Appendix B.

Hand Calculation Method for Orifice Design

Abstract
This appendix explains how to perform the calculations for orifice plate design by hand. For manual look-up of the orifice coefficient, S (given beta) or the diameter ratio, beta (given S), the following eight figures are provided: Figure B-1 Figure B-2 Figure B-3 Figure B-4 Figure B-5 Figure B-6 Flange Taps - 6 Inch Pipe Size (6.056 in.); S vs. Beta for Different RD Values (Based on Data from ISO 5167) Flange Taps; Pipe Size Corrections for S Values (Based on Data from ISO 5167) Radius Taps; S vs. Beta for Different R D Values (Based on Data from ISO 5167) Corner Taps; S vs. Beta for Different R D Values (Based on Data from ISO 5167) Pipe Taps; S vs. Beta for Different RD Values (Based on Data from ISO 5167) ASME Small Bore with Flange Taps; S vs. Beta for Different RD Values1 in. to 1-1/2 in. Pipe Size (Based on Data from "Fluid Meters: Their Theory and Application", 6th ed., 1971. Courtesy of ASME) ASME Small Bore with Corner Taps (.546 in.); S vs. Beta for Different RD Values1/2 in. Schedule 80 Pipe Size (Based on Data from "Fluid Meters: Their Theory and Application", 6th ed., 1971. Courtesy of ASME) Quadrant Edge Data; S and Thickness Ratio vs. Beta

Figure B-7

Figure B-8

Orifice calculation sheets have been prepared for guidance through the orifice calculation steps. Calculation sheets filled in with appropriate examples are attached. The four orifice calculation sheets are as follows: LIQUID, square-edge orifice, Form ICM-EF-59B (Figure B-9) LIQUID, quadrant-edge orifice, Form ICM-EF-59C (Figure B-10) GAS, square-edge orifice, Form ICM-EF-59D (Figure B-11) VAPOR/STEAM, square-edge orifice, Form ICM-EF-59E (Figure B-12)

Note that in these calculation sheets, the term "sharp edge" is used instead of "square-edge." Results of the hand calculations agree closely with the computer program ORIFICE. The two types of calculations that can be performed are orifice sizing and orifice reranging, except for quadrant-edge.

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B1.0

Calculation Procedure
1. Fill in the STREAM PROPERTY input blocks. TEMPERAURE PRESSURE ---degrees Fahrenheit for liquid and vapor/steam degrees Rankine = F + 460 for gas PSIA for gas and vapor -Gb at 60 F (Gb for water = 1.00) cu.ft./lb. for steam, use steam tables Ideal sp. gr. is used = M.W. gas/M.W. dry air = Zb Real sp. gr. LIQUID KINEMATIC VISCOSITY GAS AND VAPOR ABSOLUTE VISCOSITY 2. Fill in the FLOW RATE input blocks. UNITS: FULL SCALE: NORMAL: For liquid use BPD, BPH, GPM, or GPH. For vapor use lbs/hour; for gas use SCFH. Flow that creates a dp across the orifice taps equal to the maximum value of the dp transmitter range. For square-edge and ASME small-bore this should be the mid-range dp value, which equals .707 (full-scale flow rate) For quadrant-edge, equal to .333 (full-scale flow rate) --use centistokes use centipoise

LIQUID SPECIFIC GRAVITY

VAPOR/STEAM SPECIFIC GRAVITY --GAS SPECIFIC GRAVITY --

1/3 FS: 3.

Fill in the ORIFICE DATA input blocks. TYPE OF ORIFICE PLATE ---TYPE OF TAPS ---PIPE INSIDE DIAMETER ORIFICE DIAMETER --Square-edge ASME small-bore Quadrant-edge Flange, radius, corner or pipe for square-edge Flange or corner only for ASME small-bore Flange for quadrant-edge Use 3 decimal places Entered for orifice re-ranging calculation

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Appendix B

-FULL SCALE DP --4. Fill in the CORRECTIONS FACTORS. Fa --

Use 3 decimal places Entered for orifice sizing calculation Standard value = 100 inches of water

Correction for thermal expansion of orifice meter at flowing temperature found in ASME MFC-3M Tables or API MPMS. Chapter 14.3/AGA-3. Gas expansion factor for mid-scale flow Y1 = correction based on upstream pressure Y2 = correction based on downstream pressure Look up in table or chart - use mid-range differential pressure (dp) Supercompressibility correction factor Rarely used in refinery calculations (usually set = 1.0) Look up in table or chart when used. Compressibility factor at 60F, 1 Atm Rarely used in refinery calculations (usually set = 1.0) Look up in table or chart when used.

--

Fpv

--

Zb

--

5.

Calculate Pipe Reynolds Number. Space is provided for values in equations. See examples on sheets provided.

6.

Calculate orifice size or dp range for square-edge or ASME small-bore orifice. Given h, Find d Fill in equations and solve for S. Look up beta ratio in table. Interpolation is necessary. Use Table in Figure B-2 to correct for pipe size other than 6-inches (2-12 inches). Use Reynolds number column that is closest to value calculated in step 5. Given d, Find h Calculate beta ratio. Look up S in table. Interpolation is necessary. Use Reynolds number that is closest to value calculated in Step 5. See examples on sheets provided.

7.

Calculation for quadrant-edge orifice size.

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Select a plate thickness, look up values from Figure B-8, and calculate the differential pressure h. If h is too large, make plate thicker; if too small, make plate thinner, and repeat calculation. h should equal about 100 inches of water. The permissible range of Reynolds numbers (at 1/3 full-scale flow) for a quadrant-edge orifice is a function of the beta ratio: beta ratio min. RD max. RD 0.2 670.0 17500.0 0.3 770.0 28000.0 0.4 630.0 45000.0 0.5 450.0 70000.0 0.6 320.0 85000.0

See example on calculation sheet provided.

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Appendix B

Fig. B-1

Flange Taps - 6 Inch Pipe Size (6.056 in.); S vs. Beta for Different RD Values (Based on Data from ISO 5167)

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Fig. B-2

Flange Taps; Pipe Size Corrections for S Values (Based on Data from ISO 5167)

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Fig. B-3

Radius Taps; S vs. Beta for Different RD Values (Based on Data from ISO 5167)

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Fig. B-4

Corner Taps; S vs. Beta for Different RD Values (Based on Data from ISO 5167)

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Fig. B-5

Pipe Taps; S vs. Beta for Different RD Values (Based on Data from ISO 5167)

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Fig. B-6

ASME Small Bore with Flange Taps; S vs. Beta for Different RD Values1 in. to 1-1/2 in. Pipe Size (Based on Data from "Fluid Meters: Their Theory and Application", 6th ed., 1971. Courtesy of ASME)

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Appendix B

Fig. B-7

ASME Small Bore with Corner Taps (.546 in.); S vs. Beta for Different RD Values1/2 in. Schedule 80 Pipe Size (Based on Data from "Fluid Meters: Their Theory and Application", 6th ed., 1971. Courtesy of ASME)

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Fig. B-8

Quadrant Edge Data; S and Thickness Ratio vs. Beta

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Appendix B

Fig. B-9

Orifice Calculation SheetLiquid, Square-edge Orifice

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Fig. B-10 Orifice Calculation SheetLiquid, Quadrant-edge Orifice

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Fig. B-11 Orifice Calculation SheetGas, Square-Edge Orifice

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Fig. B-12 Orifice Calculation SheetVapor/Steam, Square-Edge Orifice

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