Skeletal system

Skeleton
The system is composed of bones and cartilage. A living tissue, highly specialized, hard form of connective tissue that forms the skeleton. It acts as the main support tissue of the body. It provides: !rotection for vital structures Support for the body mechanical basis for movement Storage for salts, e.g. calcium "ontinuous supply of ne# blood cells

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"artilage % a resilient, semi&rigid form of connective tissue, forming part for motion. 'as no capillary blood supply of its o#n. ()ygen and nutrition comes from long ranged diffusion. Articulation comes from synovial *oints #ith articular cartilage providing a gliding motion. !arts:
A)ial skeleton % bones of the head +skull,, neck +hyoid,, and trunk +ribs, sternum, vertebrae, sacrum, Appendicular skeleton % bones of the limbs, pectoral and pelvic girdle.

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.iving bones have some elasticity ( flexibility) and rigidity ( hardness)
Types:

compact / body or shaft spongy or cancellous (medullary cavity or marrow) "lassification:

Long bones = tubular,e.g. humerus short bones = cuboidal ( ankle, tarsus and wrist, carpus) Flat bones = protective, skull bones rregular bones = various shapes, i.e., long, short, flat ( face) !esamoid bone = patella, knee cap ( in areas where tendons cross the ends of long bones. "rotects the tendon as it angles to the attatchment)

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Accessory bones / supernumerary bones. #issing part of the
main bones. $ormlike called wormian or sutural bones in the skull. %ccessory bones are common in the foot.

'eterotopic bones / form in soft tissues where they are not -one markings:

normally present ( scars, riders bones in the thigh = spur, &esult from straining the muscles of adducts the thigh). condyle = round articular are = lateral femoral condyle 'rest = ridge of bones = iliac crest (picondyle = eminence superior to condyle. Lateral epicondyle of humerus. Facet = smooth flat area covered with cartilage. )ones articulate with another bone (vertebra to ribs). Foramen = passage thru a bone ( obturator foramen)

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0acet / hollo# depression + scapula, 1roove / elongated depression + calvaria, .ine / linear elevation + soleal line of tibia, 2alleolus / rounded process 3otch / indentation at the edge of the bone + 1 sciatic, !rotuberance / pro*ection + occipital, Spine / thornlike process + vertebra, Spinous process / pro*ecting spinelike part Trochanter / large blunt elevation + 1 trochanter of femur,
Tubercle / small raised elevation or eminence,. tubercle of humerus
*uberosity = large rounded elevation = ischial tuberosity

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Trauma / being a living tissue undergoes the follo#ing changes: hurt #hen in*ured bleed #hen fractured remodel #hen stresses change #ith age -one development: / derived from the mesenchyme.
% Intramembranous ossification / formed directly from mesenchyme. % 4ndochondral ossification / cartilaginous formation from mesenchyme #hose cells condense and differentiate into chondroblasts to cartilage.

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+oints = an articulation and classified into, !ynovial = united by an articular capsule, with synovial fluid. #ost common type. Fibrous -oints = united by fibrous tissue. !utures of the skull. 'artilaginous -oints = united by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage. (piphyseal plates in long bones. *ypes of synovial -oints, plane -oints = permits gliding action, limited by tight articular capsule. .inge -oints = permit extension and flexion only. !addle -oint = biaxial (concave, convex)opposing surfaces shaped like a saddle . 'arpometacarpal -oint. 'ondyloid -oint = biaxial(sagital and coronal), permit flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction. )all and socket -oint = multiaxial, femur and acetabulum "ivot -oint = uniaxial aloow rotation. %tlantoaxial -oint.