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Frederick Ding & Christopher ChanRefer to the Canadian Lifesaving Manual.
PG
. 1
Bronze Cross – Primary & Secondary Assessment
Te purpose o a primary assessment is to preserve the lie o the victim, taking action whereneeded. Once the victim’s lie-threatening conditions have been addressed, the rescuer mustbegin the secondary assessment – monitoring his condition, gathering inormation and fnding other conditions that require treatment.
The Primary Assessment
Te liesaver’s frst obligation is to his own saety. Upon arriving at the scene:
 Area
Check or hazards
in the immediate vicinity, and remove them as saely as possible.
 Awareness
Assess the
level o consciousness
– does the victim respond to voice or touch stimulus?
 Ambulance
 Activate
EMS
, preerably using a bystander. I qualifed, an
AED
can be retrieved at this time.Te rescuer must maintain the ABCs o all victims:
 A.
 
 Airway
Keeping the airway open allows the body to take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide. A blockedairway can lead to respiratory or cardiac arrest.
Use the head-tilt chin-lif technique to open the airway. Check or and remove obstructions.
B.
 
Breathing
Once the airway is open, check or normal breathing, making use o the
look, listen & eel
 techniques.
Look
at the chest to observe the rising and alling o normal respiration.
Listen
orair movement.
Feel
or air coming through the mouth or nose.I there is no breathing or abnormal breathing,
CPR 
must be initiated
, beginning with 2 breaths.
C.
 
Circulation
Oxygen-rich blood cannot be circulated without breathing. Hence, it is unnecessary to check ora pulse to determine whether
CPR 
is needed;
commence it immediately if no breathing is detected 
.Te purpose here is to squeeze the heart, causing blood to circulate. Reer to the CanadianLiesaving Manual or proper
CPR 
technique.
 Always usebarrier devices!  If trained,use an
 AED
.
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