The Hajvery University Lahore

Faculty of Engineering
Bachelor of Electronic Engineering

EE-250 Electrical Machines

Laboratory Work Book

 CONTENTS

Page
Lab. List of Experiments
No.
No.
To operate the transformer on off load, loaded and short circuit
01 configurations.

To measure the losses and efficiency of a single phase transformer.

02
To examine transformation ratio of an Auto transformer using
measuring techniques, to measure current flow in various part of
03 auto transformer and thus develop the relationship between current
flow

To study the properties of separately excited DC Shunt generator

under no load and full conditions and to obtain saturation curve of
04 the generator

To study the properties of self excited DC Shunt generator under no

05 load and full conditions

To study the properties of series DC generators

06
To measure the per phase winding resistance of the AC
07 generator

To examine method of controlling voltage and frequency

08 from the A.C generator

To observe the voltage line to line, generator at open

09 circuit

To plot the characteristics curve of the AC generator using

10 short circuit test

To observe the effect of varied excitation (If) on the

11 generator voltage at a constant speed

To see the effect of varied speed on the generated voltage

12 with a constant field excitation.

To test the generator with resistive load (lamp load) and

13 etc, to find out the voltage regulation.
 LAB SESSION 01

OBJECTIVE

1. TO operate a single phase transformer off- load, with a load applied and
With a short circuit applied.

2. To deduce the relationship b/w the secondary voltage and the loading and
Give reasons for the deductions.

3. To measure the off-load voltage.

4. To define the terms, short circuit voltage, continuous short circuit current
And transient short – circuit current.

5. To measures the short – circuit voltage and, from this, calculate the
Continuous short circuit current.

APPARATUS

1 variable / isolating transformer

1 single – phase test transformer
1 exercise panel
2 resisters, 47 ohm / 11w
2 moving – coil multi meter

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS

Fig. 2-1
 Fig.2-2

THEORY
The single phase- exercise transformer used in this exercise has a
transformation ratio K of 1:1, i.e. the windings in the primary and secondary
coils have the same number of turns, N1 and N2. Therefore when no load is
applied the primary voltage V1 is the same as the voltage in the secondary,
V2.
K= N2/N1 = V2/V1 = 1/1
N1 = N2
V1 = V2

When loaded, the winding resistance of the transformer has a similar effect as
the internal resistance of the voltage source, across which part of source
voltage is dropped. The transformer is design so that at the nominal current in
the secondary of I2N = 1A, the voltage available at the secondary is the
nominal voltage V2N of 22 V. When off load, no voltage is drop internally, so
the off load voltage, V20 is larger than the nominal voltage, V2N .

The short circuit voltage Vsc is the voltage which must be applied primary,
when the secondary is short circuited, so that the nominal current IN, flows in
the primary winding. It is usually quoted as percentage of the nominal voltage.

Vsc = V1SC / V1N . 100%

The magnitude of the short circuit voltage Vsc is a measure of a change in

voltage which occurs in the secondary and thus the internal resistance of the
transformer. The smaller the short circuit voltage, the less dependent is the
output voltage on load.

The continuous short-circuit current, ICSC, is the current which flows in the
secondary circuit when it is permanently short-circuited . the value of ISC is
larger for a smaller internal resistance of the transformer and thus the short
circuit voltage, Vsc, is also smaller.
 Icsc = I 2N/Vsc . 100%

The current which flows , momentarily , immediately a short-circuit occurs,

the transient short- circuit current ITSC, can be more than double the value
Icsc.

PROCEDURE
1.1 Construct the circuit as shown in the diagram, in section 2-1 slowly
increase the Voltage from the variable transformer, until the secondary
voltage of the test. Transformer is at the nominal value of V2N = 22V.

1.2 Measure the voltage at secondary of test transformer_________________

1.3 RL which you have attached to the secondary of test transformer_______

1.4 Measure the load current I 2 ____________________

1.5 Check the measured value by calculation = V2N/RL=________

1.6 Give reasons for any deviation of the measured from the
Calculated value, Write the answer as

By calculation, at the nominal secondary voltage V2N = 22 V,

The secondary current______________________________
________________________________________________
The value of current is ______because_________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________

2.1 Measure the load current I2 at the nominal secondary voltage, V2N of 22V
And enter the value into the following table.

R/ Ohm I2 /A V2/V

23. 5 22

47

3.1 Evaluate the measured result from 2.1

When the loading on the transformer is reduced, the load current I 2 ________
____________________. Thus the voltage losses in the transformer ___________
and the secondary voltage V2 ______________________ When off- load (R= ∞),
the voltage at the output terminals of the Transformer is ______________
___________________________________________________________
4.1 Construct the circuit as shown in the diagram 2-2 (short-circuit operation).
Slowly increase the voltage from the variable transformer until the
Nominal current of 1 A flow in the primary circuit.

Measure the voltage applied at the primary, V1sc = ________________________

Calculate the value of Vsc in % of the nominal voltage

VSC = (V1SC/V1N ) * 100 % = _________________

Calculate the value of continuous short - circuit current, Icsc.

Icsc = (I2N / VSC ) * 100 % = ____________________
 LAB SESSION 02

OBJECTIVE

1. To measure the delivered power of a transformer when off-load, or when a

Short circuit is applied.

2. To determine by measurements, the losses which occur in the iron core

And the windings of a transformer.

3. Determine the total losses of a transformer.

4. Calculate the efficiency of a transformer from the values obtained by

Measurement.

APPARATUS

1 Variable / isolating transformer

1 Single phase test transformer
1 Exercise Panel
2 Resistors, 47 Ohm / 11 W
2 Moving coil multi meter
1 Universal power meter

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS

Fig. 2-1
 Fig.2-2

THEORY
The power losses, PL in a transformer consist of iron losses PFE and copper
losses in the windings, PCU .
PL= PFE + PCU
Iron losses are dependent on loading of transformer and can be determined in
an off load test. The copper losses which occur here can be ignored since the
off load current is very small.

Copper losses changes corresponding to the square of the current strength

and are measured in short circuit test at the nominal current. The iron losses
are ignored here because the magnetic flux in short-circuit operation is very
small.

The efficiency of a transformer is given by the ratio of output power to the

input power.

η= POUT/ PIN

PROCEDURE

1.1 Construct the circuit as shown in diagram 2-1.

1.2 Slowly increase the voltage from the variable transformer, until the
Secondary voltage of the test transformer is at the nominal value of V2N=
22 V.

1.3 Measure the power consumed by the test transformer, PIN.

PIN = __________________________ W

1.4 Calculate the delivered power at the load resistor, Pout .

Pout = (V2N)^2 /R = ______________ W

1.5 Determine the power losses PL and efficiency of the transformer.

PL = PIN – POUT = ________________ W
1.6 η= POUT/ PIN = ____________________ %

1.7 Remove both load resistors and power consumed by the test transformer,
When off-load PIN.
PIN =__________________________ W (Off load)

1.8 PIN when off-Load is equivalent to the _____________ losses of the

Transformer

2.1 Construct the circuit as shown in diagram 2-2

2.2 Slowly increase the voltage from the variable transformer until the nominal
Current of 1 A flow in the primary circuit

2.3 Measure the power consumed by the test transformer, when output is
Short circuited, PIN.
PIN= _________________ W (Short Circuit)

2.4 The power consumed when operated with short circuit is equivalent to the
_______________ Losses of a transformer

2.5 Total power losses PL = PFE + PCU = ______________ W

2.6 Explain why there is the difference from the value determined in 1.1 Step?

The total power loss PL equal to the ________ of the iron and copper loss
Is _________ than the value calculated in step 1.1, because in off load
Test some _________ occurs and in the short circuit test, some ________
Occurs
 LAB SESSION 03

OBJECTIVE

1. Describe the construction of an auto transformer

2. Examine using measurement techniques, the transformation ratio of an

Auto transformer

3. Measure the current flow in the various parts of an auto transformer and
Thus develops the relationship between the current flows

4. State, and give reasons for the advantage of an auto transformer compare
To other types of transformer

APPARATUS

1 Variable / isolating transformer

1 Single phase test transformer
1 Exercise panel
2 resistors 47 ohm / 11 W
2 moving - coil multi meter

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS

Fig 2-1
 Fig.2-2

Fig.2-3

THEORY

An auto transformer contains only one winding which is tapped at the required
voltage transformation points thus an increase in voltage is possible (step up)
as well as decrease in voltage (step down)

In contrast to a transformer with separate windings power can be produce at

the output by a current transformer from the input to a output sides so that
only part of the power has to be transformed via the magnetic flux of the iron
core thus copper for the windings and iron core material can be saved in the
construction of an auto transformer
The transformer used in this exercise is operated as an auto transformer
where the secondary winding remains open circuit and the centre tap of the
primary winding is used for tapping off the secondary voltage V2

Since input and output conductivity connected, it is not permitted to use an

auto transformer as a protecting isolation transformer

PROCEDURE

1.1 Construct the circuit as shown in the diagram 2.1

1.2 Slowly increase the voltage from the variable transformer until the primary
Voltage V1 is at normal value of 22 V

1.3 Measure the secondary voltage V2 and state the transformation ratio K

V2= _________V V1 = _________ V

K=__________

2.1 Construct the circuit as shown in diagram 2.2

2.2 Slowly increase the voltage from the variable transformer until the primary
voltage V1 of the test transformer is at 11V

2.3 Measure the secondary voltage V2 and state the transformer ratio

V2= _________V V1= _________ V

K=__________

2.4 Evaluate the result from 1.3 and 2.3

By changing the connections the primary voltage U1 can be _____ or

__________ Which is equivalent to a __________ of the transformation
Ratio.

3.1 Construct the circuit as shown in diagram 2.3

3.2 Slowly increase the voltage from the variable transformer until the
Secondary voltage V2 of the test transformer is at 11V

3.3 Measure the currents I1, I1’, I2

I1= __________A U2 = 11V

I2= __________A

I1’= __________A
3.4 From the currents measured, deduce the relationship which exits
Between value of currents

I1’= I1- I2= _________= __________A

3.5 Describe the flow of current in an auto- transformer

In the lower part of the winding the current which flows in equal
To______________ primary current I1 and secondary current I2

In the upper part of the winding the current which flows is

________________
 LAB SESSION 04

PRE LAB STUDY

DC Shunt Generator (Separately Excite d)
An excitation power is needed to produce the stator magnetic field. If this
power is supplied by an external voltage source, we call the method
independent or Separately Excited Generator. If the generator feed its own
magnetic field, the process is one of Self Excitation. Problem can occur during
running up, for an excitation current (IF) flows only when the voltage (V) is
applied to the field winding. Due to the residual magnetism of the voltage and
the resultant excitation current influence one another in such a way that the
final values reached very quickly we must ensure that the residual magnetism
is not cancelled out by a wrong polarity in the excitation winding.

The DC Separately Excited Shunt Generator

The DC Shunt generator’s construction is identical to that of the DC Shunt

motor. In operation, however, its rotor is driven by the mechanical power,
and DC voltage taken from the commutator brushes on the rotor shaft. In
order to generate electricity, the rotor must rotate within a magnetic field. A
DC voltage is, therefore, applied to the stator to create the necessary
magnetic field. This can be accomplished by connecting a battery or some
other separate source of DC voltage to the stator terminals. When the
stator is thus separately excited, the generator is called the “Separately
Excited Generator”. By varying the field excitation, a fairly wide range of
output voltages may be obtained. However, it is expensive and, in many
cases, impractical or inconvenient to provide a separate source of DC
excitation.

Procedural Notes
The driving motor must rotate. According to the direction of the output
voltage, if the meter shows reverse voltage, change the connection leads
of the meter.

Discussion
A DC machine can run either as a motor or as a generator. A motor converts
electrical power into mechanical while a generator converts mechanical power
into electrical power. A generator must therefore, be mechanically driven in
order that it may produce electricity.

Since the field winding is an electromagnet, current must flow through it to

produce a magnetic field. This current is called the “Excitation Current”
and can be supplied to the field winding in one of the two ways; it can
come from a separate, external DC Source, in which case the generator is
called a separately excited generator; or it can come from the generator’s
own output, in which case the generator is called a self-excited generator.
Assume that a DC current excites the shunt field, thereby setting up a
magnetic flux in the generator. If the rotor (or more correctly, the armature)
is rotated by applying mechanical effort to the shaft, the armature coils will
cut the magnetic flux. And a voltage will induce in them. This is AC and in
order to get DC out of the generator, a rectifier must be employed. The
commutator and the brushed carried out this role.
The voltage induced in the coils (and, therefore, the DC voltage at the
brushes) depends only upon two things- the speed of rotation and the
strength of magnetic field. If the speed is doubled, the voltage becomes
twice. If the field strength is increased by 20%, the voltage also increased
by 20%.

Although separate excitation requires a separate DC power source, it is

useful in case where generator must respond quickly and precisely to an
external control source, or when the output voltage must be varied over a
wide range.

With no electrical load connected to the generator, no current flows and

only a voltage appears at the output. But is a resistance load is connected
across the output, current will flow and the generator will begin to deliver
electric power to the load.

The machine which drives the generator must then furnish additional
mechanical power to the generator. This is often accompanied by the
generator, together with a drop in speed.
 LAB SESSION 04

OBJECTIVE
1. To study the properties of the separately excited DC Shunt generator under
No-load and full load conditions
2. To obtain the saturation curve of the generator.
3. To obtain the armature voltage Vs armature current load curve of the
Generator

APPARATUS
Driving Motor (DC PM Motor) controlled with DC Drive, 3000 RPM, 180 Volts,
2.5 Amp.
DC Excitation Supply: 190 Volts, 0.6 Amps.
DC Volt Meter: (0-300 Volts)
DC Amp Meter: (0-10 Amps)
RPM Meter
Fuses: 8 Amps & 6 Amps
Emergency Stop Switch
DC Shunt Generator: 190 Volts, 1.6 Amps

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS

Fig.1-1
PROCEDURE
1.1 Connect the circuit shown in the fig1-1:

1.2 The relationship between the no-load voltage “V0” and the speed of the
rotation “n” is measured at the rated excited current “IF”.

1.3 The speed is constant and the excitation current “IF” is varied, No load
voltage “V0” is measured.

WHEN EXCITATION CURRENT IS CONSTANT

IF = 0.6 Amps
By varying the speed of driven motor

“n”
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 2800
(RPM)
V0 in
VA out

WHEN SPEED IS CONSTANT

n=2800 RPM
By varying the field excitation current

“I F”
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
in
V0 = VA
Output V

Return the power supply voltage to zero and turn off the power supply.

LOAD CHARACTERISTICS
2.1 Connect the circuit diagram in the previous fig, and connected the load
after the proper output voltage and measure the values.

2.2 Operating behavior of an independently excited shunt generator.

2.3 The generator is driven at the rated speed of n=2800 RPM.

2.4 An excitation current IF = 0.6 Amps.

2.5 Keeping the speed if the generator constant, the terminal voltage is
Measured

RESULTS:

I load
VA out
 LAB SESSION 05

PRE LAB STUDY

THE DC SELF-EXCITED SHUNT GENERATOR
The self-excited DC shunt generator provides its own field excitation. The
shunt field is connected to the armature through the commutator so that direct
current flows through the shunt field. This arrangement leaves the self-excited
generator independent of any separate sources of DC excitation.

However, regulation is poorer than that of the separately-excited generator

because the field current is dependent on armature voltage. If the generator
load increases, output voltage decreases due to armature reaction and the IR
drop across the armature winding resistance. Since excitation voltage comes
from the generator output, a decrease in output voltage. Output voltage can
be varied to compensate for load changes by manually adjusting the field
rheostat. However, automatic adjustment is more convenient and more rapidly
responsive to load changes. Such devices as the Terrill regulator, the diactor
and the saturable reactor or magnetic amplifier provide automatic means of
varying field flux inversely with changes in output voltage.

In laboratory experiments previously small output voltage was noted even

when no field excitation current was flowing in the shunt coil. This was due to
residual magnetism, which in a separately excited is little more than an
interesting phenomenon. In a self excited generator, however, the residual
voltage which, in turn causes a small current to flow in the field coil. the
resulting magneto motive for either aids or opposes the residual magnetism
depending on the manner in which the shunt terminals are connected to the
armature. If the residual flux is aided. The generated voltage will rise or "build
up" this rise will in turn cause an increase in field current, a further rise in flux.
And a still larger output voltage build up continuous the field current cause by
the generator output voltage is sufficient to develop the required excitation to
sustain the output voltage at the desired level.

The self excited generator provides its own field flux from the generated
output voltage. If the output voltage varies, the field flux also varies, so a
change in output voltage is magnified by a reduction in field flux, which
causes less voltage to be induced in the armature winding and a further
reduction in generated output voltage.
 LAB SESSION 05

CAUTION

High voltages are present in this laboratory experiment. Do not make any
connection with the power on. The power should be turned off after
completing each individual measurement.

OBJECTIVE
1. To study the properties of the self excited DC shunt generator under no
Load and full load condition.

2. To learn how to connect the self excited generator.

3. To obtain the armature voltage vs. armature current load curve of the
Generator

APPARATUS

Driving motor (DC PM Motor) controlled with DC Drive, 3000 RPM, 180 V,
2.5 Ampere
DC Volt meter (0-300Volts)
DC Amp Meter (0-10Amp)
RPM Meter
Fuses.8Amp & 6 Amps
Emergency stop switch
DC Shunt Generator (190Volts, 1.6Amp)
Connecting leads
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS

Fig.2-2

THEORY
The separately excited generator has many applications. However it does
have the disadvantage that a separate DC current power source is needed to
excite the shunt field. This is costly and some time inconvenient; and the self-
excited DC generator is often more suitable.

In a self excited generator, the field winding is connected to the generator

output. It may be connected across the output, in series with the output, or a
combination of the two. The way in which the is connected (shunt, series or
compound) determine many of the generator's characteristics.
All of the above generators can have identical construction. Self excitation is
possible because of the residual magnetism in the stator pole pieces. As the
armature rotates a small voltage is induced across its windings. When the
field winding is connected in parallel (shunt) with the armature a small field
current will flow. If this small field current is flowing in the proper direction, this
further increases the armature voltage and thus, a rapid voltage buildup
occurs.

If the field current flows in the wrong direction, the residual magnetism will
be reduced and voltage build up cannot occur. In this case, interchanging
the shunt field leads will correct the situation. It is a purpose of this
laboratory. Experiment to show these major points
PROCEDURE

High voltages are present in this laboratory experiment. Do not make any
connection with the power on. The power should be turned off after
completing each individual measurement.

1.1 Connect the circuit shown in the fig 2-2

1.2 Turn on the power supply of the driven motor.

1.4 Measured the voltage at terminal points E1 & E2 of the generator, output
Is build up _________

1.5 If not turn the connection supply off and interchange the shunt field leads
For excitation

1.6 Measure the open circuit armature voltage VA=____________

1.7 Vary the field rheostat and notice if the armature voltage VA
Changes_________

1.8 Adjust the speed of the generator by driven motor=2800 r.p.m

1.9 Fixed the rated speed of the generator by driven motor and measured
Different load value characteristic

Fixed speed = 2800 r.p.m

RL
Load
IA
Output
(A)
VA
Voltage
Output
 LAB SESSION 06

CAUTION

High voltages are present in this laboratory experiment. Do not make any
connection with the power on. The power should be turned off after
completing each individual measurement.

OBJECTIVE
1.1 To study the properties of series DC generator

1.2 To learn how to connect the series generator

1.3 To obtain the armature voltage vs. armature current load curve of the
Generator

APPARATUS
Driving Motor (DC PM Motor) controlled with DC Drive, 3000 RPM 180 V, 2.5
Ampere
DC Volt meter (0-300Volts)
DC Amp Meter (0-10Amp)
RPM Meter
Fuses.8 Amp & 6 Amps
Emergency stop switch
DC Shunt Generator (190Volts, 1.6Amp)
Connecting leads
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS
THEORY
When field winding is connected in series with armature winding, the
generator is called a series generator. The exciting current through a field
winding of a series generator is the same current the generator delivers to
the load.

If the load has high resistance only a minimum output voltage can be
generated because of the minimum field current. On an open circuit, the
generator will have a minimum output voltage due to its residual
magnetism. If the load draws current, the excitation current increases, the
magnetic field become stronger and the generator delivers an output
voltage.

You can see then that in a series generator, change in load current greatly
affect the generator output voltage. A series generator ha s very poor
voltage regulation and is not recommended for use as a power source,
Series generators have been used on a DC distribution system as line
voltage booster.

PROCEDURE

High voltages are present in this laboratory experiment. Do not make any
connection with the power on. The power should be turned off after
completing each individual measurement.

1.1 Connect the circuit according to the diagram. Connect the meter with
the output of the generator.

1.2 Start the driven motor, and measure the output voltage at the terminal
E1, E2 of the generator at open load VA = ____________________

n
Speed
VA

1.3 Connect a ohm load in the circuit by closing switch note whether VA
increase. If not, turn off the power supply and interchange the series
fields leads at terminal D1, D2.

1.4 Measure the VA = __________________ at IA = _________________

1.5 Adjust the lead resistance to obtain each of the listed in the table.
At speed 2800 r.p.m

RL VA IA Power calculate
 LAB SESSION 07

OBJECTIVE

To measure the per phase winding resistance of the AC generator

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS

Fig 1-1: Synchronous generator Y or Star connecter field winding

PROCEDURE
The three terminals U, V, W are connected in Y connected connection. This
connection is form a common (neutral) terminal as shown in fig 1-1

1.1 Measure the resistance between each pair of the line terminals and
Record it in table 1-1

R12 (L1.L3) R23 (L2.L3) R31 (L3.L1) RAVG Ra=0.5 RAVG

Table 1-1

1.2 We will take the average of the three measurements to determine the per-
phase winding resistance Ra.
 LAB SESSION 8

OBJECTIVE
To examine method of controlling voltage and frequency from the A.C
generator

PROCEDURE
1.1 The Stator winding of generator is connected in Star or Y connections.

1.2 Set the field excitation switch to the manual excitation, connect the
Manual supply D.C excitation supply F1, F2, to the generator excitation
Terminal F1(Red), F2(Black)

1.3 Prime mover speed knob at fully zero position (induction motor)

1.4 Switch on the main supply of the Prime mover (inventors supply), Main
Power switch and enable switch one direction forward or reverse

1.5 Use the speed control knob of the prime mover to increase the speed to
1500 R.P.M

1.6 Use the volt meter and frequency meter to measure the output voltage
And frequency of the generator. The terminal output of the generator L1,
L2, L3 and DC voltmeter ampere meter for DC field excitation.

1.7 Increase the excitation control and note the change in generator terminal
Voltage, don’t exceed the excitation current up (0-30 V or 0-3 A)

R.P.M Frequency Output Excitation Excitation

Voltage Current voltage

Table 1-1

1.8 Measure the frequency out put voltage, excitation current and voltage in
The table 2-1 uses the manual excitation knob to maintain the out-put
Voltage 380 V line to line

1.9 Increase the speed o prime mover at 1800 rev/min and again take the
Measurement in table 2-1

1.10 Reduce the speed to back 1500 rev/min and switch of the prime mover
OFF position

Result Analysis
1. Comment on the relationship between excitation and terminal voltage
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. given that that the machine has 4 poles, thin the link between the
Frequency and the speed of the generator
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

3. Comment on the relationship between frequency, voltage and field current.

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
 LAB SESSION 9

OBJECTIVE
To observe the voltage line to line, generator at open circuit

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS

Excitation Winding (Rotor)

AC Generator Y or Star Connected

Field winding (Stator) Connection for an open circuit

PROCEDURE

High voltages are present in this laboratory experiment . Please be careful !

1.1 Connect the circuit according to the diagram in fig.1-1

Measurement 0.00 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.0 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.0
Field Current
Measured
Line Voltage
Computed
Per phase
Voltage

1.2 Ensure the prime mover is on, speed is at 1500 rev/min (RPM) switch
closed the DC field excitation power supply (0-250 V), for generator use 0-
 30 V only, terminal F1, F2. Connect the AC voltmeter between line to line
voltages (L1, L2) or (L1, L3) or any two line of the Y connected generator
winding to measure the open circuit line to line voltage.

Excitation
Even when the field excitation winding current is zero, there may be some
induced e.m.f in the field winding (stator) due to residual flux in the machine
record this voltage as the reading in the table 3-1

Now field excitation winding supply switch is on, increase the field current if in
small increments and record the field current with line voltage for each value
of the field current.

If possible, take reading until the line voltage is nearly 150 % of its rated value
(380 V). Calculate the per phase induced e.m.f. The is per phase no load
voltage of the generator. Sketch the per phase no load voltage as a function
of the field excitation winding current with the field winding current along x-
axis. Now plot a curve by obtained value, this is called the magnetization
characteristic of the three phase synchronous machine.
 LAB SESSION 10

OBJECTIVE
To plot the characteristics curve of the AC generator using short circuit test

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS

Fig.1-1

PROCEDURE

1. Start the prime mover and set the speed 1500 rev/min.

2. Set the field excitation winding current to zero by setting the variable DC
field source voltage to zero

3. Place a short circuit the three lines of a field winding in (stator) as shown in
fig.1-1

Ampere meter AC am- meter is included in one of the lines to measure the
line current

The three phase induction motor (Prime mover is running) or rotating.

Measurement
Field
excitation
current (A)
Measured
Short circuit
current (A)
5. Now increase the field excitation current in a small increments and record
the short circuit current in the field winding (Stator) in table 4-1, For each
setting of the excitation winding current. Take quite a few data points but the
maximum value of the line current should not exceed 150% of its rated value
as recorded in table.

6. Plot the per-phase as a function of the field excitation winding current.

Note that the phase current in the Y or Star connected machine is same as
the line current. The field excitation winding current should be along x-axis,
this plotter curve is called short circuit characteristics of the synchronous
machine.
 LAB SESSION 11

OBJECTIVE
To observe the effect of varied excitation (If) on the generator voltage at a
constant speed

PROCEDURE
1.1 Stator winding is connected as Star of Y connection

1.2 Set the field switch to manual excitation, set the potentiometer and the
prime mover speed to zero(fully anti clock wise)

1.3 Switch on the main supply, increase the speed of prime mover to 1500
rev/min

1.4 Increase the excitation current to change the out put voltage in steps from
Minimum to maximum of and then increments back to minimum. Record
Generated voltage and excitation current (if) at each increment.

Note. Take reading progressively (don’t go back to take a reading) or your

results will be wrong

Increase excitation Decrease Excitation

V V
If If

Repeat the procedure for constant speed of.

a. 20% (1800 rev/min)

b. 40 % (2000 rev/min)

6. Reduce the speed back and switch off the primer mover.
Plot curves of voltage against increasing and decreasing current for each
speed, typical shape of the curve at one speed
Note that your curve has the same shape as a magnetizing curve.
Note that they show the effect of Hysteresis and that

V αB (Flux density)
 LAB SESSION 12

OBJECTIVE
To see the effect of varied speed on the generated voltage with a constant
field excitation.

PROCEDURE

1. Generator is connected in a STAR or Y connection.

2. Set the manual excitation and adjust speed control of (prime mover) to
zero.
3. Start the prime mover and adjust the speed to nominal 1599rev-min-1.

Speed

Table 6-1

4. Keep a constant excitation current IF of 3A≈and vary the speed in

increments of 50 rev-min -1 to a max of 2000 rev-min -1 . At each
increment, record the output terminal voltage and speed in Table 6-1.
5. Repeat for constant excitation current 2.5A and 3.5A.

Result Analysis:

Plot your result as curve of Voltage against speed.

V αIF N So V αφN and φαIF

If u studied the electromagnetic theory, examine your curves and connect

their agreement with the fundamental equations
 LAB SESSION 13

OBJECTIVE
To test the generator with resistive load (lamp load) and etc, to find out the
voltage regulation.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS

Fig.1-1
PROCEDURE

1.1 Manual Excitation: When a synchronous generator supplies a three

Phase load, its terminal voltage may be higher or lower than its no load
Voltage. By drawing the phasor diagram, one can verify the terminal
Voltage at any load is lower than the no-load voltage.

1.2 Set the excitation to manual and adjust control to minimum.

1.3 We use the set of three lamps as balance load Y connected or three
Variable resistors in Y connected in Fig 1-1.

1.4 Start the prime mover and set to normal speed (1500 rev/min)

1.5 Switch on the excitation output and increase the field current to adjust the
Output voltage at rated value (voltage).

1.6 Data table for voltage regulation.

 Full Load Voltage No Load Voltage Percent Voltage Regulation

Table 7-1

Now connect the load in order to measure the load voltage, record the
value in the given table 7-1, and compute the percentage regulation