Chapter 25 Section 2

 List four sensations that are detected by

receptors in the skin

 Describe how a feedback mechanism works

 Describe how the senses of hearing, taste, and

smell work
 Sensory receptors in the skin are stimulated =
touch

 Skin has receptors that respond to a kind of

stimulus:
 Pressure
 Temperature (ex: thermoreceptors)
 Pain
 Vibration
 An immediate involuntary reaction = reflex

 Pain – leads to – impulse to spinal cord – leads

to – reflex action
 Brain processes info from skin receptors

 Example: hot day – heat receptors tell sweat

glands to make sweat – blood vessels dilate –
body cools – new message is sent to reduce this
activity

 A cycle of events in which information from

one step controls or affects a previous step
 Allows you to see the size, shape, motion, and
color of objects around you

 You see an object when it sends of reflects

visible light toward your eyes

 Your eyes detect light, your brain processes it

to form a visual image
 Cornea: thin membrane that covers the front of
the eye; protects the eye allows light to enter

 Pupil: light enters through this opening in the

front of the eye

 Retina: light-sensitive inner layer of the eye; it

receives images formed by the lens which are
transmitted through the optic nerve to the
brain
http://www.mycompleteeyecare.com/style-inc/gfx/eye_anatomy.gif
  Packed with photoreceptors (special neurons that
change light into electrical impulses)

 2 kinds of photoreceptors:
 Rods: very sensitive to dim light
 Important for night vision
 Interpreted as black & white images
 Cones: very sensitive to bright light
 Allows you to see details & colors
 Impulses travel along axons to optic nerve to
the brain
http://starizona.com/acb/basics/images/rods_cones.jpg
  Iris: a ring of muscle; the opening is called the
pupil; controls the amount of light that enters
the eye; gives the eye its color

 Iris contracts in bright light; opens in dim light

http://fc02.deviantart.net/fs27/f/2008/042/0/0/Iris_Eye_Macro_Stock_by_zpyder.jpg
 Light travels in straight lines until it reaches the
cornea & lens

 Lens: the oval shaped piece of clear, curved

material behind the iris

 Muscles in the eye change the shape of the lens in

order to focus light on the retina

 Objects close to the eye: lens curves

 Objects far away: lens gets flatter
http://www.uniteforsight.org/course/image/m_eye.jpg http://www.uniteforsight.org/course/image/h_eye.jpg
  A concave lens bends light rays outward to
correct nearsightedness

 A convex lens bends light rays inward to

correct farsightedness

http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/thumb_404/12436315187ijB2I.jpg http://static-p3.fotolia.com/jpg/00/11/88/46/400_F_11884612_edQtgjQhcRti1fFJLnxN4eHzvUfuTMQy.jpg
 Vibration of particles produces sound

 Outer, middle, inner portions of the ear

 Outer: funnels sound waves to middle ear
 Middle: waves make eardrum (thin membrane)
vibrate tiny bones in the ear
 Inner: tiny bones vibrate against the cochlea (fluid
filled organ – neurons change waves to electrical
impulses) – auditory nerve- to brain
http://www.daviddarling.info/images/ear_diagram.jpg
 Detects chemicals & distinguishes flavors

 Tongue is covered with tiny bumps (papillae)

 Most papillae contain taste buds (clusters of

taste cells) – receptors for taste

 4 basic tastes: sweetness, sourness, saltiness,

and bitterness
http://www.understandingfoodadditives.org/assets/taste_map.jpg
 Olfactory cells: receptors for smell (upper part
of nasal cavity)

 Respond to chemical molecules in the air

 Trigger impulses that are sent to the brain

 Senses from taste and smell are combined to

give information about flavor
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Head_olfactory_nerve.jpg/250px-Head_olfactory_nerve.jpg