DIVERSITY OF CELLS

Chapter 3 Section 1
Objectives
 State the parts of the cell theory

 Explain why cells are so small

 Describe the parts of the cell

 Describe how bacteria are different from

archaea

 Explain the difference between prokaryotic

and eukaryotic cells
Interesting background
info…
 Microtomy: once referred to specimen
cutting; today refers to the art of
preparing specimens

 Whole-mount prep of cells –

 Preserved, stained, dried (alcohol removes
water), made transparent in clove or cedar
oil
 Mounted in a drop of resin on a glass slide
covered with glass only 0.005mm thick
Cells and the Cell Theory
 The smallest unit that can perform all
processes necessary for life.

 Discovered when microscopes were

invented in the mid 1600’s

 Robert Hooke – first person to describe

cells (looked at cork cells 1st)

 Cell means “little room” in Latin

Anton van Leeuwenhoek
 A Dutch merchant, who in 1673 made his
own microscope

 Looked at pond scum – saw small

organisms he called animalcules (“little
animals”) – today protists

 Looked at animal blood (oval vs. round

cells)

 First person to see bacteria & studied

yeasts as single-celled organisms
Cell Theory
 Cell: smallest unit, covered by a
membrane, have DNA and cytoplasm

 Matthias Schleiden studied plants (1838)

 Theodore Schwann studied animals

(1839) – wrote first 2 parts of cell theory:
 All
organisms are made of one or more cells
 The cell is the basic unit of all living things
Cell Theory continued…

 Rudolf Virchow (1858) added the 3rd part

of the cell theory:
 All cells come from existing cells
Cell Size
 Most cells are too small to be seen with
the naked eye

 Large cell: yolk of a chicken egg

 Small cell: individual blood cells

Surface area-to-volume
ratio
 Cells take in food and get rid of wastes
through their outer surface (membrane)
 As wells get bigger, they take in more
food and make more wastes
 As volume increases, surface area grows
too
 If it gets too large, it can’t take in
enough nutrients or pump enough
wastes
 Cell’s surface area limits cell size
Formula:
 Surface area-to-volume ratio =
surface area / volume

 Practice problems: pg. 62

 Let’s do the example together

 Try
the practice problems (1-4) on your
own…

 Discuss answers
Parts of a Cell
 Cell membrane: protective layer
(phospholipid); barrier; controls flow of
materials; separates cell’s contents from its
environment
 Cytoplasm: Inside fluid portion of cell & its
contents

 Organelles: carry out specific functions;

most surrounded by membranes

 Genetic material: DNA; some cells have a

nucleus (an organelle in eukaryotic cells)
that contains the DNA
Two Kinds of Cells
 Cells with and without a nucleus:
 Prokaryotic
Cells: have no nucleus or
membrane bound organelles
 Bacteria
 Archaea

 Eukaryotic Cells: have a nucleus

Prokaryotic Cells
 Bacteria: small organisms that live
almost everywhere
 No nucleus
 DNA (long circular, twisted molecule)

 Ribosomes (made of protein)

 Strong exterior wall (membrane is just

inside cell wall)
 Flagellum (helps the bacterium to move)

 Good and bad bacteria

Bacterial structure

http://www.ict-science-to-
society.org/Pathogenomics/images/bacteria_cell.jpg
Prokaryotic Cells
 Archaea: similar to bacteria
 Both have ribosomes, cell membranes,
circular DNA, lack a nucleus and membrane
bound organelles

 But,archael ribosomes are different than

bacterial ribosomes – more like eukaryotic
ribosomes

 Different cell walls

 Live in places no other organisms can live

 Archaea
 3 types:
 Heat-loving (extremophiles)
 Salt-loving

 Methane-making (a gas in swamps,

volcanic vents)

 Example: Pyrodictium live at 105˚C (5˚C

hotter than boiling water

http://www.love-is-
freedom.com/gesundheit/infektion/biblothek_taxonomy/Pyrodictium.jpg
Eukaryotic Cells
 Microscopic but still 10 times larger than
bacterial cells
 Have a nucleus (houses the DNA)
 Membrane bound organelles
 Multi-cellular (“many cells”) organisms
 Examples:
plants, animals, green algae,
mushrooms
 Single-celled
 Examples: amoebas (protists), yeasts
(fungi)
 Eukaryotes

http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-
online/library/onlinebio/5_6.jpg

http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plan
t3.gif
Quick Quiz

 When Robert Hooke saw “juice” in some

cells, what was he looking at?

 Why did Hooke think that cells existed

only in plants and fungi and not in
animals?