Professional Documents
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Class ♥ 4 Amanah♥
Title
♥ Manufactured Substances in Industry ♥
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Content Page
(A) Sulphuric acid
Manufacture of sulphuric acid 1–3
Properties of sulphuric acid 4
The uses of sulphuric acid 5–7
Sulphur dioxide and environmental pollution 8–9
(B) Ammonia and its salt
Manufacture of ammonia 10 – 11
Properties of ammonia 12
The uses and preparation of ammonia 13
(C) Alloys
Arrangement of atoms in metals 14
What are alloys? 15
Composition,properties and uses of alloys 16
(D) Synthetic polymers
What are polymers? 17
Properties of polymers 18
Monomer in synthetic polymer 19
Example and uses of synthetic polymers 20
(E) Glass and ceramics
Glass-Component and properties of glass 21
Example and uses of glass 22
Ceramics-Component and properties of ceramics 23
Example and uses of ceramics 24
(F) Composite materials
What are composite materials 25
Example and their uses 26
Conclusion of topic 27
Acknowledgement 28
References 29
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(A) Sulphuric acid
Manufacture of sulphuric acid
Contact process produces more than 90% of the world sulphuric acid.
(b)Burning of metal sulphides such as zinc sulphide and lead sulphide also produces sulphur
dioxide.
2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g) 2SO2(g) + 2ZnO(s)
2PbS(s) + 3O2(g) 2SO2(g) + 2PbO(s)
(c)The sulphur dioxide is then mixed with excess air.The mixture is dried and purified to remove
impurities such as arsenic compounds.
(d)Arsenic compounds found in sulphur will poison the catalyst in the converter, making the
catalyst ineffective.
(a)The mixture of sulphur dioxide and excess oxygen is passed through a converter.The sulphur
dioxide is oxidised to sulphur trioxide.
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(c)About 97% conversion occurs under these optimum conditions.
(a) The sulphur trioxide is first dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid to form a product
called oleum, H2S2O7
SO3(g) + H2SO4(aq) H2S2O7(l)
(b) Sulphur trioxide is not dissolved in water to form sulphuric acid.This is because reaction
between sulphur trioxide and water is very vigorous and produces a large amount of
heat.The reaction causes the production of a large cloud of sulphuric acid mist.The mist is
corrosive, pollutes the air and is difficult to condense.
(c) The oleum is then diluted with water to produce concentrated sulphuric acid of about
98%.
H2S2O7(l) + H2O(l) 2H2SO4(aq)
Sulphur
burns in air
Sulphur dioxide, SO2
O2V2O5,450°C, 1 atm
Sulphur trioxide, SO3
concentrated H2SO4
Oleum,H2S2O7
water
water
Sulphuric acid, H2SO4
Sulphur dioxide,SO2
Sulphuric acid, H2SO4 Oleum, H2S2O7
The manufacture of sulphuric acid, H2SO4 in the Contact Process
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Chemical
Formula: Molar
Oily H2SO4 mass
liquid 98 g mol-1
Melting
Highly point
corrosive 10oC
Boiling
Non- Properties point
volatile of
340oC
acid sulphuric
acid
Viscous
Diprotic
colourless
acid
liquid
Density
Dense
1.83g cm-3
Soluble in
water
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Uses of sulphuric acid
to manufacture fertilisers
to manufacture detergents
to clean metals
to manufacture plastics
There are many fertilizers that can be made of sulphuric acid. Some of them are:
a) Calcium hydrogen phosphate (superphosphate)
2 H2SO4(aq) + Ca3(PO4) 2 (s) → Ca(H2 PO4) 2 (aq)+ 2CaSO4 (s)
b) Ammonium sulphate
H2SO4
(aq) +2NH3(aq) → (NH4) 2 SO4(aq)
c) Potassium sulphate
H2SO4
(aq) +2KOH (aq) → K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
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sulphuric acid + potassium hydroxide solution→ Potassium sulphate
1) To manufacture paint pigments
The white pigment in paint is usually barium sulphate, BaSO4. The neutralization of
sulphuric acid and barium hydroxide produces barium sulphate.
H2SO4
(aq) + Ba(OH)2 (aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
2) To manufacture detergents
Sulphuric acid reacts with by-products of oil refining to form sulphonic acid.
Neutralising the sulphonic acid with an alkali produces detergents.
4) Cleaning metals
Before electroplating,sulphuric acid is used for cleaning metals to remove the surface
oxides.
5) Other chemicals
Sulphuric acid is used as other chemicals like pharmaceuticals,insectides, tartaric acid
and explosive.
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Manufacture of car batteries Manufacture of detergents Manufacture of fertilisers
Metallurgy
Fertilisers
Paint pigment
Detergents
Synthetic
Fibre
Plastics
Electrolytes
2) Acid rain occurs when there is sulphurous acid,sulphuric acid and nitric acid in the rain.
These strong acids will cause the pH of rain to fall between 2.4 and 5.0
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Environmental problems cause by acid rain
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(B) Ammonia and its salts
Manufacture of ammonia in industry
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The manufacture of ammonia,NH3 through the Haber Process.
Nitrogen and hydrogen are mixed according to the ratio 1 mole N2 : 3 moles H2.
The mixture is compressed to 200 atm and heated to a temperature of about 450°C
The mixture is then passed through layers of heated iron catalyst in a reactor.Ammonia is
produced.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
The reaction is reversible and the production of ammonia gives out heat.The high pressure
and iron catalyst speed up the rate of reaction.
The ammonia gas produced is liquefied ans separated to get a better yield.
The unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen are recycled and passed back into the reactor together
with the new source of nitrogen and hydrogen.About 98% of nitrogen and hydrogen are
converted into ammonia.
Ammonium fertilisers
Plants need nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium to grow.
Ammonium fertilisers contain ammonium ions.In the soil, the ammonium ions are converted
to nitrate ions by bacteria
Properties of ammonia
colourless gas
Physical
properties of
ammonia
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Chemical reaction of ammonia:
(a) Reacting as a base
Ammonia ionises partially in water and therefore is a weak base.
Uses of ammonia
To make fertilisers
- provide plants the nitrogen they need to grow
- these fertilisers are ammonium salts obtained from the neutralization of ammonia with
different acids. Examples:
(a) Ammonium phosphate
- reaction of ammonia with phosphoric acid produces ammonium phosphates
NH3(aq) + H3PO(aq) NH4H2PO4(aq)
2 NH3(aq) + H3PO(aq) (NH4)2HPO4(aq)
- good fertilisers because they provide two important nutrients,phosphorus and
nitrogen.
(d) Urea
- At a temperature of 200°C and a high pressure of 200 atm, ammonia reacts with
carbon dioxide to produce urea.
2NH3(g) + CO2(g) CO(NH2)2(s) + H2O(l)
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- used as a raw material for the manufacture of nitric acid in the Ostwad process.
- Liquid ammonia used as cooling agent
- used as an alkali to prevent the coagulation of latex
- Ammonia salts is used as smelling salts to revive people who have fainted
Preparation of ammonia
The chief commercial method of producing ammonia is by the Haber-Bosch process, which
involves the direct reaction of elemental hydrogen and elemental nitrogen.N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
This reaction requires the use of a catalyst, high pressure (100–1,000 atmospheres), and elevated
temperature (400–550 °C [750–1020 °F]). Actually, the equilibrium between the elements and
ammonia favours the formation of ammonia at low temperature, but high temperature is required
to achieve a satisfactory rate of ammonia formation. Several different catalysts can be utilized.
Normally the catalyst is iron containing iron oxide. However, both magnesium oxide on
aluminum oxide that has been activated by alkali metal oxides and ruthenium on carbon have
been employed as catalysts. In the laboratory, ammonia is best synthesized by the hydrolysis of a
metal nitride.Mg3N2 + 6H2O → 2NH3 + 3Mg(OH)2
(C) Alloys
Arrangement of atoms in metals
Pure metals
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High density
High melting
& boiling
Ductile
points
Physical
properties of
pure metals
Good
conductors of
heat and
Malleable
electricity
Pure metal is made up of one type of atoms,thus all atoms are of the same size.
In solid state ,the atoms in a pure metal are orderly arranged
and closely packed together.Thus,pure metals have high
densities.
Although the forces of attraction between the metal atoms are strong,they are not
rigid.Therefore when a force is applied,the layers of atoms can slide over one another.Thus
metals are ductile or can be stretched.
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Force
The arrangement of atoms in pure metals are not perfect.There are some empty spaces in
between the atoms.When a metal is knocked or pressed,groups of atoms may slide and then
settle into new position.So,metals are malleable.
Force
Pure metals are weak and soft due to their ductility and malleability
An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements with a certain fixed composition in which the
major component is a metal.
Pure metals are normally soft and easily oxidised.This is the reason why monuments or
statues are made of bronze(an alloy) and not copper(a pure metal).
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The aim of making alloy is:
(a) to increase the strength and hardness of a pure metal
(b) to increase the resistance to corrosion of a pure metal
(c) to improve the appearance of a pure metal
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(D) Synthetic Polymer
What are polymers?
Polymers are large long-chain molecules formed by joining together many identical repeating
sub-units called monomers.
Polymerisation is a process by which the monomers are joined together into chain-like
molecule called polymer.
Formation of polymer
Polymers
Natural Polymers
NATURAL POLYMER MONOMER
Rubber Isoprene
Cellulose Glucose
Starch Glucose
Protein Amino acid
Fat Fatty acid and glycerol
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Nucleic acid Nucleotides
Examples of natural polymers and their monomers
Synthetic Polymer
Addition polymerisation
- involves monomers with double bonds between the carbon atoms.
- During addition polymerisation, the double bonds between pairs of carbon atoms break
and the carbon atoms pf adjacent ethene molecules join together to form a molecule of
poly or polythene.
Condensation polymerisation
- involves the joining up of monomers with the formation of other smaller and simple
molecules.
Plastics
Plastics are the largest group of synthethic polymers with the following properties:
(a)Can be easily moulded
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(b)Low density
(c)Strong
(d)Inert to chemicals
(e)Insulator of heat and electricity
(f)Can be coloured
Synthetic fibre
Synthetic fibre are long-chain polymers which are not easily stretched and have high
strength.
Polynamides and polyester are two groups of synthetic polymers used as fibres for making
tekstil.
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Example of polynamide polymers is nylon.
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c) Make noticeboards
Terylene a) Make textile items such as clothes and cloths
(a) Synthetic polymers are not easily biodegradable,thus their waste will block or clog up the
drainage system,thereby causing flash flood.
(b) Waste plastics pollute the lake and river,making the water not suitable for aquatic
organisms to live in
The major component of glass is silica or silicon dioxide,SiO2 which can be found in sand.
Glass can made by heating a mixture of silicon dioxide and metal carbonates to a temperature
above 1500°C.
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Transparent
Physical
properties of
glass
Electrical Impermeable
insulator to liquid
Heat insulator
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Calcium oxide High thermal Flat glass
expansion Windowpanes
coefficient Mirrors
Does not Light bulbs
withstand heat Industrial and art
Cracks easily with objects.
sudden change in
temperature
Good chemical
durability
Easy to mould
and shape
Transparent to
visible light
Borosilicate glass Silicon dioxide Transparent to Cookware
Boron oxide visible light Laboratory
Sodium oxide resistant to glassware
Calcium oxide chemicals Automobile
Lower thermal headlights
expansion glass pipelines
coefficient Electrical tubes
Resistant to
thermal shock
Can withstand
wide range of
temperature
changes
Lead crystal glass Silicon dioxide Soft,easy to melt Tableware
Lead(II) oxide Transparent to Art objects
Sodium oxide visible light Crystals
High density Prisms
High reactive Lenses
index
Ceramics
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Very hard and
strong
Resist
compression Brittle
Properties of
ceramics
Chemically
Very high inert and does
melting point not corrode
Good insulator
of electricity
and heat
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Property Uses Examples
Hard and strong Building materials Tiles,bricks,roofs,cement,
abrasive for grinding
Attractive,easily moulded and Decorative pieces and Vases,porcelain ware,sinks,
glazed household items bathtubs
Chemically inert and non- Kitchenware Cooking pots,plates,bowls
corrosive
Very high melting point and Insulation Lining of furnace, engine
good insulator of heat parts
Electrical insulators Insulating parts in electrical Spark plugs,insulators in
appliances ovens and electrical cables
Inert and non-compressible Medical and dental apparatus Artificial teeth and bones
Hard and do
not bend
Common
properties of
glass and
Inert to ceramics
Brittle
chemicals
Good
Good heat electrical
insulators insulators
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`(F) Composite materials
A composite material is a structural material that is formed by combining two or more
different materials such as metals,alloys,glass,ceramics and polymers.
Reinforced concrete
Reinforced concrete is formed when concrete is reinforced with steel wire netting or steel
rods.
Essential for the construction of large structures like high-rise buildings,bridges and oil
platforms.
Has a greater strength than ordinary concrete and has higher resistance to impact.
Superconductors
capable of conducting electricity without any electrical resistance when they are cooled to an
extremely low temperature.
Fibre Optic
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consists of a bundle of glass or plastic threads that are surrounded by a glass cladding.
used to replace copper wire in long distance telephones lines,in mobile phones,video cameras
and to link computers within local area networks.
used in instruments for examining internal parts of the body or inspecting the interior of
manufactured structural products.
Fibre glass
produced when glass fibres are embedded in plastic resins to produce glass fibre reinforced
plastics.
has high tensile strength,can be easily coloured,moulded and shaped,inert to chemicals and is
low in density.
Photochromic glass
changes from transparent to coloured when it is exposed to ultraviolet light, and reverts to
transparency when the light is dimmed or blocked.
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Ammonia
Sulphuric Acid Manufactured by Haber
Manufactured by Contact process Synthetic Polymer
Manufactured by process
Temperature:450°C Temperature:450°C
Pressure: 1 atm polymerization.
Examples and uses: Pressure: 200 atm
Catalyst : V2O5 Catalyst : Fe
Uses:To make Polyethylene:Shopping bags
Polyvinyl chloride:Pipes Uses:To make fertilizers,
fertilizers,detergents, nitric acid,cooling agent,
electrolyte, and synthetic fibre polystyrene:Packaging
materials explosives
Perspex:Lenses
Nylon:Ropes,textile
Glass
Made from sand,SiO2
Types & uses:
Fused glass:Lenses
Soda-lime glass:mirror Ceramic
Borosilicate glass:Beaker Manufactured Substances in Made from clay,
Lead crystal glass: Glass Industry kaolinite,Al2O3.2SiO2.
crystals 2H2O
Properties and uses:
Hard & strong:Tiles,
bricks
Attractive:vases,
Composite materials
Alloys sinks
Made by combining two or more
Made from metal and Non-corrosive:
materials.Examples:
other elements.Examples Kitchenware
Reinforce concrete
and composition: High melting point:
Superconductors
Bronze:Copper & tin Furnace
Fibre optic
Brass:Copper & zinc Inert: Medical &
Fibreglass
Steel:Iron & carbon dental apparatus
Photochromic glass
Pewter:Tin,Copper &
Antimony
Stainless Steel:
Iron,carbon &
chronium
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First of all,I would like to thank the God for giving me blessings to complete this
folio just in time.Even I faced a lot of difficulties when doing this project,I managed to
overcome it by the God’s blessing .
Then, thanks to my chemistry teacher Mrs.Ng Phek Lan for being such a good
guider while doing this project.She had given us appropriate information about this
project in order to make us understand more about this project.
Also a great thanks to my friends and family members who tried their best to give
their support for me, either by giving me a lot of encouragement while doing this project
or helping me to gather the data required for the project.
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B.S.Mathiarasi
Eng Nguan Hong,Lim Eng Wah,Lim Yean Ching., 2009. Focus Ace SPM Chemistry.,
Penerbitan Pelnagi Sdn. Bhd., (page 261 – 287)
http://www.ravensdown.co.nz/Resources/Education/Properties+of+Sulphuric+Acid.htm
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/20940/ammonia/277712/Preparation-of-
ammonia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass
http://www.tutorvista.com/content/chemistry/chemistry-ii/metals/metalsindex.php
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