reptile including two which were new to the reserve
species list; the Aquatic Coral Snake (Micurus surinamensis surinamensis) and the
Spotted Water Snake (Helicops leopardinus).
• Continued an ongoing butterfly study assessing butterfly diversity in the reserve.
• Trialled a new project assessing river quality through the use of benthic invertebrates.
• Continued with English lessons for local school children in Puerto Rico.
iii
Table of Contents
1 Introduction ................................................................................................................5
2 Avian Research ..........................................................................................................7
2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................7
2.2 Methods ............................................................................................................8
2.3 Results ..............................................................................................................8
2.4 Discussion ....................................................................................................... 9
2.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................................10
3 Mammal Surveys .....................................................................................................10
3.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................10
3.2 Methods ..........................................................................................................11
3.3 Results ............................................................................................................11
3.4 Discussion ......................................................................................................12
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................................12
4 Herpetological Research ..........................................................................................13
4.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................13
4.2 Methods ..........................................................................................................13
4.3 Results............................................................................................................15
4.4 Discussion ......................................................................................................16
4.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................................16
5 Butterfly Surveys ......................................................................................................17
5.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................17
5.2 Methods ..........................................................................................................17
5.3 Results ............................................................................................................18
5.4 Discussion ......................................................................................................18
5.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................................18
6 Benthic Invertebrates and Stream Health .................................................................18
6.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................18
6.2 Methods ..........................................................................................................19
6.3 Results............................................................................................................19
6.4 Discussion ......................................................................................................19
6.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................................20
7 BTEC Advanced Certificate in Supervision of Biological Surveys .............................20
8 Community Development Projects ...........................................................................20
8.1 Colegio Técnico Yachana (Yachana Technical High School) ..........................20
8.2 National Scholarship Program.........................................................................21
8.3 TEFL at Puerto Rico .......................................................................................21
9 Conclusions and Future Aims ...................................................................................22
10 References ...............................................................................................................23
11 Appendix ..................................................................................................................25
iv
1 Introduction
GVI also works closely with the Colegio Técnico Yachana (Yachana Technical High
School), a unique educational facility for students from the surrounding region. The high
school provides students with meaningful education and pratical experience in sustainable
agriculture, animal husbandry, conservation, eco-tourism, and small business operations.
As part of their experiential learning program, students use the Yachana Reserve and
GVI’s presence as a valuable educational tool. As part of their conservation curriculum,
the students visit the reserve to receive hands-on training in some of GVI’s research
methodology, as well as familiarization with ecological systems. On a rotational basis,
students spend time at the reserve where they participate in the current research activities,
and receive conversational English classes from GVI expedition members (EMs).
5
Recently, GVI has also donated staff and EMs to assist the high school’s regional literacy
outreach program.
GVI additionally conducts Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) classes at the
nearby village of Puerto Rico, twice a week. Classes are prepared the day before and last
for one hour. Groups of two or three EMs conduct the classes, covering topics such as
introductions, animals, colours and expressions. This allows GVI to integrate with the local
community, whilst giving volunteers the opportunity to experience first hand involvement in
community development and TEFL. This is also currently laying the foundation to
introduce environmental education programmes to the Puerto Rico community in the
future.
GVI also works with local research institutions. The Ecuadorian Museum for Natural
Sciences (MECN) provides technical assistance with field research and project
development. The museum is a government research institution which houses information
and conducts research on the presence and distribution of floral and faunal species
throughout Ecuador. GVI has a permit through the MECN for the collection of specimens
of reptiles, amphibians, small mammals and butterflies, and a permit for catching bats and
birds. The data and specimens collected by GVI are being lodged with the MECN in order
to make this information nationally and internationally available, and to provide verification
of our field data. MECN technicians are continuously invited to the Yachana Reserve to
conduct in-field training and education for GVI and Yachana students, as well as explore
research opportunities otherwise unavailable. With Pontifica Universidad Catolica Ecuador
(PUCE), GVI has established a collaboration involving the amphibian projects within the
reserve. PUCE has requested data from the reserve to aid in their ongoing conservation
efforts towards the amphibians of the neotropics.
At the beginning of the phase, the staff at GVI changed completely. The effect of this
change has meant a transitional period of overcoming logistical difficulties, the cessation of
some projects, and the beginning of new project ideas. Due to past efforts in cataloguing
diversity, a major goal for GVI in this new era is to shift focus from identifying species in
the reserve to collecting data for management concerns and publication. In this way, in
collaboration with all local and international partners, GVI has shifted its research focus to
6
answering ecological questions related to conservation. With this focus in mind, several
key goals have been identified:
In order to achieve these goals, expedition members (EMs) are trained by GVI personnel
to conduct research on behalf of the local partners in support of their ongoing work. This
report summarises the scientific research and community-based programmes conducted
during the ten-week expedition from 3 October to 15 December 2008, at Yachana
Reserve.
2 Avian Research
2.1 Introduction
GVI continues to monitor the avian communities within the reserve and to identify
additional bird species using the following three survey techniques: local bird surveys
(audio and visual surveys), mist netting, and incidental sightings.
7
2.2 Methods
2.3 Results
Eleven new additions to the species list bring the total number of avian species in the
reserve to 258. See Appendix A for the complete species list at Yachana Reserve
compiled by GVI thus far.
8
decumanus). The Lesser Goldfinch is a boreal migrant to the region hence having
remained undetected until now. The Crested Oropendola however, was observed on
numerous occasions so it is therefore surprising it was not on the species list before. The
Swallow-winged Puffbird (Chelidoptera tenebrosa) was recorded on every survey
conducted on the Ridge trail lookouts, and Yellow-rumped Caciques (Cacicus cela) were
also frequently recorded on both Ridge trail lookouts.
2.4 Discussion
The addition of eleven new species to the reserve checklist is encouraging. The results of
each survey method are discussed further below.
9
Management Plan, and the lodge’s tour guides and its visitors. Local bird surveys
conducted throughout the year also reveal patterns of migratory species.
2.5 Conclusion
Avian survey work continues to focus on adding species to the reserve checklist. It is
recommended however, that future expeditions focus on using the data more
constructively and using statistical indices to measure species richness and diversity. More
mist netting should also be conducted as these surveys are particularly productive at
revealing less detectable species. Audio point counts are also planned for future
expeditions to survey birds more thoroughly within the forest interior.
3 Mammal Surveys
3.1 Introduction
GVI continues to document mammal species in the reserve predominately through
incidental mammal and track sightings. The recording of mammals is largely confined to
incidental recordings due to the fact that the occurrence of conspicuous diurnal mammals
is low. Excessive mammal concentrated surveying is not sufficiently productive. However,
long walks in the forest have been continued to increase chances of seeing diurnal and
nocturnal mammals. The use of small mammal traps was also trialled during this phase.
10
3.2 Methods
3.3 Results
During this phase, eight mammal species were sighted incidentally during other survey
work or walks into the forest. Of these, one was a new species to the Yachana species list.
11
3.4 Discussion
3.5 Conclusion
In terms of the small mammal traps further experimental use is required before a
standardised methodology can be established. More traps with greater spacing between
traps may be more likely to provide catches. A greater amount of exposure time, allowing
small mammals to become accustomed to the traps, could also provide some suitable
results. Traps may also be prebated, locking the traps open without the intention of
trapping in order encourage mammals to visit the traps regularly. Persistent use of the
Sherman live traps could allow a whole new group of mammals to be surveyed on a
regular basis, undoubtedly providing new additions to the reserve species list.
Until more rigorous and tested mammal survey methods are established, incidental
sightings will provide the bulk of mammal encounters in the reserve. For this reason, night
walks and long forays into the forest should be conducted regularly. These should ideally
be performed in small groups in order to minimise disturbance and increase the likelihood
of sightings.
12
4 Herpetological Research
4.1 Introduction
There are two main focuses with the amphibian and reptile research. The first is to
continue long term monitoring of the abundance and diversity of amphibians and lizard
within the reserve. The second is to determine the prevalence and effects of
Batrachochytrium dendrobatitus (commonly referred to as chytrid fungus) in the amphibian
population at the Yachana Reserve. The chytrid fungus is the cause of the disease
chytridiomycosis; the biggest threat facing amphibian species worldwide and particularly in
the tropics (Daszak et al., 1999). B. dendrobatidis has been recognized as an emerging
pathogen, whose spread is facilitated by the national and international movement of
amphibians. First discovered in South Africa in 1938, no other records exist until 1961, and
from there on cases of the disease have increased exponentially (Weldon et al., 2004).
Chytrid fungus has only become a focus of global amphibian research and conservation in
the past ten years, and the exact pathology of the disease is still unknown.
A swab sample from Pristimantis malkini from the expedition phase 083 was found positive
for chytridiomycosis following Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) analysis at PUCE. This
is the first positive sample for the chytrid fungus in Yachana Reserve, following
somewhere in the region of 150 samples. This presents new challenges and objectives for
the herpetology research program.
4.2 Methods
13
Transects are similar to stream surveys except they are conducted through a segment of
forest. Again, each transect is surveyed in the morning and early evening during peak
amphibian and reptile activity, by thoroughly searching in the leaf litter and the surrounding
vegetation. Information recorded is the same as for the stream surveys. During both
surveys, unfamiliar species of amphibians are taken back to camp for further examination
and where applicable, samples are taken to send to PUCE in order to determine the status
of the B. dendrobatitus pathogen.
Following a positive chytrid sample from a Prystimantis malkini individual in the phase 083,
the focus of the chytrid research changed slightly. Previously the aim was to swab and
take tissue samples from five individuals of each species in the reserve. PUCE
recommended that in order to rapidly assess the status of the chytrid fungus in the P.
malkini population, GVI should swab as many individuals as possible in the field. The
collection of tissue samples was put on hold during this phase.
14
4.3 Results
Two transect surveys were also performed in the forest, each consisting of a search in the
morning and the same night. Eight frogs were found during the two surveys in addition to
two sightings in one night of the Dwarf Climbing Salamander (Bolitoglossa peruviana).
Two of the amphibians escaped before identification could take place, whilst three frogs on
one of the night surveys proved to Epipedobates bilinguis. Also sighted on a forest
transect was a Slender Anole (Anolis fuscoauratus), amongst other unidentified
Gymnophthalmidae lizards.
15
Coral Snake (Micurus surinamensis surinamensis) and the Spotted Water Snake (Helicops
leopardinus), both new to the species list.
4.4 Discussion
4.5 Conclusion
The small number of species encountered during survey work is likely to be a result of
targeting frogs, specifically Engostymops petersi and Pristimantis malkini as part of the
chytrid survey work. It is unsure where PUCE will require GVI to direct the chytrid research
in the forthcoming phases, but this is likely to be dependent upon the swab sample results
from this phase. Stream walks and long forays into the forest provide an excellent
opportunity to encounter amphibians and reptiles, so should be conducted regularly,
16
preferably in small groups in order to minimise disturbance and increase the likelihood of
sightings.
Much of the survey work during this phase was concentrated in or around Stream 1. If
more survey work was to be performed further afield in the reserve, it is likely that a larger
number of reptile species would be encountered more regularly. This should therefore be
an aim for the next expedition phase. There is also huge scope to attempt new survey
methods for reptiles and amphibians. One such example is the use of pitfall traps in order
to survey ground dwelling species. This would undoubtedly provide new additions to the
species list.
5 Butterfly Surveys
5.1 Introduction
During this phase GVI continued to survey the reserve for the purpose of identifying new
species using both sweep-nets, which target nectar or fruit eating butterflies and baited
traps, which target carrion eating butterflies.
5.2 Methods
Butterflies are primarily surveyed by means of two complementary methods: sweep-nets
and baited traps. Sites were selected according to geographical location within the reserve
and habitat type. The various major habitats e.g. primary forest, old plantation, secondary
forest etc. were surveyed independently. Traps are set for one day at a time and
monitored for several hours between 0800 and 1500 h. Baited traps are set using rotting
fish and other rotting fruit with sugar. While baited traps are set, sweep-netting is also
conducted to assess the assemblage of nectar-eating butterflies in each area.
All butterflies caught are either identified in the field using photographic references or
otherwise specimens are taken. Pictures of those that are not identifiable are compiled on
a phase-by-phase basis and are allocated a unique identification code. Photos of
unidentified specimens are sent the MECN in Quito.
17
5.3 Results
Overall, 216 specimens were caught during six trapping sessions. Surveys ranged from
three and five hours in duration. Between 20 and 49 individuals were caught. 53 different
species were captured, of which none were new to the species list.
5.4 Discussion
Butterfly surveys continue to provide captures of many species. In this phase, all butterflies
captured were thought to have been seen in the reserve before. This is somewhat in
contrast to previous phases, where new additions to the reserve species list were regularly
noted. This may be because many of the species in the reserve have been seen in
previous phases, or this may be due to the inexperience in butterfly identification skills of
the new staff running the project. Incorrect identification of some butterfly species may
have occurred due to the close morphological similarities between species of the same
sub-families, particularly the Ithomiinae and the Heliconiinae, and for this reason new
species may have been overlooked.
5.5 Conclusion
Data collected up until the beginning of this phase is currently being analysed to provide
the basis for a research paper examining the differences in butterfly community structure
between primary and secondary rainforest. No specific aims have been set out for the next
phase and due to staff turnover and new interests, it may be that butterfly surveys are
used only as a tool to teach students at the Yachana Technical High School and to provide
additional survey experience to EMs.
6.1 Introduction
Monitoring the biodiversity of benthic macro invertebrates has been indicated as a superior
measure of water quality and overall stream health (Karr, 1999). In much of temperate
North America and Europe, national environmental groups have included macro
invertebrate diversity in measures of acceptable water quality. In most cases, workers
compare the diversity of a stream to a certain set index that represents pristine quality. In
the tropics however, little work has been done to create these indices. The long-term aim
of this project will be the ongoing monitoring of the streams present in the reserve;
18
collecting comparable data from the various stream sections regularly in order to assess
quality. Several obstacles currently exist; namely a lack of expertise within this field of
study and a lack of identification guides specific to the area. Therefore, the current phase
has tested a pilot project to be replicated and strengthened for subsequent expedition
phases.
6.2 Methods
The methodology for sampling freshwater streams can be varied and is often dictated by
the structure of the stream. The streams in the reserve are mainly shallow, wide and with
a variety of riffles and pools. Therefore we employ the use of kick net, surber net and
hand collection in order to collect a representative sample for the streams. Specimens are
pooled with the aim of either collecting a target quantity of specimens per stream/site, or
collecting specimens from a standardised sample number, e.g. 15 kick samples.
Specimens can then be identified to the family level and total counts made for each group.
A standardised index can then be used to compare the abundance of family groups that
demonstrate sensitivity to stream health, or those that indicate the presence or absence of
certain physical characteristics in a stream.
6.3 Results
Multiple trials were made throughout this phase, experimenting with different methods of
collection (i.e. net type) and different methodology aims (i.e. number of individuals vs.
standardised number of samples). 21 target families were found regularly in the
preliminary samples, whilst a couple of unidentified specimens were omitted from the
results, as advised by Carrera & Fierro (2001). Indexes were calculated but no direct
comparisons were made between streams/sites, due to the preliminary nature of the trials
made in this phase.
6.4 Discussion
Of the possible combinations of sample method available, use of a surber net provided the
greatest number of individuals. Hand collection was also successful in collecting some of
the larger and more charismatic benthic invertebrates. Specimens proved to be easy to
identify to the family level using an ID sheet from Carrera & Fierro (2001) and hand lenses
(10x magnification).
19
6.5 Conclusion
The ease of specimen collection and identification provides promise for this new project.
Methods must be standardised early on in the next phase, whilst a regime for sampling
different sites along the streams present in the reserve must be established in order to
collect accurate, replicable data.
20
participate in an outreach literacy program. Here in the Upper Napo area, this program is
critically needed. GVI is participating in this program to add environmental education to
the programs contents.
21
9 Conclusions and Future Aims
22
10 References
Allen, T., Ginkbeiner, S.L., and Johnson, D.H., 2004. Comparison of detection rates of
breeding marsh birds in passive and playback surveys at Lacreek National Wildlife refuge,
South Dakota. Waterbirds 27, 277-281.
Daszak, P., Berger, L., Cunningham, A.A., Hyatt, A.D., Green, D.E., Speare. R., 1999.
Emerging infectious diseases and amphibian population declines. Emerging Infectious
Diseases. 5, 735-48.
Karr, J.R., 1999. Defining and measuring river health. Freshwater Biology 41: 221-234.
Kroodsma, D.E., 1984. Songs of the Alder Flycatcher (Empidonax alnorum) and Willow
Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii) are innate. Auk 101, 13-24.
Lacher, T., 2004. Tropical Ecology, Assessment, and Monitoring (TEAM) Initiative: Avian
Monitoring Protocol version 3. Conservation International, Washington, DC.
www.teaminitiative.org.
Ridgely, R.S., Greenfield, P.J., 2001. The birds of Ecuador. Volume I. Status, Distribution,
and Taxonomy. Cornell University Press, New York.
Weldon, C., du Preez, L.H., Hyatt, A.D., Muller, R., Speare, R., 2004. Origin of the
amphibian chytrid fungus. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 10 (Issue 12).
Bartlett, R.D., Bartlett, P., 2003. Reptiles and amphibians of the Amazon. An ecotourist’s
guide. University Press of Florida, Gainsville.
Bollino, M., Onore G., 2001. Butterflies & moths of Ecuador. Volume 10a. Familia:
Papilionidae. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito.
23
Carrera, C., Fierro, K., 2001. Manual de monitoreo los macroinvertebrados acuáticos.
EcoCiencia, Quito.
Carrillo, E., Aldás, S., Altamirano, M., Ayala, F., Cisneros, D. Endara, A., Márquez, C.,
Morales, M., Nogales, F, Salvador, P., Torres, M.L., Valencia, J., Villamarín, F., Yánez, M.,
Zárate, P., 2005. Lista roja de los reptiles del Ecuador. Novum Milenium, Quito.
DeVries, P.J., 1997. The butterflies of Costa Rica and their natural history. Volume II:
Riodinidae. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Eisenberg, J.F., Redford, K.H., 1999. Mammals of the neotropics: The central neotropics.
Volume 3 Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Emmons, L.H., Feer, F., 1997. Neotropical rainforest mammals. A field guide, second
edition. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Moreno E., M., Silva del P., X., Estévez J., G., Marggraff, I., Marggraff, P., 1997.
Mariposas del Ecuador. Occidental Exploration and Production Company, Quito.
Ridgely, R.S., Greenfield, P.J., 2001. The birds of Ecuador. Volume I. Status, distribution
and taxonomy. Christopher Helm, London.
Ridgely, R.S., Greenfield, P.J., 2001. The birds of Ecuador. Volume II. A field guide.
Christopher Helm, London.
Tirira S., D., 2001. Libro rojo de los mamíferos del Ecuador. SIMBIOE/EcoCiencia, Quito.
24
11 Appendix
Columbia Laguna
Stream 1
Caimencocha
Laguna
Frontier
Green Inferno
Stream 1
Bloop
PC17
Bloop
Swamp
Inca
Cascada Stream 1
Road
Ficus
Agua Santa
Ridge
Rio Napo
GVI Base Camp
25
Yachana Reserve species list (new additions from 084 in red).
Birds Birds Birds Birds
Scientific name English name Scientific name English name Scientific name English name Scientific name English name
Tinamiformes Opisthocomidae Hoatzin Cotingidae Cotinga Passeriformes
Tinamidae Tinamous Opisthocomus hoazin Hoatzin Ampelioides tschudii Scaled Fruiteater Furnariidae Ovenbirds
Crypturellus bartletti Bartlett's Tinamou Cotinga cayana Spangled Cotinga Automolus rubiginosus Ruddy Foliage-gleaner
Crypturellus cinereus Cinereous Tinamou Strigiformes Cotinga maynana Plum-throated Cotinga Philydor pyrrhodes Cinammon-rumped Foliage-gleaner
Crypturellus soui Little Tinamou Strigidae Typical Owls Gynnoderus foetidus Bare-necked Fruitcrow Sclerurus caudacutus Black-tailed Leaftosser
Crypturellus undulatus Undulated Tinamou Glaucidium brasilianum Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl Iodopleura isabellae White-browed Purpletuft
Crypturellus variegatus Variegated Tinamou Lophostrix cristata Crested owl Querula purpurata Purple throated Fruitcrow Dendrocolaptidae Woodcreepers
Tinamus major Great Tinamou Otus choliba Tropical Screech-Owl Dendrexetastes rufigula Cinnamon-throated Woodcreeper
Otus watsonii Tawny-bellied Screech-owl Lepidocolaptes albolineatus Lineated Woodcreeper
Ciconiformes Pulsatrix perspicillata Spectacled owl Pipridae Manakins Xiphorhynchus ocellatus Ocellated Woodcreeper
Ardeidae Herons, Bitterns and Egrets Chiroxiphia pareola Blue-backed Manakin Xiphorhynchus guttatus Buff-throated Woodcreeper
Ardea cocoi Cocoi Heron Caprimulgiformes Dixiphia pipra White-crowned Manakin Xiphorhynchus picus Straight-billed Woodcreeper
Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret Nyctibiidae Potoos Lepidothrix coronata Blue-crowned Manakin
Egretta caerulea Little Blue Heron Nyctibius aethereus Long-tailed Potoo Machaeropterus regulus Striped Manakin Thamnophilidae Typical Antbirds
Tigrisoma lineatum Rufescent Tiger-Heron Nyctibius grandis Great Potoo Manacus manacus White-bearded Manakin Cercomacra cinerascens Gray Antbird
Nyctibius griseus Common Potoo Pipra erythrocephala Golden-headed Manakin Chamaeza nobilis Striated Antthrush
Cathartidae American Vultures Tyranneutes stolzmanni Dwarf Tyrant Manakin Dichrozona cincta Banded Antbird
Cathartes aura Turkey Vulture Caprimulgidae Nightjars and Nighthawks Frederickena unduligera Undulated Antshrike
Cathartes melambrotus Greater Yellow-headed Vulture Nyctidromus albicollis Pauraque Corvidae Crows, Jays, and Magpies Formicarius analis Black-faced Antthrush
Coragyps atractus Black Vulture Nyctiphrynus ocellatus Ocellated Poorwill Cyanocorax violaceus Violaceous Jay Hersilochmus dugandi Dugand's Antwren
Sarcoramphus papa King Vulture Hylophlax naevia Spot-backed Antbird
Vireos, Peppershrikes, and Shrike
Apodiformes Vireonidae Vireos Hylophylax poecilinota Scale-backed Antbird
Falconiformes Apodidae Swifts Vireo olivaceus Red-eyed Vireo Hypocnemis cantator Warbling Antbird
Accipitridae Kites, Eagles, Hawks, and Osprey Chaetura cinereiventris Grey-rumped Swift Hypocnemis hypoxantha Yellow-browed Antbird
Buteo magnirostris Roadside Hawk Streptoprocne zonaris White-collared Swift Turdidae Thrushes Myrmeciza hyperythra Plumbeous Antbird
Buteo polyosoma Variable Hawk Catharus ustulatus Swainson's Thrush Myrmeciza immaculata Sooty Antbird
Elanoides forficatus Swallow-tailed Kite Trochilidae Hummingbirds Turdus albicollis White-necked Thrush Myrmeciza melanoceps White-shouldered Antbird
Harpagus bidentatus Double-toothed Kite Amazilia franciae cyanocollis Andean Emerald Hummingbird Turdus lawrencii Lawrence's Thrush Myrmotherula hauxwelli Plain-throated Antwren
Ictinia plumbea Plumbeous Kite Amazilia fimbriata Glittering-throated Emerald Myrmotherula longipennis Long-winged Antwren
Leptodon cayanensis Gray-headed Kite Anthracothorax nigricollis Black-throated Mango Hirundinidae Swallows and Martins Myrmotherula ornata Ornate Antwren
Leucopternis melanops Black-faced Hawk Campylopterus villaviscensio Napo Sabrewing Atticora fasciata White-banded Swallow Myrmotherula obscura Short-billed Antwren
Leucopternis albicollis White Hawk Eriocnemis vestitus Glowing Puffleg Stelgidopteryx ruficollis Southern rough-winged swallow Myrmornis torquata Wing-banded Antbird
Pandion haliaetus Osprey Eutoxeres condamini Buff-tailed Sicklebill Tachycineta albiventer White-winged Swallow Myrmothera campanisona Thrush-like Antpitta
Glaucis hirsuta Rufous -breasted Hermit Phlegopsis erythroptera Reddish-winged Bare-eye
Falconidae Falcons and Caracaras Heliothryx aurita Black-eared Fairy Troglodytidae Wrens Pithys albifrons White Plumbed Antbird
Daptrius ater Black Caracara Phaethornis bourcieri Straight-billed Hermit Campylorhynchus turdinus Thrush-like Wren Thamnomanes ardesiacus Dusky-throated Antshrike
Falco rufigularis Bat Falcon Phaethornis hispidus White-bearded Hermit Donacobius atricapillus Black-capped Donacobius Thamnophilus murinus Mouse-colored Antshrike
Ibycter americanus Red-throated Caracara Phaethornis malaris Great-billed Hermit Henicorhina leucosticta White-breasted Wood-wren Thamnophilus schistaceus Plain-winged Antshrike
Herpetotheres cachinnans Laughing Falcon Thalurania furcata Fork-tailed Woodnymph Microcerculus marginatus Southern Nightingale-Wren Schistocichla leucostigma Spot-winged Antbird
Micrastur gilvicollis Lined Forest-Falcon
Tanagers, Honeycreepers,
Micrastur semitorquatus Collared Forest-Falcon Trogoniformes Polioptilidae Gnatcatchers and Gnatwrens Thraupidae Bananaquit, and Plushcap
Milvago chimachima Yellow-headed Caracara Trogonidae Trogons and Quetzals Microbates cinereiventris Tawny-faced Gnatwren Chlorophanes spiza Green Honeycreeper
Pharomachrus pavoninus Pavonine Quetzal Cissopis leveriana Magpie Tanager
Galliformes Trogon melanurus Black-tailed Trogon Parulidae New World Warblers Creugops verticalis Rufous-crested Tanager
Cracidae Curassows, Guans, and Chachalacas Trogon viridis Amazonian White-tailed Trogon Basileuterus fulvicauda Buff-rumped Warbler Cyanerpes caeruleus Purple Honeycreeper
Nothocrax urumutum Nocturnal Curassow Trogon collaris Collared Trogon Dendroica fusca Blackburnian Warbler Dacnis flaviventer Yellow-bellied Dacnis
Ortalis guttata Speckled Chachalaca Trogon rufus Black-throated Trogon Dendroica striata Blackpoll Warbler Euphonia laniirostris Thick-billed Euphonia
Penelope jacquacu Spix's Guan Trogon violaceus Amazonian Violaceous Trogon Euphonia rufiventris Rufous-bellied Euphonia
Trogon curucui Blue-crowned Trogon Piciformes Euponia xanthogaster Orange-bellied Euphonia
Odontophoridae New World Quails Galibulidae Jacamars Euphonia chrysopasta White-lored Euphonia
Odontophorus gujanensis Marbled Wood-Quail Jacamerops aureus Great Jacamar Habia rubica Red-crowned Ant-Tanager
Charadriiformes Coraciiformes Bucconidae Puffbirds Thraupidae cont.
Scolopacidae Sandpipers, Snipes and Phalaropes Alcedinidae Kingfishers Chelidoptera tenebrosa Swallow-winged Puffbird Hemithraupis flavicollis Yellow-backed Tanager
Actitis macularia Spotted Sandpiper Chloroceryle amazona Amazon Kingfisher Malacoptila fusca White-chested Puffbird Piranaga olivacea Scarlet Tanager