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Species And Cultivars > Amruthapani > Tella Chakkarakeli > Karpura Chakkarakeli >
Bontha > Robusta > Vamanakeli > Yenugubontha >
Species
• The banana belongs to the family Musaceae. There are only two genera,
viz Ensete and Musa with about 50 species in this family. Ensete is an old
declining genus, which probably originated in Asia and spread to Africa,
has about 6-7 species, of which E.ventricosa is reported to be grown in
Ethiopia as a food crop.
Cultivars
• There are about 300 recorded cultivars of banana. The important cultivars
are described below.
Dwarf Cavendish
• The greenish colour of the fruit is retained to some extent even after
ripening, but fruits ripen during the winter season develop yellow colour.
It is susceptible to bunchy top and leaf spot disease but resistant to
Panama Wilt. The keeping quality of fruit is, however, not good. A bunch
on an average weighs about 20 kg.
Harichal
Hill Banana
Nendran (Kerala)
• This cultivar is known in all parts of the world as
plantain. This is a dual-purpose cultivar of Kerala. It
has very good keeping quality.
Safed Velchi
Lalkela (Maharashtra)
• This cultivar is grown throughout the world. The colour of the pseudostem
petiole, midrib and fruit peel is purplush red. The fruit is of good size and
has a characteristic aroma. Average bunch weight is 20 kg.
Kunnan (Kerala)
Gros Michel
Giant Governor
Wt. In Kg
No.of fruits p 12
p80-100
No.of hands p 8-10
p 13-14
Duration p 2.0X2.0 m
Spacing
• This is a choice table fruit. The plant suckers moderately and is medium
tall and does not bear heavily.
• The fruit is better in size to Poovan more rounded with a glossy green
colour and the tip is less pronounced.
• The rind is thin and develops an ivory yellow colour when ripe. The flesh
is white, rather firm but tasty with a characteristic flavour.
• Occasionally hard lumps develop in the pulp which is a drawback. It is
highly resistant to Leaf Spot but very susceptible to 'Panama' disease.
Climate
• Bananas can be grown from sea level to an altitude of 1200 metres. The 'hill
bananas' of Tamil Nadu are raised between elevations of 500 to 1500 metres
mostly under rainfed conditions.
• The wind prone areas cause devastating damage to the banana plantations by
toppling down the plants due to pseudostem breakage. Similarly, bananas cannot
withstand frost to any extent. So, at higher elevations the low temperatures
prevailing cause delayed cropping and slow growth.
• In coastal areas of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu the cyclonic wind damages
the plantations. Hence it is advisable to select areas where mean temperature is
around 25-30° C with a mean annual rainfall of 100 mm per month.
• The problems which result in a banana plantation from low winter temperatures
serve to only emphasize the importance of adequate heat as a factor, in banana
production.
• The most important of these are 'choke throat' 'November dump' and frost
damage.
Choke throat
• This condition is referred to as 'choke throat' and the trapped bunches which are
exposed to the sun are also called "sun lookers".
• This is a major problem with Dwarf Cavendish. Flowering during the winter period
can result in considerable losses, especially during colder years. Severely
chocked bunches should be cut down to let the follower develop faster.
November dump
• Cold temperatures also have a marked effect on bunch development. When the
flower initiation occurs during the winter, a characteristically a peculiar bunch can
be expected.
Maharashtra
Sandy soil
Coastal Areas
Black cotton soil
Plains
Tamil Nadu
Clay soil; Alluvial
Cauveri Delta
Loamy type
Hill slopes
Central India
Alluvial soil
Gangetic delta
Kerala
Sandy loam tract
Coastal area
Red laterite
Plain & Low hill slope
• Bananas can grow well in slightly alkaline soils, but saline soils with salinity
exceeding 0.05 per cent are unsuitable. In alkaline soil wilt disease is less
prevalent.
• The physical condition of soils on which bananas are cultivated is very important,
since root development is determined chiefly by the degree of aeration of the
soil.
• In poorly aerated soils, that is soils which have compacted as a result of poor
structure, or badly drained soils which are over irrigated, there is a marked
decrease in root development.
Season of Planting
• The season of planting of banana varies between the various states. In most parts the colder seasons
of the year are unsuitable for planting.
• In West Coast, planting is done from September to November, when irrigation facilities are available.
Planting is done all the year round in order to secure better prices during the off season.
• In other areas planting is done during South west monsoon in May-June, and continues thereafter till
November. Bontha and Mauritius and for Poovan the best time is November to January because it has
a longer duration.
• Planting in cold season is a problem and great care is to be given for irrigating the crop in summer
and also it exposes the plants to high winds or cyclone damage during bunch season.
• In Kerala, where Nendrans are cultivated as pure crop planting is done in September-October. On the
Lower Palneys, including Sirumalai April planting is preferred. February-March is the best planting
season in wet lands along the Cauvery bank as in Trichy. But in the perennial plantations in Tanjore,
planting is done from January to June.
• October-November is considered to be the best time. They suggested that the rapid progress of plant
growth during the four months of the monsoon is particularly helpful in plants in building up their
growth and establishing themselves in advance of the setting of cold weather in November, when
growth is retarted.
• The best time for planting in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa is by the end of the June and in
West Bengal, Bihar and Assam planting could be done at any time during the South West monsoon,
when the rains are not too heavy.
• The planting should not be taken up during very cold and very hot months. Similarly, that planting
season should be so adjusted that during the period of high winds, banana should not be in flower or
near flowering stage. The period of planting should be so adjusted that active growth phase of the
plants can continue unhampered during flower bud initiation stage.
• In view of the divergence of climatic and soil conditions in our country, bananas are grown all through
the year, while the peak seasons vary in different parts of the country. Different planting seasons
adopted in different states are given below.
Hill bananas
Rasthali November-January
Kerala
Nendran May-September
August-December
West Bengal
March-April
Bihar July-October
December-April ( East Godavari)
Andhra Pradesh
August-September (West Godavari)
Gujarat August-January
Assam May-September
April-June
Karnataka
September-March
• Bananas planted in March/April made better growth and gave higher yields than those planted upto
December. Flowering occurred in less than 300 days after planting in March/April.
• Growth and flower bud differentiation and fruit development were adversely affected, when the
average temperature was below 750 F.
• Sprouting of rhizomes was inhibited when the monthly average maximum temperature went above
980 F. Six months old rhizomes were better planting material than two month old rhizomes.
Fruits from rhizomes planted in April took two weeks longer for development than those planted in May
Planting Materials
• Suckers from high yielding and healthy plant crop are selected. The
suckers are cleared of old roots over the corm, and can be stored in a cool
dry place under shade of a tree for a week.
Planting Distance
• Finger tip disease was severe in close planting. In high density plantation
nearly 30 percent of the plants could not be harvested in time
Preparing Suckers And Planting Material
Gapfilling
• Generally the banana suckers strikes roots within 10-15 days after
planting, even after 15 days if there are no roots to the planted suckers it
means it has died.
• Inspite of all precautions taken, some suckers may fail to sprout. This
may be due to defective planting or defective plant material or defective
irrigation. So, one should go around after 15 days in banana gardens and
search for the causalities.
• All such causalities should immediately be gap filled with fresh sword
suckers. Maintaining optimum population for unit area always leads to
higher yields.
• So all gaps in the banana plantation must be filled with fresh suckers with
in 20 days. This will also ensure fair uniformity in the stand of the crop.
Micro-propagation
• Rapid multiplication of banana suckers has been engaging the attention of scientists since a very long
time. There is a problem when a new clone is being generated for extended cultivation or when a
large amount of planting material of a specific pathogen tolerant clone is to be distributed to the
growers.
• The prevalence of disease problems and the need for generating clean planting stock in large
quantities have stimulated recently a surge of interest in the production of banana clones raised
though aseptic micropropagation techniques.
• Shoot tips isolated from the rhizomes were found suitable for platelet production in vitro. Shoot tips
with several older sheathing leaf bases enclosing the axillary buds regenerated multiple pantalets.
• Individual shootlet when separated and subcultured, produced a new crop of multiple shoots.
• Each plant cell has the potential to generate into a single plant. This is called Totipotency and when
this character is involved into rapid and mass multiplication of propagules at optimum levels is called
Micropropagation.
• This is an alternate to slow vegetative plant propagation.
• In Tissue Culture when a group of undifferentiated and meristamatically active cell called tissue is
aseptically disserted out and put into a medium containing nutrient and incubated under conducive
controlled conditions of light and temperature, it establish it self and starts growth.
• This is called Culture and the concept of 'tissue culture'.
• The elite plants are selected and maintained under hygenic conditions (by spraying fungicide,
bactericide and insecticide) and then the plant parts are taken for initiation.
Initiation (Stage-I)
• The innermost tissue of surface sterilised plant in dissected aseptically and put an to the medium of
growth, Medium contains major and miner elements, same vitamins. Amino acids and growth
promoting hormones, solidified by agar.
Root
Organogenesis
Complete Plantlet
• The whole portray with plants is maintained under high humidity conditions for a couple of weeks and
there after the portrays are kept in open in the Green House under controlled temperature and
humidity.
• This hardening taken 6 weeks and is called primary hardening - Regular sprays of plant protection
chemicals are sprayed to achieve good hygenic condition of the plants.
•
• Established Plantlet
Introduction
• Purplish brown patches appear at the base of the petioles and in severe
cases the centre of the corm may show areas of brown, water soaked
disintegrated cell structures.
Dose :
• 200-300 g/plant
Micronutrients
Zinc
Boron
Iron
Water Management
Irrigation
• The dry weight of roots increased with decrease in the available soil
moisture which may be the result of increased number of root production
and total root length.
Irrigation Schedule
• Irrigate the plants immediately after planting. After that irrigate at weekly intervels for about 35-40
times.
• Rainfall requiement for banana growing areas should be 1500-2000 mm. In summer irrigate for every
5-10 days depending up on the type of soil.
Delay in irrigation for banana results in delay in bunch formation, delay in maturity of bunch Intercultural
Operations
Weed Control > Desuckering > Male Bud Removal > Propping > Trimming > Bunch
Covering >
Weeding
Desuckering
• Removal of all suckers upto flowering of the plant and maintaining only
one follower afterwards is the best desuckering practice.
• The bunches in which male bud was removed, were heavier by three
kilograms over the un removed plants
Propping of Banana plants
Top
• Further advantages of removing dead and dried leaves are that the
potential dangers of fruit injury and disease infection are reduced.
Bunch covering
• Bagging is a cultural technique used by planters in
the French West Indies, Latin America, Africa,
Australia, etc., particularly, where export bananas
are grown.
• It also improves certain visual qualities of the fruits. Bunch covering with
dry leaves is a common practice in India, which, however, may be a
source of inoculum for post harvest diseases.
Earthing up
Introduction > Anthracnose > Dimond Spot > Brown Spot > Cigar End Or Tip Rot
> Sigatoka Leaf Spot > Panama Wilt > Bacterial Soft Rot > Bacterial Wilt Or Moko
> Bunchy Top > Infectious Chlorosis >
Introduction
• Banana is much more vulnerable to disease than to the insect pests. The
diseases often occur in epidemic proportions and bring about catastrophic
losses.
• Among the diseases, the banana wilt ranks first. In addition to fungal
diseases, the bunchy top virus has created a situation of a dismal future
for the banana industry.
Top
Fungal Diseases Of Post-Harvest-Fruits
Anthracnose:
Gloeosporium musarum
Symptoms
• Infection of green fruits, flowers and distal end of hands show circular
black, sunken spots surrounded by yellow halos later convening the entire
fruit resulting in premature ripening.
Control
Top
Symptoms
Symptoms
• Brown spots occur on the rachis, and fingers. The spots are pale to dark
brown with an irregular margin surrounded by a halo of water soaked
tissue.
Control
Symptoms
• A black necrosis spread from the perianth into the tip of immature fingers.
The corrugated necrotic tissues become covered with fungus and
resemble the greyish ash of a cigar end.
Control
• The only best control was the removal of the pistil and perianth by hand
as soon as the fingers emerged.
• Placing a polythene bag over the stem before the hands emerged was
effective
Cercospora musai
- asexual stage
• Sigatoka is the name of the valley where the disease first attracted attention. A monogrpah has
reviewed information of leaf spot disease. It is a fungal disease.
• Causes severe economic losses. Spreads very fast during rainy season. Attacks mostly leaves.
Epidemiology
• Three components of weather, usually, determine the production and movement of sigatoka inoculum,
rainfall, dew and temperature.
• Conditions favouring mass infection are most common during the rainy season with temperature
above 21° C.
• Other factors, which influence the rate of disease developed and intensity of spotting, include amount
of inoculum on the leaf, age and position of the leaf, plant growth, sun and shade effects on leaf
tissue, etc.
• The major commercial cultivars of banana-Gros Michel and Cavendish group are all highly susceptible
to leaf spot disease.
• All triploid AAA desert bananas of commerce are highly susceptible to sigatoka.
Symptoms
Scorching appearance
• Leaves present a scorched appearance, petioles collapse and leaves hang down from pseudostem. if
severe, bunch maturity is affected.
• Early diseased plant produces poor fruits.
Control
Spraying of Thiophanate methyl 1 g/l, or 1per cent Bordeaux mixture + 2% linseed oil, or Captan 2 g/l are
some practices that can manage the disease.
• Disease first appears as pale yellow or
greenish yellow streaks running parallel to
leaf veins on both the leaf surfaces.
Scorching appearance
• Leaves present a scorched appearance, petioles collapse and leaves hang down from pseudostem. if
severe, bunch maturity is affected.
• Early diseased plant produces poor fruits.
Control
• The first major disease which attacked banana was called Panama disease
from the area where it first became serious.
• Banana wilt is a soil-borne fungal disease and gets entry in the plant body
through roots and wounds caused by nematodes. It is most serious in
poorly drained soil. Disease spreads through infected suckers.
Epidiomology
• Warm soil temperature and bad drainage favour the spread of the disease
and also light soils and high soil moisture. Greater incidence of the
disease has been noticed in poor soil with continuous cropping of banana.
Symptoms
Vascular discoloration
Splitting of
Breaking of petiole Pseudostem
Symptoms
Control
• Soil drenching with bleaching powder was found beneficial. Soil and plant
drenching with bleaching powder at 2 g/l water at an interval of 10-15
days was found effective in controlling the disease.
Top
Symptoms
Affected sucker
Control
• Disease can be minimised by exposing soil to sunlight.
• Selection of healthy planting material, eradication of infected plants.
Disinfecting cutting knives and providing better drainage.
• Flower visiting insects are main agents for transmitting the disease and
this is a good reason for following the practice of removing the bud from
the male axis before the bunch matures.
• Herbicides, e.g., 2, 4-D and 2, 4, 5-T, can be used to kill infected plants in
situ and dieldrin sprayed onto a chopped down mat will prevent insects
transmitting the disease to the unaffected plants.
•
• Initial symptoms appear in older leaves as characteristic yellowing which
ultimately wither, break at petiole and hang down along the pseudostem.
• Young leaves may not dry immediately but are erect and also get affected
later. If severe, entire foliage wilt within 2-3 days
• Splitting of pseudostem , discoloured vascular region in rhizome are also
seen.
• Individual strands appear yellow, in addition red or brown dots and
streaks are also seen.
• Longitudinal splitting of pseudostem, emittance of rotten fish smell when
cut, stunting of plants, wilting and death of suckers are other symptoms
of the disease.
Control
Spraying of Thiophanate methyl 1 g/l, or 1per cent Bordeaux mixture + 2% linseed oil, or Captan 2 g/l are
some practices that can manage the disease.
Symptoms
Control
• Soil drenching with bleaching powder was found beneficial. Soil and plant
drenching with bleaching powder at 2 g/l water at an interval of 10-15
days was found effective in controlling the disease.
Bacterial Wilt Or Moko Disease :Pseudomonas solanacearum
Symptoms
Affected sucker
Control
Top