Introduction To XDSL Technology

203
1085_06F9_c1 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 1
Introduction to xDSL
Technology
Session 203
203
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
1085_06F9_c1.scr 1
Abstract
“ Introduction to DSL Technology

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) technology unlocks the potential of
conventional copper pair telephone wire to deliver high-data-rate
("broadband") digital services. Learn how this technology "turbo
charges" the telephone wires available at virtually every business
and residence, and how this technology will effect you as a
service provider, enterprise customer, and everyday consumer.
DSL is one of the leading technologies for bringing "megabits to
the masses" in the new emerging age of ubiquitous broadband
access. This session includes introduction to the family of DSL
technologies ("xDSL"); describes how this technology enables
delivery of high-speed data, voice and multimedia over
conventional telephone wires; overview of the equipment required
to build a DSL network on top of existing telephony infrastructure;
description of value-added services enabled by "mass-market"
broadband access.
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1085_06F9_c1 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
” 3
Agenda
• What Is “Broadband”?
• Why Is It Important?
• What Is DSL?
• DSL Technology Overview
• Basic DSL Network Design
• New World Services
• Market Dynamics
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Life Beyond 56K
56K Is Too Slow to Provide a Satisfactory

Consumer Internet Experience
• Our century-old telephone network is designed specifically
around the audible frequency range 0-4 kHz
• Voice-band modems use tones in the audible spectrum
and communicate via standard voice circuits (You can
hear modems and fax machines “talking” to one another)
• 56 kbps (“56K”) is the practical limit for voice-band modems
• DSL uses inaudible high-frequency signaling to achieve
megabit-transmission speeds
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What is “Broadband”?
“Broadband” = “Megabit” Data Rates

• Common unit of measure: “T-1” = 1.544 Mbps
• “Fractional” T-1s, starting around 384 kbps
• Compare to current maximum voice-band
modem speed of 56 kbps (“56K”)…
56K 384K
7x 1Mb
18x T-1
27x 2Mb
36x 4Mb
70x
10x 20x 30x 40x 50x 60x 70x 80x 90x 100x
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Broadband Access Technologies
• DSL (copper)
• Cable (coax)
• Wireless
• Optical Fiber
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Consumer Access Options
Transmission Download Upload Requirements Equipment Installation Monthly Target

Medium Speed Speed and Limitations Cost Cost Expense Market
Analog Copper 56 Kbps 33.6 Kbps Slow, But $0 (Typically $0 (With Cost of Phone Residential
(Std. Phone (Typically (Or Less) Available Included Existing Line + $19
Wire) less) Everywhere with PC) Phone Line) for ISP
ISDN Copper 64 Kbps 64 Kbps Reach Extends $75 Terminal Up to $19-$39 + Residential
(Std. Phone or or Several Miles Adapter to $300 $19-$39 and
Wire) 128 Kbps 128 Kbps with Repeaters $500 Router for ISP Business
ADSL Copper 144 Kbps 144 Kbps <18K ft. from $200 PC NIC, Up to $39 (Min), May Residential
(Std. Phone to to CO, No DLC $500 SOHO $500 Include Internet and
Wire) 8 Mbps 1.7 Mbps Router Connection Business
(Unless Rented)
Cable Coax 384 Kbps 128 Kbps Requires Cable Up to $349 for Up to $29-$49 (Min), Residential
Modem to to TV Availability; Set-Top Modem, $175 Include Internet
4 Mbps 4 Mbps Speed Varies Unless Rented, Connection;
Noticeably with Plus $29 (Min) May Include
Subscriber Load for Ethernet NIC Equip. Rental
Satellite Wireless 400 Kbps 33.6 Kbps Requires “Dish” $199 (Min.) Up to Cost of Phone Residential
Req.'s (Via 56K Antenna and $800 Line + $29-$129,
(Phone Line Analog Phone Line Include Internet
Return Path) Modem) Connection
LMDS Wireless 1.5 Mbps 1.5 Mbps Requires Negotiated, Negotiated, Varies Widely, Business
(Fixed to to Antenna Depends Depends Depends
Wireless) 4 Mbps 4 Mbps on Serv. on Serv. on Serv.
Package Package Package
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Business Access Options
Service Installation Monthly

Leased Line T-1 (1.5 Mbps) $750-$1,500 $1,200-$1,600
Frame Relay (384 kbps) $700-$1,200 $550-$850
Business ISDN (128 kbps) $100-$350 $100-$250
DSL (1.5 Mbps) $400-$1,000 $900
DSL (384 kbps) $100-$350 $100-$150
Deregulation and Access to “Dry Copper” Has

Created a Market for CLECs and IXCs to Provide
Lower-cost DSL Access As an Alternative to
Reselling Traditional Local Loops
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Why is Residential
Broadband Important?
RBB Enables the Full Commercial
Potential of the Internet
• Fast downloads of • Integrated services
“rich” content Data,Voice, and Video
Graphics, animation, audio, • New Services
and video
Variable bandwidth, additional
• Always on lines on-demand, multimedia
Constant interaction with a conferencing
multitude of network-aware • Relieves voice
“Internet appliances”
networks overloaded
• Real-time, person-to- with Internet traffic
person interaction Average voice call lasts three
Video conferencing, interactive minutes, compared to 30-60
gaming, multimedia collaboration minutes per internet session
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What Is “DSL”?
• A family of access technologies that

utilize high-transmission frequencies
(up to 1 MHz) to convert ordinary phone
lines into high-speed data conduits
SDSL
P ADSL
O
T
S
0 4 kHz 1 MHz
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DSL 101
End-User
DSL
Enet ATM Value-Added
Copper Loop Packet
DSL DSL Network
“Modem” “Modem”
• DSL is a pair of “modems” on either end of a copper wire pair

• DSL converts ordinary phone lines into high-speed data conduits
• Like dial, cable, wireless, and T1, DSL by itself is a transmission
technology, not a complete end-to-end solution
• End-users don’t “buy” DSL, they “buy” services, such as
high-speed Internet access, intranet, leased line, voice, VPN,
and video on demand
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DSL Modem Technology
Max.
Max. Data
Data Rate
Rate Line
Line Coding
Coding Baseband
Baseband Max.
Max. Reach
Reach
DSL Technology Down/Uplink
Key
Key Attributes
Attributes
Down/Uplink (bps)
(bps) Technology
Technology Voice?
Voice? Feet
Feet (km)
(km)
VDSL
VDSL –– 51-55M/1.6-2.3M
51-55M/1.6-2.3M 1,000
1,000 (0.3)
(0.3) Very
Very Fast—Short
Fast—Short Reach
Reach
TBD
TBD Yes
Yes
Very-High-Bit-Rate
Very-High-Bit-Rate DSL
DSL 13M/1.6-2.3M
13M/1.6-2.3M 4,500
4,500 (1.5)
(1.5) No
No Standard
Standard Yet
Yet
Coexists
Coexists with
with POTS
POTS
ADSL
ADSL –– 8M/1M
8M/1M CAP,
CAP, DMT,
DMT, Yes
Yes 18,000
18,000 (5.5)
(5.5) Technology
Technology of
of Choice
Choice for
for
Asymmetric
Asymmetric DSL
DSL 1.5M/640K
1.5M/640K G.lite
G.lite Residential
Residential
IDSL
IDSL –– 18,000
18,000 (5.5)+
(5.5)+ Uses
Uses Existing
Existing ISDN
ISDN CPE
CPE
144K/144K
144K/144K 2B1Q
2B1Q No
No
ISDN
ISDN DSL
DSL (w/repeaters)
(w/repeaters) Relatively
Relatively Slow
Slow
SDSL
SDSL –– 768K/768K
768K/768K 2B1Q/CAP
2B1Q/CAP No
No 22,000
22,000 (6.9)
(6.9) Symmetric
Symmetric
Symmetric
Symmetric DSL
DSL No
No standard
standard
HDSL2
HDSL2 –– 1.5M-2M/1.5M-2M
1.5M-2M/1.5M-2M OPTIS
OPTIS No
No 15,000
15,000 (4.6)
(4.6) Standard
Standard Still
Still under
under
High-Bit-Rate
High-Bit-Rate DSL
DSL (T1-E1
(T1-E1 Symmetric)
Symmetric) Development
Development
• Trade-off is reach vs. bandwidth

• Reach numbers are best-case assuming “clean copper”
• Different Layer 1 transmission technologies, need a
common upper protocol layer to tie them together
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ADSL “Consumer DSL”
• Designed to co-exist with POTS, unlike most

other DSL types
• “Slow” upstream for low-data-rate requests
• “Fast” downstream for bursts of rich graphics
and multimedia content
• Three basic “flavors” of ADSL
(modulation techniques)
CAP (Carrierless Amplitude modulation/Phase modulation)
DMT (Discrete MultiTone modulation)
G.lite (Consumer/mass-market DMT)
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ADSL and POTS
A Key Feature of ADSL Is Co-Existence with POTS

Standard
Analog Phone
Microfilter Analog
Voice
DLC Class 5 Switch
NID
POTS + ADSL ADSL

PC ADSL CPE POTS DSLAM
Splitter
Customer Premise Central Office

• Permits transmission of both signals on the same wire pair
• Off-loads data circuit from the voice switch
• “POTS Splitter” at the CO separates analog POTS from data
• “Microfilters” at the customer premise prevent off-hook
interference between analog voice signal and ADSL signal
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G.lite
“Mass-Market DSL”
• Simplified DMT encoding scheme

• Limited “features” to facilitate broad
interoperability and minimize
end-user interaction
• No embedded management channel
• “Splitterless”
• Max. downstream data rate = 1.5 Mbps
• Max. upstream data rate = 640 kbps
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ADSL Standards
• Full-rate DMT
ANSI T1.413—Issue 2
ITU G.992.1 (G.dmt)
ITU G.994.1 (G.hs)
• Consumer DMT
ITU G.992.2 (G.lite)
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Interoperability
Why it’s good… Why it’s difficult…

• Enables competition and lower • Standard must specify
equipment costs for service physical layer (at all data
providers and end-users rates) and framing
• Lower component costs for • Value-added services require
equipment manufacturers Layer 2/3 implementations
• Proliferation of CPE options • Standards development
for end-users takes time
• Retail availability of CPE
(consumer mass market)
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End-To-End
DSL Protocol Stack
Application Application
Application Protocols Protocols
Layer 3 IP IP
PPP PPP
Layer 2 AAL5 AAL5
ATM ATM
Layer 1 DSL
Telco Content
End-User Network ISP Provider
ATM
Backbone
CPE DSLAM Aggregator Content Server

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The Epic Battle: DSL vs. Cable
Monday, May 24, 1999
DSL Beats Cable in Net Speed

Services Tested During ‘Rush Hour’
April 20, 1999
• Performance and new-world services The Faster Web

depend more on the network design DSL, Cable, and Satellite
than the transmission technology
Editors’ Choice:
• Cable companies have an early lead Cable Modems
• The Telcos have awakened
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DSL vs. Cable Bake-Off
DSL Cable
Dedicated
Dedicated DSL
DSL Is
Is aa Dedicated
Dedicated Connection:
Connection: Cable
Cable Is
Is aa Shared
Shared Wire:
Wire:
Vs.
Vs. Shared
Shared •• No
No bandwidth
bandwidth contention
contention •• Noticeable
Noticeable speed
speed impairment
impairment
•• Secure
Secure during
during “rush
“rush hour”
hour”
•• Near-term
Near-term security
security issues
issues
Availability
Availability Telephone
Telephone Wires
Wires Are
Are Universally
Universally Existing
Existing Cable
Cable Is
Is Almost
Almost Exclusively
Exclusively
Available
Available to
to Nearly
Nearly Every
Every Business
Business Residential
Residential
and
and Residence
Residence
Accessibility
Accessibility Approx.
Approx. 15%
15% of
of Current
Current Customers
Customers Cable
Cable Head-end
Head-end Equipment
Equipment Must
Must Be
Be
Are
Are Inaccessible
Inaccessible (Out-of-reach,
(Out-of-reach, Upgraded
Upgraded or
or Replaced
Replaced for
for Two-way
Two-way
Bad
Bad Copper,
Copper, Etc.)
Etc.) Communication
Communication
Impairment
Impairment Telephone
Telephone Wires
Wires Are
Are Susceptible
Susceptible to
to Cable
Cable Is
Is Shielded—
Shielded—
Susceptibility
Susceptibility High-frequency
High-frequency Cross-talk
Cross-talk and
and Signal
Signal Impairment
Impairment Is
Is Not
Not aa Problem
Problem
External
External Impairment
Impairment
Customer
Customer Established
Established Customer
Customer Support
Support Data
Data Service
Service Is
Is New
New and
and Operations
Operations
Support
Support Models
Models and
and Systems
Systems for
for Data
Data Model
Model Is
Is Broadcast
Broadcast Oriented
Oriented
Services
Services and
and Per
Per Subscriber
Subscriber Outages
Outages
Consumer
Consumer Telcos
Telcos Are
Are the
the Incumbent
Incumbent for
for Voice
Voice Cable
Cable Companies
Companies Are
Are Moving
Moving
Awareness
Awareness and
and Data
Data Aggressively
Aggressively
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Basic DSL Network Components
DSL CPE
Customer Premise Equipment
PC NICs, bridge/routers, enterprise routers
DSLAM
DSL Access Multiplexer
Concentrates individual subscriber lines from CPE
Aggregator/service selection gateway

Concentrates ATM feeds (T-1, DS-3, OC-3) from DSLAMs
PPP termination, Layer 2 and 3 service selection
On-demand, personalized services
Accounting and billing
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Basic DSL Network Topology
More Bandwidth = More Services = More Profit Opportunities

• Local Voice Home Gateway
Cisco
Services Cisco 3600,
2600/ LEC ISP 6400, 7200
3600
• Managed
Voice and Power Branch
Data VPNs Cisco
Cisco Enterprise
6100/6200
6100/6200 Service
Cisco
• Additional Selection
1400/
Lines Gateway
1700
On-demand
Small-Medium ATM Packet
Enterprise Backbone Backbone
• Private Line
Replacement Cisco
Cisco 6400
6400 Cisco 6400
Cisco Aggregator
Aggregator
600 Network
• Video Management V
Conferencing Voice
and
Residential Cisco
Cisco Gateway
90i Provisioning
90i Cisco
• Video on AS5300
Demand
Cisco Internet
600/700/
• High-speed 800/1000 Home Gateway
Internet Cisco 6400,
Access Home Office, PSTN 7200
Telecommuter
203
Telephone Company
Deployment Options
• Central office
Locate DSLAM in central offices
(COs) for best coverage in cities,
dense suburbs City
• Remote terminal
Locate DSLAM in unmanned remote
CO
terminals (RTs) for expanded coverage
in suburbs and rural areas—very
common in new developments
RT Suburbs
• Collocation
In some countries, competitive carriers
can obtain CO space from incumbent
carriers and lease “dry” copper loops
to reach customers Suburbs,
Rural
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Private Copper
Deployment Options
• DSL can be effective wherever
there is existing copper
• In-building networks
Located in the basement or
telco closet of hotels, apartment
buildings, or office buildings
• Campus-style networks
Located centrally to serve
multi-building campus
networks, such as office
parks and apartment complexes
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New World Services
Voice over
Data
Video
Conferencing
E Commerce
Distance
Learning
Secure
VPN
Internet
Access
Today Consumer Business

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Exploding DSL Marketplace
Performance
Alternative to PSTN/ISDN:
Branch High-Speed, Always-On
Enterprise Network Access…
PSTN
ISDN Dialup
ISP
and/or
Small-to-
Enterprise
Medium-sized
Enterprise
DSL
Telecommuter
Access Price
…and an Alternative to
T1, DDS, Traditional Access
nxDS0
Residential Loops for Lower Cost
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Market Dynamics
Attack Defend
• CLECs are pursuing small • ILECs are reacting to the
businesses that have had onslaught of cable modems
only limited data access
• Defending their residential
options
access franchise
• T-1 service has been too
• Off-loading internet data
expensive and an overkill
traffic from the voice
• ISDN is too slow network
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This Changes Everything…
“ Broadband Internet Access

Threatens POTS
Subscriber Loyalties That
Have Withstood Decades
of Low-price Come-ons
”
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More, Better, Faster, Cheaper
Consumer Proposition
• It’s no longer just about cheaper phone bills…

• Now it’s about high-speed Internet access…
• And, “Oh, by the way”, bundled voice lines…
• And, value-added voice/data/video services!
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Summary
• DSL is ready for prime time!

• Data-traffic volumes are eclipsing
voice-traffic volumes on the
public networks
• Carriers have tested DSL, Data
and now need to scale for
mass deployment
• Profits in an era of Voice
low-cost access will come

from new- world services
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Please Complete Your

Evaluation Form
Session 203
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Introduction To XDSL Technology

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203

1085_06F9_c1 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 1

“ Introduction to DSL Technology

56K Is Too Slow to Provide a Satisfactory

“Broadband” = “Megabit” Data Rates

Consumer Access Options

Transmission Download Upload Requirements Equipment Installation Monthly Target

Service Installation Monthly

Frame Relay (384 kbps) $700-$1,200 $550-$850

Business ISDN (128 kbps) $100-$350 $100-$250

DSL (1.5 Mbps) $400-$1,000 $900

DSL (384 kbps) $100-$350 $100-$150

Deregulation and Access to “Dry Copper” Has

• A family of access technologies that

• DSL is a pair of “modems” on either end of a copper wire pair

• Trade-off is reach vs. bandwidth

ADSL “Consumer DSL”

• Designed to co-exist with POTS, unlike most

A Key Feature of ADSL Is Co-Existence with POTS

POTS + ADSL ADSL

Customer Premise Central Office

• Simplified DMT encoding scheme

Why it’s good… Why it’s difficult…

Layer 2 AAL5 AAL5

CPE DSLAM Aggregator Content Server

The Epic Battle: DSL vs. Cable

Monday, May 24, 1999

DSL Beats Cable in Net Speed

April 20, 1999

• Performance and new-world services The Faster Web

Basic DSL Network Components

Aggregator/service selection gateway

More Bandwidth = More Services = More Profit Opportunities

New World Services

Today Consumer Business

“ Broadband Internet Access

More, Better, Faster, Cheaper

• It’s no longer just about cheaper phone bills…

• DSL is ready for prime time!

low-cost access will come

Please Complete Your

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