EEE 410 SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS sample questions

a) What is the meaning of the following terms with regard to communication systems i. Linearity ii. Causality iii. Shift invariance (6 marks) b) Calculate [ ] the [ ] auto-correlation of the discrete-time signal given as

(3 marks) c) A voice signal occupying a frequency range of 0 to 4000 Hz is sampled at the nyquist rate to obtain a PCM signal for transmission. If each sample is encoded into 7 bits, with the addition of one synchronization bit, i. Calculate data rate in bps of the PCM voice channel (3 marks) ii. If 30 voice channels are multiplexed together using TDM to form a baseband channel, calculate the data rate of the baseband channel if one (1) framing bit is inserted for each frame. (3 marks)

d) A periodic signal

is described analytically as follows: {

i. ii.

Sketch (1 mark) Determine the trigonometric Fourier series expansion of .

(6 marks) iii. Calculate the percentage of total average power contained in up to the fifth harmonic of . (6 marks) iv. Plot the two-sided magnitude spectrum of up to the fifth harmonic (2 marks) e) Give one advantage and one disadvantage of Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) compared to frequency division multiplexing (FDM) (2 marks)

f) Using suitable block diagrams, describe how frequency division multiplexing (FDM) can be used to transmit voice signals (10 marks) g) A communication channel is modeled by a circuit consisting of a resistor (R) and a capacitor (C) connected in series. The forcing function is and the response is tapped across the capacitor. i. ii. Sketch the channel model with this description (1 mark) Taking R = 10 K and C = 100 F, calculate the following: (1) (2) (3) (4) The channel time constant (1 mark) The channel bandwidth (2 marks) The group delay at the cut-off frequency (2 marks) The phase delay at the cut-off frequency (2 marks)

h) A linear-time-invariant system is described by its impulse response as . Use convolution to determine the system response to an input signal given by . (5 marks) i) Repeat part (h) above using the Fourier transform method hence prove that convolution in the time domain translates to multiplication in the frequency domain (5 marks) j) Let a periodic signal be [ ] , a pure sinusoid transmitted from a source. Along the transmission path, [ ] is corrupted by additive Gaussian white noise [ ] so that the signal received at the destination, [ ], looks completely different from the original signal [ ] and does not exhibit any periodicity. We can model this problem with the equation below: [ ] [ ] [ ]

Show how autocorrelation can be used to discover the periodic signal buried in the noisy signal [ ]. (10 marks) k) Consider the analog input signal to an analog to digital converter

i. ii.

What is the nyquist rate of the signal? Assuming a sampling rate signal obtained after sampling? What is the analog signal (1 mark) , what is the discrete-time (4 marks)

iii.

that can be reconstructed from the samples? (3 marks)

l) If the number of bits available in an analog to digital conversion (ADC) system is show that the Signal-to-Quantization Noise Ratio (SQNR) for such a system is given by ( Where )

State assumptions made in arriving at this result (10 marks) m) Based on the result above, how can SQNR be improved in ADC systems? (2 marks) n) In a broadcasting studio, a 300 kHz carrier is amplitude modulated by an audio signal occupying the range of frequencies 100 to 4000 Hz. Find i. ii. iii. Maximum and minimum frequencies of the upper and lower sidebands (2 marks) Bandwidth required to accommodate the stations signal (2 marks) How much bandwidth would the modulated signal occupy if single sideband suppressed carrier (SSB-SC) AM was used? (2 marks) Sketch the spectrum of the modulated carrier clearly indicating the quantities calculated in parts (i) to (ii) above. (1 mark)

iv.

o) Given that a carrier signal may be described as and the modulating signal as , show that a Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) AM signal is given as the product of the two signals i.e. (10 marks)

p) An FM signal has a resting frequency of 105 MHz and highest frequency of 105.03 MHz when modulated by a 5 kHz signal. Determine i. ii. iii. Frequency deviation Carrier swing Modulation index (3 marks) q) What is the meaning of the following terms with regard to communication systems iv. Linearity v. Causality vi. Shift invariance (6 marks) r) Calculate [ ] the [ ] auto-correlation of the discrete-time signal given as

(3 marks) s) A voice signal occupying a frequency range of 0 to 4000 Hz is sampled at the nyquist rate to obtain a PCM signal for transmission. If each sample is encoded into 7 bits, with the addition of one synchronization bit, iii. Calculate data rate in bps of the PCM voice channel (3 marks) iv. If 30 voice channels are multiplexed together using TDM to form a baseband channel, calculate the data rate of the baseband channel if one (1) framing bit is inserted for each frame. (3 marks)

t) A periodic signal

is described analytically as follows: {

i. ii. iii.

Sketch (1 mark) Determine the trigonometric Fourier series expansion of . (6 marks) Calculate the percentage of total average power contained in up to the fifth harmonic of .

(6 marks) iv. Plot the two-sided magnitude spectrum of up to the fifth harmonic (2 marks)

u) Give one advantage and one disadvantage of Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) compared to frequency division multiplexing (FDM) (2 marks) v) Using suitable block diagrams, describe how frequency division multiplexing (FDM) can be used to transmit voice signals (10 marks) w) A communication channel is modeled by a circuit consisting of a resistor (R) and a capacitor (C) connected in series. The forcing function is and the response is tapped across the capacitor. i. ii. Sketch the channel model with this description (1 mark) Taking R = 10 K and C = 100 F, calculate the following: (1) (2) (3) (4) The channel time constant (1 mark) The channel bandwidth (2 marks) The group delay at the cut-off frequency (2 marks) The phase delay at the cut-off frequency (2 marks)

x) A linear-time-invariant system is described by its impulse response as . Use convolution to determine the system response to an input signal given by . (5 marks) y) Repeat part (x) above using the Fourier transform method hence prove that convolution in the time domain translates to multiplication in the frequency domain (5 marks) z) Let a periodic signal be [ ] , a pure sinusoid transmitted from a source. Along the transmission path, [ ] is corrupted by additive Gaussian white noise [ ] so that the signal received at the destination, [ ], looks completely different from the original signal [ ] and does not exhibit any periodicity. We can model this problem with the equation below:

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

Show how autocorrelation can be used to discover the periodic signal buried in the noisy signal [ ]. (10 marks)

aa) Consider the analog input signal to an analog to digital converter

i. ii.

What is the nyquist rate of the signal? Assuming a sampling rate signal obtained after sampling? What is the analog signal (1 mark) , what is the discrete-time (4 marks)

iii.

that can be reconstructed from the samples? (3 marks)

bb) If the number of bits available in an analog to digital conversion (ADC) system is show that the Signal-to-Quantization Noise Ratio (SQNR) for such a system is given by ( Where )

State assumptions made in arriving at this result (10 marks) cc) Based on the result above, how can SQNR be improved in ADC systems? (2 marks)

dd) In a broadcasting studio, a 300 kHz carrier is amplitude modulated by an audio signal occupying the range of frequencies 100 to 4000 Hz. Find i. ii. iii. Maximum and minimum frequencies of the upper and lower sidebands (2 marks) Bandwidth required to accommodate the stations signal (2 marks) How much bandwidth would the modulated signal occupy if single sideband suppressed carrier (SSB-SC) AM was used?

iv.

(2 marks) Sketch the spectrum of the modulated carrier clearly indicating the quantities calculated in parts (i) to (ii) above. (1 mark)

ee) Given that a carrier signal may be described as and the modulating signal as , show that a Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) AM signal is given as the product of the two signals i.e. (10 marks) ff) An FM signal has a resting frequency of 105 MHz and highest frequency of 105.03 MHz when modulated by a 5 kHz signal. Determine i. ii. iii. Frequency deviation Carrier swing Modulation index (3 marks) gg) Differentiate the meaning of the following terms with regard to signal theory i. Ideal communication channel and distortionless channel ii. Causal system and causal signal iii. Energy signal and power signal (6 marks) hh) You are provided with the following signals described in analytical form as: { {

| |

i. ii.

Sketch the waveforms [1 mark] Calculate average power and total energy of the signals hence determine whether they are power or energy signals [6 marks] ] [ ]

ii) Calculate the auto-correlation of the discrete-time signal given as [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ [ ]. What is the total energy contained in the signal? [5 marks] jj) One period of periodic signal is plotted in Fig Q1(d) below:

Fig. Q1 (d) (i) Determine the trigonometric Fourier series coefficients of up to the seventh harmonic (6 marks) (ii) Plot the two-sided magnitude spectrum of up to the seventh harmonic (2 marks) (iii)Calculate the percentage of total average power contained in up to the seventh harmonic of (4marks)

kk) Using suitable block diagrams, describe how Frequency division multiplexing (FDM) can be used to transmit voice signals (8 marks) ll) A communication channel is modeled as a second order system consisting of two first order systems connected in tandem as shown in Fig. Q2 (b) below.

x(t)

S S + 2000

5000 S + 5000

y(t)

Fig. Q2 (b) Calculate the following: (i) The system frequency response [2 marks] (ii) The channel bandwidth [2 marks] (iii)The group delay of the channel at the center frequency (iv) The phase delay of the channel at the center frequency

[6marks] [2 marks]

mm) List the three conditions that must be fulfilled to enable the response of a system to be calculated using convolution [3 marks]

nn) A system has an impulse response given by determine the system response to an input signal given by (4 marks)

. Use convolution to .

oo) Repeat part (nn) above using the Fourier transform method hence prove that convolution in the time domain translates to multiplication in the frequency domain (4 marks) pp) Let a periodic signal be [ ], a pure sinusoid transmitted from a source. Along the transmission path, [ ] is corrupted by additive Gaussian white noise [ ] so that the signal received at the destination, [ ], looks completely different from the original signal [ ] and does not exhibit any periodicity. We can model this problem with the equation below: [ ] [ ] [ ]

Show how autocorrelation can be used to discover the periodic signal buried in the noisy signal [ ]. (9 marks)

qq) Consider the analog input signal to an analog to digital converter

i. ii.

iii.

What is the nyquist rate of the signal? (1 mark) Assuming a sampling rate , what is the discrete-time signal obtained after sampling? (5 marks) What is the analog signal that can be reconstructed from the samples? (3 marks)

rr) If the number of bits available in an analog to digital conversion (ADC) system is , show that the Signal-to-Quantization Noise Ratio (SQNR) for such a system is given by ( Where )

State assumptions made in arriving at this result (9 marks) ss) Based on the result above, how can SQNR be improved in ADC systems? (2 marks) tt) Given that a carrier signal may be described as and the modulating signal as , show that a Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier (SSB-SC) AM signal can be given as:

Where is the Hilbert transform of (15 marks) uu) The r.m.s. antenna current of an AM transmitter is 8.9 A when only the carrier signal is transmitted but increases to 10.2 A when the carrier is modulated by a single sinusoid. i. Calculate the modulation index (3 marks) ii. If the carrier has a maximum amplitude , determine the maximum amplitude of the modulating sinusoid (2 marks)