Professional Documents
Culture Documents
P14.2-1
L ⎡⎣ A f1 ( t ) ⎤⎦ = A F1 ( s ) ⎫
⎪ As
s ⎬ ⇒ F ( s ) = s2 + ω 2
f1 ( t ) = cos (ω t ) ⇒ F1 ( s ) = 2 2 ⎪
s +ω ⎭
P14.2-2
n! 1! 1
L ⎡⎣t n ⎤⎦ = F ( s ) = L ⎡⎣t1 ⎤⎦ = = 2
s n +1 s1+1
s
P14.2-3
Linearity: L ⎡⎣ a1 f1 ( t ) + a2 f 2 ( t ) ⎤⎦ = a1 F1 ( s ) + a2 F2 ( s )
Here a1 = a2 = 1
1
L ⎡⎣ f1 ( t ) ⎤⎦ = L ⎡⎣ e −3t ⎤⎦ = = F1 ( s )
s+3
1
L ⎡⎣ f 2 ( t ) ⎤⎦ = L[t ] = = F2 ( s )
s2
1 1
so F ( s ) = + 2
s +3 s
P14.2-4
f ( t ) = A (1− e − bt ) u ( t ) = A f1 (t )
f1 ( t ) = (1− e − bt ) u ( t ) = 1u ( t ) − e − bt u ( t ) = f 2 ( t ) + f 3 ( t )
1 −1
F2 ( s ) = , F3 ( s ) =
s s +b
⎡1 1 ⎤ Ab
∴ F ( s ) = AF1 ( s ) = A ⎡⎣ F2 ( s ) + F3 ( s ) ⎤⎦ = A ⎢ − ⎥ =
⎣ s s +b ⎦ s ( s +b )
1
Section 14-3: Impulse Function and Time Shift Property
P14.3-1
f ( t ) = A ⎡⎣u ( t ) − u ( t −T ) ⎤⎦
A Ae − sT
F ( s ) = AL ⎡⎣u ( t ) ⎤⎦ − AL ⎡⎣u ( t −T ) ⎤⎦ = − =A
(1−e − sT
)
s s s
P14.3-2
f ( t ) = ⎡⎣u ( t ) −u ( t −T ) ⎤⎦ e at ⇒ F ( s ) = L ⎡⎣ eat ⎡⎣u ( t ) −u ( t −T ) ⎤⎦ ⎤⎦
1− e − sT ⎫
L ⎣⎡u ( t ) −u ( t −T ) ⎤⎦ = ⎪ 1− e( s − a )T
s ⎬ ⇒ F ( )
s =
L ⎡⎣e g ( t ) ⎤⎦ =G ( s − a )
at ⎪ ( s −a )
⎭
P14.3-3
(a) 2
F (s) =
( s +3)
3
(b) f ( t ) = δ ( t −T ) ⇒ F ( s ) = e − sT L ⎡⎣δ ( t ) ⎤⎦ = e− sT
(c) 5 5 5
F (s) = = = 2
( s + 4 ) +( 5 )
2 2
( s + 8 s + 16 ) + 25 s + 8 s + 41
2
P14.3-4
g ( t ) = e − t u ( t − 0.5 ) = e − ( t + (0.5− 0.5) )u ( t − 0.5 ) = e −0.5 e − (t −0.5)u ( t − 0.5 )
P14.3-5
− sT
⎡ t −T ⎤ ⎡ t ⎤ e e − sT
L ⎢− u ( t − T ) ⎥ = e− sT L ⎢ − u ( t ) ⎥ = L ⎡⎣ − t u ( t ) ⎤⎦ = − 2
⎣ T ⎦ ⎣ T ⎦ T Ts
1
P14.3-6
⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞
f ( t ) = ⎜ − t + 5 ⎟ u ( t ) − ⎜ − ( t − 4.2 ) ⎟ u ( t − 4.2 )
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
⎛ 5 5 ⎞ −4.2 s ⎛ 5 ⎞ 15 s + 5 ( e − 1)
−4.2 s
F (s) = ⎜ − 2 + ⎟ − e ⎜ − 2 ⎟
=
⎝ 3s s⎠ ⎝ 3s ⎠ 3 s2
P14.3-7
2
∞ 3 e − st 3(1−e −2 s )
F (s) = ∫0 f (t ) e dt = ∫ 0 3 e dt =
− st 2 − st
=
−s 0
s
P14.3-8
⎧5 2 t 0<t < 2
f (t ) = ⎨
⎩0 otherwise
5 5 5 5
f (t ) = t ⎣⎡u ( t ) −u ( t − 2 ) ⎦⎤ = t u ( t ) − t u ( t − 2 ) = ⎡⎣t u ( t ) −( t − 2 )u ( t − 2 )− 2u (t − 2) ⎤⎦
2 2 2 2
5⎡ 1 e −2 s
2e ⎤ 5 1
−2 s
∴F ( s ) = L ⎡⎣ f ( t ) ⎤⎦ = ⎢ 2 − 2 − ⎥ = ⎡1− e−2 s − 2se−2 s ⎤⎦
2 ⎣
2⎣s s s ⎦ 2 s
2
Section 14-4: Inverse Laplace Transform
P14.4-1
s +3 s +3 A Bs + C
F (s) = = = + 2
s + 3s + 6s + 4 ( s +1) ⎡( s +1) + 3⎤ s +1 s + 2 s + 4
3 2 2
⎣ ⎦
where
s +3 2
A= =
( s +1) +3
2
s =−1 3
Then
2
( s + 3) = 3 + 2
Bs +C 2 ⎛4 ⎞ 8
⇒ ( s +3) = ( + B) s 2 + ⎜ + B + C ⎟ s + + C
( s +1) ( s + 2s + 4 ) s +1 s + 2s + 4
2
3 ⎝3 ⎠ 3
Then
2 2 1 2 2 1
− s+ − ( s +1) 3
F (s) = 3 + 3 3 = 3 + 3 + 3
s +1 ( s +1)2 + 3 s +1 ( s +1)2 + 3 ( s +1)2 + 3
2 −t 2 −t 1 −t
f (t ) = e − e cos 3t + e sin 3 t , t ≥ 0
3 3 3
1
P14.4-2
s 2 −2s + 1 s 2 − 2s + 1 a a* b
F ( s) = = = + +
s + 3s + 4s + 2 ( s +1) ( s +1− j )( s +1+ j ) s +1− j s +1+ j s +1
3 2
where
s 2 − 2 s +1
b= =4
( s +1) +1 s =−1
2
s 2 − 2s +1 3− j 4 3
a= = =− + j 2
( s +1) ( s +1+ j ) s =−1+ j −2 2
3
a* = − − j 2
2
Then
3 3
− + j2 − − j2
4
F (s) = 2 + 2 +
s +1− j s +1+ j s +1
Next
⎛ ⎞
5 ⎜ 2 ⎟
m= ( −3 2 )2 + ( 2 ) = and θ = tan −1 ⎜ = 126.9°
2
2 3⎟
⎜− ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
From Equation 14.5-8
f ( t ) = ⎡⎣5 e− t cos ( t + 127° ) + 4 e −t ⎤⎦ u ( t )
P14.4-3
5 s −1 A B C
F ( s) = = + +
( s +1) ( s − 2 ) s +1 ( s +1) s −2
2 2
5 s −1 5 s −1
where B= = 2 and C = =1
s −2 ( s +1)
2
s =−1 s=2
d ⎡ −9
A= ( s +1) F ( s ) ⎤ = = −1
2
Then
ds ⎣ ⎦ s =−1
( s −2)
2
s =−1
−1 2 1
Finally F (s) = + + ⇒ f ( t ) = ⎡⎣ −e − t + 2 t e −t + e 2t ⎤⎦ u ( t )
s +1 ( s +1) 2
s−2
2
P14.4-4
1 1 A Bs +C
Y (s) = = = +
( s +1) ( s + 2s + 2 ) ( s +1) ⎡⎣( s +1) + 1⎤⎦ s +1 ( s +1)2 +1
2 2
1
where A= =1
s + 2s + 2
2
s =−1
Next
1 1 Bs +C
= + 2 ⇒ 1 = s 2 + 2s + 2 + ( Bs + C ) ( s + 1)
( )(
s +1 s +
2
2 s + 2 ) s + 1 s + 2 s + 2
⇒ 1 = ( B +1) s 2 + ( B + C + 2 ) s + C + 2
Equating coefficients:
s 2 : 0 = B + 1 ⇒ B = −1
s : 0 = B + C + 2 ⇒ C =−1
1 s +1
Finally Y (s) = − ⇒ y ( t ) = ⎡⎣e − t − e− t cos t ⎤⎦ u ( t )
s +1 ( s +1)2 +1
P14.4-5
2( s + 3) 1 −( s +1) 2
F (s) = = + +
( s +1) ( s 2
+ 2 s +5) s +1 ( s +1) + 4 ( s +1)2 + 4
2
P14.4-6
2( s+3) A B C
F (s) = = + +
s( s+1) ( s + 2 ) s s +1 s + 2
where
2( s + 3 ) 2( s + 3)
A = sF ( s ) s =0 = = 3, B = ( s +1) F ( s ) s =−1 = =−4
( s +1) ( s + 2 ) s =0 s( s + 2 ) s =−1
and
2( s + 3)
( s + 2 ) F ( s ) s = −2 = = C =1
s ( s +1) s =−2
Finally
3 −4
f ( t ) = ( 3 − 4e− t + e−2t ) u ( t )
1
F (s) = + + ⇒
s s +1 s + 2
3
P14.4-7
cs + ( ca −ω d ) 1 ⎡ c + jd c − jd ⎤
F (s) = = +
( s + a ) +ω 2
2
2 ⎣ s + a − jω s + a + jω ⎥⎦
⎢
1 ⎡ me jθ me − jθ ⎤
= ⎢ + ⎥ where m = c 2 + d 2 , θ = tan −1 d
2⎣ + − ω
s a j s + + ω⎦
a j c
P14.4-8
(a) 8s −3 1 2( 8s −3)
F (s) = = ×
s 2 + 4 s +13 2 ( s + 2 )2 + 9
−3−( 8 )( 2 )
∴ a = 2, c =8, ω =3 & ca −ω d =−3 ⇒ d = = 7.33
−3
⎛ 6.33 ⎞
∴ θ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ =38.4 , m = ( 8 ) +( 6.33) =10.85
° 2 2
⎝ 8 ⎠
⇒ f ( t ) =10.85 e−2 t cos( 3 t + 42.5 ) u ( t )
(b)
Given F ( s ) =
3e − s
, first consider F1 ( s ) = 2
3 1
= ×
( 2( 3) ) .
s + 2s +17
2
s + 2s +17 2 ( s +1)2 +16
⎛ −3 4 ⎞
Identify a =1, c =0, ω = 4 and −ω d =3 ⇒ d =−3 4. Then m =|d |=3 4, θ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟=−90°
⎝ 0 ⎠
So f1 (t ) = (3 4)e −t sin 4t u ( t ) . Next, F ( s ) = e− s F1 ( s ) ⇒ f ( t ) = f1 ( t −1) . Finally
P14.4-9
(a) s 2 −5 A B C
F (s) = = + +
s ( s +1) s s +1 ( s +1)2
2
where
−5 1−5
A = sF ( s ) |s =0 = = −5 and C = ( s +1) F ( s ) |s = −1 = =4
2
1 −1
s 2 − 5 = −5 ( s +1) + Bs ( s +1) + 4s ⇒ B = 6
2
4
Then
−5 6 4
F (s) = + +
s s +1 ( s +1)2
Finally
f ( t ) = ( −5 + 6 e − t + 4 t e − t ) , t≥0
(b) 4s 2 A B C
F (s) = = + +
( s + 3)
3
( s +3) ( s +3) ( s+3)3
2
where
1 d2 ⎡ d ⎡
2 ⎣(
A= s + 3) F ( s ) ⎤ = 4, B = ( s + 3) F ( s ) ⎤ = −24
3 3
2 ds ⎦ s =−3 ds ⎣ ⎦ s =−3
and
C = ( s +3) F ( s ) s =−3 = 36
3
Then
4 −24 36
F (s) = + +
( s + 3 ) ( s + 3 ) ( s + 3 )3
2
Finally
f ( t ) = ( 4 − 24 t + 18t 2 ) e−3t , t≥0
5
Section 14-5: Initial and Final Value Theorems
P14.5-1
(a) 2 s 2 −3s + 4 2s 2
f ( 0 ) = lim sF ( s ) = lim = 2 =2
s →∞ s +3s + 2
2
s →∞ s
(b) 4
f ( ∞ ) = lim sF ( s ) = = 2
s →0 2
P14.5-2
Initial value: s( s +16 ) s 2 + 16 s
v ( 0 ) = lim sV ( s ) = lim = lim =1
s →∞ s →∞ s 2 + 4 s + 12 s →∞ s 2 + 4s + 12
P14.5-3
Initial value: s 2 +10 s
v(0) = lim sV ( s) = lim = 0
s →∞ s →∞ 3 s3 + 2 s 2 + s
P14.5-4
Initial value: −2 s 2 −14s
f ( 0 ) = lim s F ( s ) = lim = −2
s →∞
s →∞ s 2 − 2s + 10
Final value: F(s) is not stable because Re { pi } > 0 since pi = 1 ± 3 j . No final value of
f ( t ) exists.
14-1
Section 14-6: Solution of Differential Equations Describing a Circuit
P14.6-1
KVL:
di 4
50 i + 0.001 + v = 2 e −2×10 t for t ≥ 0
dt
The capacitor current and voltage are related
by
i = ( 2.5 × 10−6 )
dv 4
v1 = 2 e −2×10 t V , i (0) = 1 A, v (0) = 8 V
dt
2
50 I ( s ) + 0.001 [ s I ( s ) − i (0) ] + V ( s ) =
s + 2×104
I ( s ) = ( 2.5 ×10−6 ) ⎡⎣ sV ( s ) − v( 0 ) ⎤⎦
Then
23 15 22 15 1⎡
I (s) = − + + ⇒ i (t ) = −10 e −10 t + 3e −2x10 t + 22 e −4x10 t ⎤ u ( t ) A
4 4 4
s +10 4
s + 2×10 s + 4 × 104
4
15⎣ ⎦
14-1
P14.6-2
We are given v ( t ) = 160 cos 400 t .
The capacitor is initially uncharged, so
v C ( 0 ) = 0 V . Then
s I ( s ) − i (0) + (1010 ) I ( s ) =
1600s
−
( 6.4×10 ) ( 400 )
2
s 2 +( 400 ) s 2 +( 400 )
2 2
so
160 1600s − 2.5×107
I ( s) = +
s + 1010 ( s + 1010 ) ⎡⎣ s 2 + (400) 2 ⎤⎦
Next
1600s − 2.5×107 A B B*
= + +
( s + 1010 ) ⎡⎣ s 2 + (400)2 ⎤⎦ s + 1010 s + j 400 s − j 400
where
1600 s − 2.5×107
A = = − 23.1 ,
s 2 + ( 400 )
2
s = −1010
Then
136.9 11.5− j 27.2 11.5 + j 27.2
I (s) = + +
s + 1010 s + j 400 s − j 400
Finally
i ( t ) = 136.9e −1010t + 2 (11.5 ) cos 400t − 2 ( 27.2 ) sin 400t for t > 0
= 136.9e −1010t + 23.0 cos 400t − 54.4sin 400t for t > 0
14-2
P14.6-3
vC (0) = 0
vc +15×103 i = 10 cos 2t ⎫
⎪ d vc
⎛ 1 −3 ⎞ d vc ⎬ ⇒ + 2 vc = 20 cos 2t
i = ⎜ ×10 ⎟ ⎪ dt
⎝ 30 ⎠ dt ⎭
s 20s A B B*
sVC ( s ) − vC ( 0 ) + 2VC ( s ) = 20 ⇒ VC( )
s = = + +
s2+ 4 ( s + 2 )( s 2 + 4 ) s + 2 s + j 2 s − j 2
where
20 s −40 20s 5 5 5 5 5
A= = = −5, B = = = + j and B* = − j
s2 +4 s = −2 8 ( s + 2 )( s − j 2 ) s = − j2
1− j 2 2 2 2
Then
5 5 5 5
+j −j
−5 2 2 2 2
VC ( s ) = + + ⇒ vC ( t ) = −5e−2t + 5 ( cos 2t + sin 2t ) V
s+2 s+ j2 s− j2
P14.6-4
diL d vc
−vc + 12i L + 2 = −8 and i L = −C
dt dt
8
−Vc ( s ) + 12 I L ( s ) + 2 ⎡⎣ sI L ( s ) −iL ( 0 ) ⎤⎦ = −
s
I L ( s ) = − C ⎡⎣ sVc ( s ) − vc ( 0 ) ⎤⎦
vc (0) = 0, iL (0) = 0
14-3
Solving yields
4C
Vc ( s ) =
⎛ C⎞
s ⎜ s 2 + 6s + ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
1 72 a b c
(a) C = F Vc ( s ) = = + +
s ( s + 3) s s + 3 ( s + 3)2
2
18
8 −8 −24
a = 8, b = −8, and c = −24 ⇒ Vc ( s ) = + +
s s + 3 ( s + 3)2
vc ( t ) = 8 − 8 e−3t − 24 t e−3t V, t ≥ 0
1 40 a b c
(b) C = F Vc ( s ) = = + +
10 s ( s +1) ( s +5 ) s s +1 s + 5
8 −10 2
a = 8, b = −10, and c = 2 ⇒ VC ( s ) = + +
s s +1 s + 5
vc ( t ) = 8 − 10 e−t + 2 e−5t V, t ≥ 0
P14.6-5
vc (0− ) = 10 V, i L ( 0− ) = 0 A
i = ( 5 × 10−6 )
d vc di
and 400 i + 1 + vc = 0
dt dt
so
1 −200t
i (t ) = − e sin ( 400t ) u ( t ) A
40
14-4
P14.6-6
After the switch opens, apply KCL and KVL to
get
⎛ d ⎞
R1 ⎜ i ( t ) + C v ( t ) ⎟ + v ( t ) = Vs
⎝ dt ⎠
d
v (t ) = L i (t ) + R 2 i (t )
dt
⎛ d⎛ d ⎞⎞ d
R1 ⎜ i ( t ) + C ⎜ L i ( t ) + R 2 i ( t ) ⎟ ⎟ + L i ( t ) + R 2 i ( t ) = Vs
⎝ dt ⎝ dt ⎠⎠ dt
d2
then R 1 C L 2 i ( t ) + R1 C R 2 + L
dt
( d
dt
) (
i ( t ) + R1 + R 2 i ( t ) = Vs )
Dividing by R1 C L :
d2 ⎛ R1 C R 2 + L ⎞ d ⎛ R1 + R 2 ⎞ Vs
i ( t ) + ⎜
⎜ R1 C L ⎟ dt
⎟ i ( t ) + ⎜
⎜ R1 C L ⎟
⎟ i ( t ) =
dt 2 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ R1 C L
d2 d
With the given values: 2
i ( t ) + 25 i ( t ) + 156.25 i ( t ) = 125
dt dt
⎡ 2 ⎛d ⎞⎤ 125
⎢ s I ( s ) − ⎜ dt i ( 0 + ) + s i ( 0 + ) ⎟ ⎥ + 25 ⎡⎣ s I ( s ) − i ( 0 + ) ⎤⎦ + 156.25 I ( s ) = s
⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
9
v (0 −) = 20 = 14.754 V
9 + (16 || 4 )
d d v ( 0 + ) 9 i ( 0 + ) 14.754 9 ( 0.328 )
v (t ) = L i (t ) + R2 i (t ) ⇒ i (0 +) = + = + = 29.508
dt dt 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
Substituting these initial conditions into the Laplace transformed differential equation gives
35 1 35 1
s I ( s ) − i(0) + 2 I ( s) = ⇒ I ( s) =
4 s +6 4 ( s + 2)( s + 6)
1 A B 1 1 1 1
= + where A = = and B = =−
( s + 2) ( s + 6) s + 2 s + 6 s+6 s =−2 4 s + 2 s = −6 4
Then
35 1 35 1 35 35
I (s) = − ⇒ i (t ) = e −2t − e −6 t A, t ≥ 0
16 s + 2 16 s + 6 16 16
P14.6-8
1 d v1 v 2 − v1 d v1
= ⇒ 2 v1 + = 2 v2
48 dt 24 dt
v 2 − 50 cos 2 t v 2 − v1 v2 1 d v2 d v2
+ + + = 0 ⇒ − v1 + 3 v 2 + = 60 cos 2t
20 24 30 24 dt dt
Take the Laplace transforms of these equations, using v1 (0) = 10 V and v2 (0) = 25 V , to get
A A* B C
V2 ( s ) = + + +
s + j 2 s − j 2 s +1 s + 4
where
25s 3 +120 s 2 + 220 s + 240 −240 − j 240
A = = = 6 + j6
( s +1) ( s + 4 ) ( s − j 2 ) s =− j 2 −40
A* = 6 − j 6
25s 3 +120 s 2 + 220 s + 240 115 23
B = = =
( s2 +4) ( s +4) s =−1 15 3
25s 3 +120 s 2 + 220 s + 240 −320 16
C = = =
( s 2 + 4 ) ( s +1) s =−4 −60 3
Then
6+ j 6 6− j 6 23 3 16 3
V2 ( s ) = + + +
s + j 2 s − j 2 s +1 s + 4
Finally
23 − t 16 −4t
v2 (t ) = 12 cos 2 t + 12sin 2 t + e + e V t≥0
3 3
Section 14-7: Circuit Analysis Using Impedance and Initial Conditions
P14.7-1
6
− 0.010
1.2 − 0.002 s .003 .005
I L (s) = s = = −
5s + 2000 s( s + 400) s s + 400
⎧−2 mA t <0
iL (t ) = ⎨ −400 t
⎩ 3−5e mA t >0
P14.7-2
10 8
VL ( s ) −
0=
V
s + VL ( s ) + L ( s ) − ( − .015 ) ⇒ V ( s) = 3
L
2000 4000 5s 800
s+
3
8
V ( s ) + 0.15 15 0.003 0.005 0.002
I L (s) = L = + = −
5s ⎛ 800 ⎞ s s s+
800
s ⎜ s+ ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠ 3
800
− t
iL (t ) = 5 − 2e 3
mA, t > 0
14-1
P14.7-3
8
Vc ( s ) −
0.006 Vc ( s ) s =0
− + +
s 2000 106
.5s
6000 ⎛ 8⎞
− + 500Vc ( s ) + 0.5s ⎜ Vc ( s ) − ⎟ = 0
s ⎝ s⎠
8 s + 12000 12 4
Vc ( s ) = = −
s ( s +1000) s s +1000
Vc (t ) = 12 − 4e −1000t V, t > 0
P14.7-4
6
Vc ( s ) −
s + Vc ( s ) + ⎛ 0.5s ⎞ ⎛ V ( s ) − 8 ⎞ = 0
⎜ ⎟⎜ c ⎟
2000 4000 ⎝ 106 ⎠ ⎝ s⎠
⎛ 6⎞ ⎛ 8⎞
500 ⎜ Vc ( s) − ⎟ + 250Vc ( s ) + 0.5s ⎜ Vc ( s ) − ⎟ = 0
⎝ s⎠ ⎝ s⎠
6000 + 8s 4 4
Vc ( s ) = = +
s ( s + 1500 ) s s + 1500
vc (t ) = 4 + 4e−1500t V, t > 0
14-2
P14.7-5
Node equations:
Va ( s ) − VC ( s ) Va ( s ) 1 6 6
+ = ⇒ Va ( s ) = VC ( s ) +
s 6 s s+6 s+6
⎛ 6 6 ⎞
VC ( s ) −
6 VC ( s ) − ⎜ VC ( s ) + ⎟
s+3 + ⎝ s+6 s+6⎠ 1 s 3
+ + VC ( s ) − = 0
4 s s 4 2
14-3
P14.7–6
14-4
P14.7-7
Here are the equations describing the coupled coils:
di1 di
v1 (t ) = L1 +M 2 ⇒ V1 ( s ) = 3 ( s I1 ( s) − 2 ) + ( sI 2 ( s) − 3) = 3s I1 ( s) + sI 2 ( s) − 9
dt dt
di di
v2 (t ) = L2 2 + M 1 ⇒ V2 ( s ) = s( I1 ( s ) − 2 ) + 2( sI 2 ( s) −3) = sI1 ( s) + 2sI 2 ( s ) − 8
dt dt
5 5
= 2 ( I1 ( s ) + I 2 ( s ) ) + V1 = 2 ( I1 ( s ) + I 2 ( s ) ) + 3s I1 ( s ) + sI 2 ( s ) − 9 ⇒ ( 3s + 2 ) I1 + ( s + 2 ) I 2 = 9 +
s s
V1 ( s ) = V2 ( s ) + 1I 2 ( s ) ⇒ 3s I1 ( s ) + sI 2 ( s ) − 9 = sI1 ( s ) + 2 sI 2 ( s ) − 8+ I 2 ( s ) ⇒ 2 s I1 − ( s +1) I 2 =1
P14.7-8
t<0
6 I 1 ( s ) + 6 ( I 1 ( s ) − I 2 ( s )) + 6 I 1 ( s ) +
12 2 2
=0 ⇒ I1 (s) = I 2 (s) −
s 3 3s
14-5
⎛ 2⎞
I 2 ( s ) − − 6 ( I 1 ( s ) − I 2 ( s )) = 0 ⇒ ⎜ 6 + ⎟ I 2 ( s ) − 6 I 1 ( s ) =
2 6 6
s s ⎝ s⎠ s
vo ( t ) = − ( 4 + 2 e − t / 2 ) V for t > 0
P14.7-9
t<0
frequency domain
time domain
14-6
P14.7-10
Steady-state for t<0:
⎛ 1 ⎞ 18 6 −6
I (s)⎜ 2 + ⎟ + − = 0 ⇒ I (s) =
⎝ Cs⎠ s s 1
s+
2C
⎛ ⎞
1 18 1 ⎜ −6 ⎟ 18 −12 12 18 12 6
Vo ( s ) = I (s) + = ⎜ ⎟ + = + + = +
Cs s Cs ⎜ s + 1 ⎟ s s s+
1 s s+ 1 s
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2C ⎠ 2C 2C
vo ( t ) = 6 + 12 e− t / 2C V for t > 0
1
Comparing this to the given equation for vo(t), we see that 2 = ⇒ C = 0.25 F .
2C
14-7
P14.7-11
We will determine Vo ( s ) , the Laplace transform of the output, twice, once from the given
equation and once from the circuit. From the given equation for the output, we have
10 5
Vo ( s ) = +
s s + 100
Next, we determine Vo ( s ) from the circuit. For t ≥ 0 , we represent the circuit in the frequency
domain using the Laplace transform. To do so we need to determine the initial condition for the
capacitor.
v (0 +) = v (0 −) = 3 V
Now we can represent the circuit in the frequency domain, using Laplace transforms.
R2 106
1+ = 5 ⇒ R 2 = 4 kΩ and = 100 ⇒ R1 = 10 kΩ
1000 R1
P14.7-12
For t < 0, The input is constant. At steady state,
the capacitor acts like an open circuit and the
inductor acts like a short circuit.
vC ( 0 − ) = 0 and i L ( 0 − ) = B
A + B VC ( s ) B VC ( s )
= + + + C sV C ( s )
s R s Ls
so
A L s + R + R L C s2
= VC ( s )
s RLs
Then
A
AR L
VC ( s ) = = C
R L C s + L s + R s2 +
2
1
s+
1
RC LC
and
A
VC ( s ) B LC B
I L (s) = + = +
Ls s ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ s
s ⎜ s2 + s+ ⎟
⎝ RC LC ⎠
1
a.) When R = 2 Ω, L = 4.5 H, C = F, A = 5 mA and B = −2 mA , then
9
5 40
10 −2 3
I L (s) = + = + 7 − 7
s ( s + 4.5 s + 2 ) s
2
s s+4 s+ 1
2
Taking the inverse Laplace transform gives
5 5
i L ( t ) = 3 + e − 4 t − e − 0.5 t mA for t ≥ 0
7 7
25 −2 25 −2 ⎛1 5 1 ⎞
I L (s) = + = + = − ⎜ + + ⎟
s ( s 2 + 10 s + 25 ) s s ( s + 5) ⎜ s ( s + 5)2 s + 5 ⎟
2
s ⎝ ⎠
i L ( t ) = − (1 + 5 t e − 5 t − e − 5 t ) mA for t ≥ 0
+ R ( I L ( s ) − I C ( s )) − = 0
AL A
L s I L (s) −
2R s
+ R ( I L ( s ) − I C ( s )) = 0
1 A
I C (s) −
Cs 2s
Or, in matrix form
⎛ AL A⎞
⎛Ls+ R −R ⎞ ⎜ + ⎟
⎜ ⎟⎛ I L (s)⎞ = ⎜ 2 R s ⎟
1 ⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎜ −R
⎜ R+ ⎟ ⎝ I C ( s ) ⎟⎠ ⎜ A ⎟
⎝ Cs⎠ ⎜ − 2s ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ A⎞ ⎛ AL A⎞
( L s + R)⎜ − ⎟ + R⎜ + ⎟
A
I C (s) = ⎝ 2s ⎠ ⎝ 2R s ⎠ = 2L
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 1
( L s + R ) ⎜ R + ⎟ − R2 s2 +
RC
s+
LC
⎝ Cs⎠
1
a.) When R = 3 Ω, L = 2 H, C = F and A = 12 V ,
24
3 3
3 2
I C (s) = 2 = = 4 − 4 .
s + 8 s + 12 ( s + 2 )( s + 6 ) s + 2 s + 8
⎛3 3 ⎞
i C ( t ) = ⎜ e− 2t − e− 6t ⎟ u ( t ) A
⎝4 4 ⎠
1
b.) R = 2 Ω, L = 2 H, C = F and A = 12 V ,
8
3 3
I C (s) = 2 =
s + 4 s + 4 ( s + 2 )2
i C (t ) = 3 t e− 2t u ( t ) A
1
c.) R = 10 Ω, L = 2 H, C = F and A = 12 V
40
3 3 3 4
I C (s) = = = ×
s + 4 s + 20 ( s + 2 ) + 16 4 ( s + 2 )2 + 16
2 2
3 − 2t
iC (t ) = e sin ( 4 t ) u ( t ) A
4
va = −v(t)
⎛ 12 − v ( t ) ⎞ v ( t ) ⎛ 3 ⎞
−⎜ ⎟+ + ⎜ − v (t ) ⎟ = 0
⎝ 8 ⎠ 4 ⎝ 4 ⎠ v ( 0 + ) = v ( 0 − ) = −4 V
−12 + v ( t ) + 2 v ( t ) − 6 v ( t ) = 0 ⇒ v ( t ) = −4 V
6
V (s) −
s + V ( s ) + 3 s ⎛ V ( s ) + 4 ⎞ = 0.75 V ( s )
⎜ ⎟
8 4 40 ⎝ s⎠
Solving gives
10 10 4 −2 2 4 ⎛1 1 ⎞
( s − 5)V ( s ) = − 4 ⇒ V (s) = − = + − = −2 ⎜ + ⎟
s s ( s − 5) s − 5 s s − 5 s − 5 ⎝ s s−5⎠
v ( t ) = −2 (1 + e5 t ) V for t ≥ 0
2−0
i (0 −) = = 0.04 mA
10 × 103 + 40 × 103
and
12 1.6
VC ( s ) − VC ( s ) −
s + s + V C ( s ) = 0 ⇒ 4 ⎛ V ( s ) − 12 ⎞ + 0.08 s ⎛ V ( s ) − 1.6 ⎞ + V ( s ) = 0
0.5 × 10 ⎜ C ⎟ ⎜ C ⎟ C
10 × 10 3 6
40 × 103 ⎝ s ⎠ ⎝ s ⎠
s
48 80 s + 48 1.6 s + 600 9.6 −8
V C ( s )( 0.08 s + 5 ) = + 0.128 ⇒ V C ( s ) = = = +
s s ( 0.08 s + 5 ) s ( s + 62.5 ) s s + 62.5
32 30
v (0 −) = 5− 5 = 0.25 V
32 + 96 120 + 30
and
v ( 0 + ) = v ( 0 − ) = 0.25 V
⎛ 32 ⎞ 20 ⎛ 30 ⎞ 20 5 − 4 1
V oc ( s ) = ⎜ ⎟ −⎜ ⎟ = = V
⎝ 32 + 96 ⎠ s ⎝ 120 + 30 ⎠ s s s
Z t = ( 96 || 32 ) + (120 || 30 ) = 24 + 24 = 48 Ω
1 0.25
−
I (s) = s s = 0.75
80 48 s + 80
48 +
s
Mesh Equations:
4 ⎛ 1 ⎞
− − I C ( s ) − 6 ( I ( s ) + I C ( s )) = 0 ⇒ − = ⎜ 6 + ⎟ I C ( s ) + 6 I ( s )
4 1
s 2s s ⎝ 2s ⎠
6 ( I ( s ) − I C ( s )) + 3 I ( s ) + 4 I C ( s ) = 0 ⇒ I ( s ) = − I C ( s )
10
9
Solving for I C(s):
4 ⎛ 2 1 ⎞ 6
− = ⎜ − + ⎟ I C (s) ⇒ I C (s) =
s ⎝ 3 2s ⎠ s−
3
4
24
So Vo(s) is Vo ( s ) = 4 I C ( s ) =
3
s−
4
Back in the time domain:
v o ( t ) = 24 e0.75t u (t ) V for t ≥ 0
P14.7-18
KVL:
8 ⎛ 20 ⎞
+ 4 = ⎜ + 8 + 4s ⎟ I L ( s )
s ⎝ s ⎠
so
I L (s) =
2+ s
=
( s + 1) + 1
s + 2 s + 5 ( s + 1) 2 + 4
2
⎛ 1 ⎞
i L ( t ) = ⎜ e − t cos 2 t + e − t sin 2 t ⎟ u ( t ) A
⎝ 2 ⎠
Section 14-8: Transfer Function and Impedance
P14.8-1
R1
Z2 C1s R1 R2
H (s) = where Z1 = = and Z 2 =
Z1 + Z 2 R1 +
1 R1C1s + 1 R2C2 s +1
C1s
R2(τ 1 s + 1)
Let τ 1 = R1C1 and τ 2 = R2C2 then H ( s ) =
R1 (τ 2 s + 1) + (τ 1 s + 1) R2
R2(τ s + 1) R2
When τ 2 = τ 2 = τ ⇒ H ( s ) = = = constant, as required.
( R1 + R2 ) (τ s + 1) R1 + R2
∴ we require R1C 1 = R2C2
P14.8-2
1
Let Z1 = R + and Z 2 = R + Ls then the input impedance is
Cs
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ L⎞ ⎞
⎜ R + ⎟( R + Ls ) ⎜ LCs 2 + ⎜ RC + ⎟ s +1 ⎟
Z (s) = 1 2 = ⎝
ZZ Cs ⎠ ⎝ R⎠
= R⎜ ⎟
Z1 + Z 2 1
R + + R + Ls ⎜ LCs 2
+ 2 RCs +1 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
Cs ⎝ ⎠
L
Now require : RC + = 2 RC ⇒ L = R 2C then Z = R
R
P14.8-3
The transfer function is
R2 1
R 2 C s +1 R1 C
H (s) = =
R2 R1 + R 2
R1 + s+
R 2 C s +1 R1 R 2 C
Using R1 = 2 Ω, R 2 = 8 Ω and C = 5 F
gives
0.1
H (s) =
s + 0.125
1
⎡ H ( s)⎤ ⎡ ⎤
L -1 ⎢ ⎥ = L -1 ⎢ 0.1 ⎥ = L -1 ⎢⎡ 0.8 − 0.8 ⎥⎤ = 0.8 1− e−0.125 t u (t ) V ( )
⎢ s ⎥ ⎢ s ( s + 0.125)⎥ ⎢⎣ s s + 0.125 ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
12 12
H ( s ) = L ⎡⎣12 t e −4 t u ( t ) ⎤⎦ = =
( s + 4) s + 8s + 16
2 2
3 ⎛3 ⎞ 3
12 = ( s + 4) − 3s + ks ( s + 4) = ⎜⎜ + k ⎟⎟⎟ s 2 + (3 + 4k ) s + 12 ⇒ k = −
2
4 ⎜⎝ 4 ⎠ 4
The step response is
⎡ H ( s ) ⎤ ⎛ 3 −4 t ⎛ ⎞⎞
L −1 ⎢ ⎥ = ⎜⎜ − e ⎜⎜3 t + 3 ⎟⎟⎟⎟ u (t ) V
⎢ s ⎥ ⎜⎝ 4
⎣ ⎦
⎜⎝ 4 ⎠⎟⎟⎠
P14.8-5
The transfer function can also be calculated form the circuit itself. The circuit can be represented
in the frequency domain as
We can save ourselves some work be noticing that the 10000 ohm resistor, the resistor labeled R
and the op amp comprise a non-inverting amplifier. Thus
⎛ R ⎞⎟
Va ( s ) = ⎜⎜1 +
⎜⎝ 10000 ⎠⎟⎟ c ( )
V s
2
Vc ( s ) −Vi ( s ) Vo ( s ) −Va ( s ) Vo ( s )
+ CsVc ( s ) = 0 and + =0
1000 Ls 5000
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
⎜⎜ s + 1 ⎟⎟ = ( s + 2000) or ⎜⎜ s + 1 ⎟⎟ = ( s + 5000)
⎟
⎝⎜ 1000C ⎠ ⎝⎜ 1000C ⎠⎟
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
⎜⎜ s + 5000 ⎟⎟ = ( s + 2000) or ⎜⎜ s + 5000 ⎟⎟ = ( s + 5000)
⎜⎝ L ⎠ ⎟ ⎜
⎝ L ⎠⎟
1 ⎛ R ⎞ 5000
⎜1 + ⎟ = 15 × 10 6
1000C ⎝ 10000 ⎠ L
The solution isn’t unique, but there are only two possibilities. One of these possibilities is
⎛ ⎞
⎜⎜ s + 1 ⎟⎟ = ( s + 2000) ⇒ C = 0.5 μ F
⎜⎝ 1000C ⎠⎟
⎛ 5000 ⎞
⎜s + ⎟ = ( s + 5000) ⇒ L =1H
⎝ L ⎠
⎛ ⎞
1 ⎜⎜1 + R ⎟⎟ 5000 = 15×106 ⇒ R = 5 kΩ
⎟
( )
1000 0.5×106 ⎜⎝ 10000 ⎠ 1
(Checked using LNAP, 12/29/02)
3
P14.8-6
The transfer function of the circuit is
R2 1
1+ R2 C s R1 C
H (s) = − =−
R1 1
s+
R2 C
The give step response is vo ( t ) = −4 (1 − e−250 t ) u ( t ) V . The correspond transfer function is
calculated as
1 1 1
= 250 ⇒ R 2 = = = 40 kΩ
R2 C 250 C 250 ( 0.1× 10 − 6 )
1 1 1
= 1000 ⇒ R1 = = = 10 kΩ
R1 C 1000 C 1000 ( 0.1×10 − 6 )
P14.8-7
⎛ 4 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
Va ( s ) = ⎜ ⎟ Vi ( s ) = ⎜ ⎟ Vi ( s )
⎝ 4+ 2s ⎠ ⎝ s+2⎠
⎛ 12 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
Vo ( s ) = ⎜ s ⎟ Vb ( s ) = ⎜ ⎟ Vb ( s ) = ⎜ ⎟ 5 Va ( s ) = ⎜ ⎟5 ⎜ ⎟ Vi ( s )
⎜⎜ 6 +
12
⎟⎟ ⎝ s+2⎠ ⎝ s+2⎠ ⎝ s+2⎠ ⎝ s+2⎠
⎝ s ⎠
4
The Laplace transform of the step response is:
20 5 −5 −10
Vo ( s ) = = + +
s ( s + 2) s s + 2 ( s + 2 )2
2
P 14.9-8
1 1
Comparing the two representations of the transfer functions let =3 ⇒ C = F,
6C 18
4
= 2 ⇒ L = 2 H and 2 × 3 × k = 12 ⇒ k = 2 V/V .
L
P 14.9.9
From the circuit:
5
R
V (s) s+
R+ Ls
H (s) = o = = L
Vi ( s ) 12 + R + L s s + 12 + R
L
From the given step response:
R ⎫
=2 ⎪
L ⎪ 12 + 2 L
⎬ ⇒ = 4 ⇒ L = 6 H, R = 12 Ω
12 + R ⎪ L
=4
L ⎪⎭
(Checked using LNAP, 12/29/02)
P14.8-10
Mesh equations:
⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 1
V ( s ) = ⎜ R1 + + ⎟ I1 ( s ) − I2 ( s )
⎝ Cs Cs ⎠ Cs
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
0 = ⎜ R+ R+ ⎟ I2 ( s ) − I1 ( s )
⎝ Cs ⎠ Cs
⎛ 1 ⎞
V (s) ⎜ ⎟
Solving for I2(s): I2 ( s ) = ⎝ Cs ⎠
⎛ 2 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
⎜ R1 + ⎟ ⎜ 2 R + ⎟ −
⎝ Cs ⎠ ⎝ Cs ⎠ (Cs ) 2
Then Vo ( s ) = R I 2 ( s ) gives
V0 ( s ) RCs s
H (s) = = =
V (s) [ R1Cs + 2][ 2 RCs +1] − 1 ⎡
4 RC + R1C 1
⎤
⎢
2 R1C s +
2
s+ ⎥
⎢
⎣
2 RR1C 2 ( 2 RR1C ) ⎦
2 2⎥
6
P14.8-11
Let
⎛ 1 ⎞
R⎜ ⎟
Z2 = ⎝ ⎠ =
Cs R
R+
1 RCs + 1
Cs
Z1 = Rx + Lx s
Then
R
V2 Z2 RCs + 1 R
= = =
V1 Z1 + Z 2 Rx + Lx s +
R Lx RCs + ( Lx + Rx RC ) s + Rx + R
2
RCs + 1
1
V2 Lx C
=
V1 ( L + R RC ) s + Rx + R
s2 + x x
Lx RC Lx RC
P14.8-12
Node equations:
V1 − Vout
(V1 − Vin ) sC1 +
R1
=0 ⇒ ( R C s +1)V
1 1 1 = R1C1sVin + Vout
V1 Vout
− − = 0 ⇒ V1 = − R 2C2 sVout
R2 1
sC2
Solving gives:
1
− s
Vout − R1C1s R 2 C2
H (s) = = =
Vin R1 R 2C1C2 s 2 + R 2C2 s +1 s2 +
1
s+
1
R1C1 R1 R 2C1C2
7
P14.8-13
Node equations in the frequency domain:
V1 − Vi V1 V1 − V0
+ + =0
R1 R2 R3
⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞ V V
⇒ V1⎜ + + ⎟− 0 = i
⎝ R1 R2 R3 ⎠ R3 R1
− V1
− sC2V0 = 0 ⇒ V1 = − sC2 R2 V0
R2
P14.8-14
1 1
V (s) Cs LC
H (s) = o = =
Vi ( s ) Ls + R + 1 R
s + s+
2 1
Cs L LC
L, H C, F R, Ω H(s)
20 20
=
2 0.025 18 s + 9 s + 20 ( s + 4 )( s + 5 )
2
20 20
=
2 0.025 8 s + 4 s + 20 ( s + 2 )2 + 42
2
2.56 2.56
=
1 0.391 4 s + 4 s + 2.56 ( s + 0.8 )( s + 3.2 )
2
4 4
=
2 0.125 8 s + 4s + 4 ( s + 2 )2
2
8
⇒ h ( t ) = ( 20e −4t − 20e −5t ) u (t )
20 20 20
a) H ( s ) = L {h(t )} = H ( s ) = −
( s + 4 )( s + 5) s + 4 s +5
H ( s) 20 1 −5 4
L {step response} = = = + + ⇒
s s ( s + 4) ( s + 5) s s + 4 s +5
step response = (1+ 4e −5t −5e −4t ) u (t )
L {h( t )} = H (s) =
20 5(4)
b) H ( s ) = ⇒ h ( t ) = 5e −2t sin 4t u (t )
( s + 2) +4 ( s + 2) 2 + 42
2 2
H ( s) 20 1 K s + K2
L {step response} = = = + 21
s s ( s + 4s + 20) s s + 4s + 20
2
20 = s 2 + 4s + 20 + s ( K1s + K 2 ) = s 2 (1+ K1 ) + s ( 4+ K 2 ) + 20
⇒ K1 = −1, K 2 = − 4
1
−( s + 2 ) − ( 4)
1
L {step response} = + + 2
s ( s + 2 )2 + 42 ( s + 2 ) + 42
⎛ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎞
step response = ⎜ 1− e −2t ⎜ cos 4t + sin 4t ⎟ ⎟ u (t )
⎝ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎠
4 h( t ) = 4te −2t u (t )
d) H ( s ) =
( s + 2) step response = (1−(1+ 2t )e −2t ) u (t )
2
9
P14.8-15
For an impulse response, take V1 ( s ) = 1 . Then
3( s + 2 ) A B B*
V0 ( s ) = = + +
s ( s +3− j 2 ) ( s + 3+ j 2 ) s s + 3− j 2 s + 3+ j 2
Where
Then
0.462 0.47 ∠−119.7° 0.47 ∠119.7°
V0 ( s ) = + +
s s +3− j 2 s +3+ j 2
The impulse response is
P14.8-16
a.
10
vo ( t ) = − (1.5 ) = −3.75 V
4
4∠30° Vo (ω ) V (ω )
+ + o 3 =0
4 ×10 − j 10 ×10 10 × 10
3 3
or
10∠30° + (1 + j ) Vo (ω ) = 0
10∠30°
Vo (ω ) = − = 7.07∠165°
1+ j
Finally,
10
vo(t) = 7.07 cos(100t +165°) V.
P14.8-17
Represent the circuit in the frequency domain using
the Laplace transform as shown. (Set the initial
conditions to zero to calculate the step response.)
First,
× ( R2 + L s )
1
R2 + L s
|| ( R 2 + L s ) =
1 Cs
=
+ ( R2 + L s ) C L s + C R2 s +1
2
Cs 1
Cs
11
R2 + L s
Vo ( s ) C L s2 + C R2 s + 1 R2 + L s
H (s) = = =
Vi ( s ) R2 + L s R 2 + L s + R1 ( C L s 2 + C R 2 s + 1)
+ R1
C L s + C R2 s +1
2
s R2
+
R 1 C R1 L C 2s + 4
= = 2
L + R1 R 2 C R + R 2 s + 4 s + 29
s2 + s+ 1
R1 L C R1 L C
1
Using Vi ( s ) = gives
s
H (s) 2s + 4 0.1379 −0.1379 s + 1.4483
Vo ( s ) = = = +
s s ( s + 4 s + 29 )
2
s s 2 + 4 s + 29
0.1379 −0.1379 s + 1.4483
= +
( s + 2 ) + 52
2
s
0.1379 s+2 5
= − 0.1379 + 0.3449
( s + 2 ) + 52 ( s + 2 ) + 52
2 2
s
P14.8-18
First, we determine the transfer function corresponding to the step response. Taking the Laplace
transform of the given step response
12
Next, we determine the transfer function of the
circuit. Represent the circuit in the frequency
domain using the Laplace transform as shown. (Set
the initial conditions to zero to calculate the transfer
function.)
Vi ( s )
Vi ( s ) = L1 s I a ( s ) + K I a ( s ) ⇒ I a ( s ) =
K + L1 s
R RK
Vo ( s ) = K I a ( s ) ⇒ Vo ( s ) = V (s)
L2 s + R ( L2 s + R )( K + L1 s ) i
Then, the transfer function of the circuit is
RK
Vo ( s ) RK L1 L 2
H (s) = = =
Vi ( s ) ( L 2 s + R )( L1 s + K ) ⎛ R ⎞⎛ K⎞
⎜⎜ s + ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ s + ⎟⎟
⎝ L2 ⎠ ⎝ L1 ⎠
Comparing the two transfer functions gives
RK
1000 L1 L 2
= H (s) =
( s + 50 )( s + 20 ) ⎛ R ⎞⎛ K⎞
⎜⎜ s + ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ s + ⎟⎟
⎝ L2 ⎠ ⎝ L1 ⎠
RK R K R K
We require 1000 = and either 50 = and 20 = or 20 = and 50 = . These
L1 L 2 L2 L1 L2 L1
equations do not have a unique solution. One solution is
13
P14.8-19
Represent the circuit in the frequency domain using the
Laplace transform as shown. (Set the initial conditions
to zero to calculate the step response.)
First,
⎛ 1 ⎞
R2 × ⎜ L s +
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎝ Cs⎠
⎟ R 2 ( C L s 2 + 1)
R 2 || ⎜ L s + ⎟= =
⎛ 1 ⎞ C L s + C R2 s +1
2
⎝ Cs⎠
R2 + ⎜ L s + ⎟
⎝ Cs⎠
R 2 ( C L s 2 + 1) 1
Vo ( s ) C L s + C R2 s + 1
2
Cs R2
H (s) = = × =
Vi ( s ) R 2 ( C L s + 1)
2
+ R1 Ls+
1 (R 1 + R 2 ) C L s + R1 R 2 C s + R1 + R 2
2
C L s + C R2 s + 1
2 Cs
R2
=
(R
+ R2 ) L C
1
= 2
8
R1 R 2 1 s + 10 s + 16
s2 + s+
( R1 + R 2 ) L L C
1
Using Vi ( s ) = gives
s
1 2 1
H (s) −
8 8
Vo ( s ) = = = =2+ 3 + 6
s s ( s + 10 s + 16 ) s ( s + 2 )( s + 8 ) s s + 2 s + 8
2
⎛1 2 1 ⎞
v o ( t ) = ⎜ − e− 2 t + e− 8t ⎟ u ( t ) V
⎝2 3 6 ⎠
14
P14.8-20
First, we determine the transfer function corresponding to the step response. Taking the Laplace
transform of the given step response
Consequently,
Io ( s ) 80
H (s) = =
Vi ( s ) ( s + 5 )2
First
1
R1 ×
1 Cs R1
R1 || = =
Cs R + 1 1 + R1 C s
1
Cs
K
K Va ( s ) K R1 R2 C L
Io ( s ) = ⇒ Io ( s ) = V (s) = Vi ( s )
L s + R3 ( L s + R3 )( R1 + R 2 + R1 R 2 C s ) i ⎛ R3 ⎞ ⎛ R1 + R 2 ⎞
⎜ s + ⎟ ⎜⎜ s + ⎟
⎝ L ⎠⎝ R1 R 2 C ⎟⎠
15
K
Io ( s ) R2 C L
H (s) = =
Vi ( s ) ⎛ R3 ⎞ ⎛ R1 + R 2 ⎞
⎜ s + ⎟ ⎜⎜ s + ⎟
⎝ L ⎠⎝ R1 R 2 C ⎟⎠
Comparing the two transfer functions gives
K
80 R2 C L
= H (s) =
( s + 5) R3 ⎞ ⎛ R1 + R 2 ⎞
2
⎛
⎜ s + ⎟ ⎜⎜ s + ⎟
⎝ L ⎠⎝ R1 R 2 C ⎟⎠
We require
R1 + R 2 40 + 10
5= = ⇒ C = 25 mF ,
R1 R 2 C ( 40 ×10 ) C
R3 20
5= = ⇒ L=4 H
L L
and
K K
80 = = ⇒ K = 80 V/V .
R 2 C L 10 ( 0.025 ) 4
P14.8-21
First,
6.5cos ( 2 t + 22.6° ) = 6.5 ( cos 22.6° ) cos ( 2 t ) − 6.5 ( sin 22.6° ) sin ( 2 t ) = 6 cos ( 2 t ) − 2.5sin ( 2 t )
v o ( t ) = e − 2 t ( 6 cos ( 2 t ) − 2.5sin ( 2 t ) ) u ( t ) V
The transfer function is
s+3 2 6 s + 13 6 s + 13
H (s) = 6 − 2.5 = =
( s + 3) +2 ( s + 3) +2 ( s + 3) +2 s + 6s + 13
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
H (s) 6s + 13 1 s 1 s 1 s+3 3 2
= = − 2 = − = − + ×
s ( s + 6 s + 13) s s + 6 s + 13 s ( s + 3) + 2 s ( s + 3) + 2 2 ( s + 3) 2 + 22
2 2 2 2 2
s
16
Taking the inverse Laplace transform gives the step response:
( )
v o ( t ) = 1 + e − 2 t (1.5sin ( 2 t ) − cos ( 2 t ) ) u ( t ) = (1 + 1.803 e− 2 t cos ( 2 t − 123.7° ) ) V
P14.8-22
Taking the Laplace transform of the step response,
H (s) 1 ⎡ 3 1 ⎤ 1 s+6 9
= −⎢ + ⎥= − =
s s ⎢⎣ ( s + 3) s + 3 ⎥⎦ s ( s + 3)
2 2
s ( s + 3)
2
v o ( t ) = 9 t e − 3t u ( t ) V
P14.8-23
Represent the circuit in the frequency domain
using the Laplace transform as shown. (Set the
initial conditions to zero to calculate the transfer
function.) First,
V (s)
Ia ( s ) = i
L s + R1
The equivalent impedance of the parallel capacitor
and inductor is
1
R2 ×
1 Cs R2
R 2 || = =
Cs R + 1 1+ R2 C s
2
Cs
17
Then, the transfer function of the circuit is
K⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜⎜ s + ⎟
Vo ( s ) L⎝ R 2 C ⎟⎠ 5 ( s + 0.5 )
H (s) = = =
Vi ( s ) ⎛ R1 ⎞ ⎛ R 2 + R 3 ⎞ ( s + 5 )( s + 2.5 )
⎜ s + ⎟ ⎜ s + ⎟
⎝ L ⎠ ⎜⎝ R 2 R 3 C ⎟⎠
1
Using Vi ( s ) = gives
s
H (s) 5 ( s + 0.5 ) 0.2 −1.8 1.6
Vo ( s ) = = = + +
s s ( s + 5 )( s + 2.5 ) s s + 5 s + 2.5
18
Section 14-9: Convolution Theorem
P14.9-1
1 e− s 1 − e− s
f ( t ) = u ( t ) − u ( t − 1) ⇒ F ( s ) = L ⎡⎣u ( t ) − u ( t − 1) ⎤⎦ = − =
s s s
⎡⎛ 1 − e − s ⎞ ⎤
2
−1 ⎡1 − 2 e + e−2 s ⎤
−s
f ( t ) * f ( t ) = L −1⎡⎣ F 2 ( s ) ⎤⎦ = L −1⎢⎜ ⎟ ⎥ = L ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣⎝ s ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎣ s2 ⎦
= t u ( t ) − 2 ( t − 1) u ( t − 1) + ( t − 2 ) u ( t − 2 )
P14.9-2
2 2e −2 s
f ( t ) = 2 ⎡⎣u ( t ) − u ( t − 2 ) ⎤⎦ ⇒ F ( s ) = −
s s
⎡ 4 8e −2 s 4e −4 s ⎤
f ∗ f = L−1 ⎡⎣ F ( s ) F ( s ) ⎤⎦ = L−1 ⎢ 2 − 2 + 2 ⎥ = 4t u ( t ) − 8 ( t − 2 ) u ( t − 2 ) + 4 ( t − 4 ) u ( t − 4 )
⎣s s s ⎦
P14.9-3
1
v1 ( t ) = t u ( t ) ⇒ V1 ( s ) =
s2
1 1
V2 ( s )
H (s) = = Cs = RC
V1 ( s ) R + 1 s+
1
Cs RC
v2 ( t ) = h ( t ) ∗ v1 ( t ) = L−1 ⎡⎣V1 ( s ) H ( s ) ⎤⎦
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 1
− −
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎜ RC ⎟ 1
V2 ( s ) = V1 ( s ) H ( s ) = ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟=
RC + + RC
⎝ s ⎠ ⎜ s+ 1 ⎟ s s2 s + 1
⎝ RC ⎠ RC
v2 ( t ) = t −
1
RC
(1 − e − t / RC ), t ≥ 0
1
P14.9-4
1 1
h ( t ) ∗ f ( t ) = L−1 ⎡⎣ H ( s ) F ( s ) ⎤⎦ where H ( s ) = 2 and F ( s ) =
s s+a
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ A B C
So H ( s ) F ( s ) = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = + 2 +
⎝ s 2 ⎠ ⎝ s +a⎠ s s s+a
Solving the partial fractions yields: A = −1 a 2 , B = 1 a, C = 1 a 2
−1 t e − ( at )
So h( t ) ∗ f ( t ) = + + 2 , t≥0
a2 a a
2
Section 14-10: Stability
P14.10-1
a. From the given step response:
H ( s) ⎡3 ⎤
= L ⎢ (1 − e−100 t ) u ( t ) ⎥ =
75
s ⎣4 ⎦ s ( s + 100 )
From the circuit:
R
R H (s)
H (s) = ⇒ = L
R + 5 + Ls s ⎛ R+5⎞
s⎜s + ⎟
⎝ L ⎠
Comparing gives
R ⎫
= 75 ⎪
L ⎪ R = 15 Ω
⎬ ⇒
R+5 L = 0.2 H
= 100 ⎪
L ⎪⎭
b. The impulse response is
⎡ 75 ⎤
h ( t ) = L −1 ⎢ ⎥ = 75 e−100 t u ( t )
⎣ s + 100 ⎦
c.
75 3
H (ω ) ω =100 = = ∠ − 45°
j 100 + 100 4 2
⎛ 3 ⎞ 15
Vo (ω ) = ⎜ ∠45° ⎟ ( 5∠0° ) = ∠ − 45° V
⎝4 2 ⎠ 4 2
vo ( t ) = 2.652 cos (100 t − 45° ) V
P14.10-2
The transfer function of this circuit is given by
H (s) 5 −5 −10
= L ⎡⎣( 5 − 5 e −2 t (1 + 2t ) ) u ( t ) ⎤⎦ = +
20 20
+ = ⇒ H (s) =
s s s + 2 ( s + 2) 2
( s + 2)
2
( s + 2)
2
20 20
H (ω ) = H ( s ) s = j ω = =
( s + 2) (2 + jω )
2 2
s= jω
14-1
20 20
Vo (ω ) = ( 5∠45° ) = ( 5∠45° ) = 12.5∠ − 45° V
( 2 + j 2) ( )
2 2
2 2∠45°
P 14.11-3
30
The transfer function of the circuit is H ( s ) = L −1⎡⎣30 t e−5t u (t ) ⎤⎦ = . The circuit is stable
( s + 5)
2
30 30
H (ω ) = H ( s ) s = j ω = =
( s + 5) (5 + j ω )
2 2
s= jω
30 30
Vo (ω ) = (10∠0° ) = (10∠0° ) = 8.82∠ − 62° V
( 5 + j 3) ( 5.83∠31° )
2 2
P14.10-4
H ( s)
= L ⎡⎣( 40 + 1.03 e− 8t − 41 e− 320 t ) u ( t ) ⎤⎦ =
40 1.03 41 102400
+ − =
s s s + 8 s + 320 s ( s + 8)( s + 320 )
so
102400
H (s) =
( s + 8 )( s + 320 )
The poles of the transfer function are s1 = −8 rad/s and s 2 = −320 rad/s , so circuit is stable.
Consequently,
102400 40
H (ω ) = H ( s ) s = j ω = =
( j ω + 8) ( j ω + 320 ) ⎛1 + j ω ⎞ ⎛1 + j ω ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 8 ⎠⎝ 320 ⎠
14-2
The network function has poles at 8 and 320 rad/s and has a low frequency gain equal to 32 dB =
40. Consequently, the asymptotic magnitude Bode plot is
P14.10-5
H (s)
= L ⎡⎣60 ( e− 2 t − e− 6 t ) u ( t ) ⎤⎦ =
60 60 240
− =
s s + 2 s + 6 ( s + 2 )( s + 6 )
so
240 s
H (s) =
( s + 6 )( s + 2 )
The poles of the transfer function are s1 = −2 rad/s and s 2 = −6 rad/s , so circuit is stable.
Consequently,
240 j ω 20 j ω
H (ω ) = H ( s ) s = j ω = =
( j ω + 2 ) ( j ω + 6 ) ⎛1 + ω ⎞⎛ ω⎞
j ⎟ ⎜1 + j ⎟
⎜
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 6⎠
The network function has poles at 2 and 6 rad/s. The asymptotic magnitude Bode plot has a gain
equal to 40 = 32 dB between 2 and 6 rad/s. Consequently, the asymptotic magnitude Bode plot is
14-3
P14.10-6
H (s) 36 s + 360 36 ( s + 10 )
= L ⎡⎣( 4 + 32 e− 90 t ) u ( t ) ⎤⎦ = +
4 32
= =
s s s + 90 s ( s + 90 ) s ( s + 90 )
so
H ( s ) = 36
( s + 10 )
( s + 90 )
The pole of the transfer function s1 = −90 rad/s , so circuit is stable. Consequently,
⎛ ω⎞
( j ω + 10 ) ⎜1 + j ⎟
=4⎝
10 ⎠
H (ω ) = H ( s ) s = j ω = 36
( j ω + 90 ) ⎛1 + ω⎞
⎜ j ⎟
⎝ 90 ⎠
The network function has a zero at 10 rad/s and a pole at 90 rad/s. The low frequency gain is
equal to 4 = 12 dB. Consequently, the asymptotic magnitude Bode plot is
P14.10-7
14-4
H (s) ⎡5 ⎤ 1.67 1.67
= L ⎢ ( e − 5 t − e − 20 t ) u ( t ) ⎥ =
25
− =
s ⎣3 ⎦ s + 5 s + 20 ( s + 5 )( s + 20 )
so
25 s
H (s) =
( s + 5 )( s + 20 )
The poles of the transfer function are s1 = −5 rad/s and s 2 = −20 rad/s , so the circuit is stable.
Consequently the network function of the circuit is,
25 j ω 0.25 j ω
H (ω ) = H ( s ) s = j ω = =
( j ω + 5) ( j ω + 20 ) ⎛1 + ω ⎞⎛ ω⎞
j ⎟⎜1 + j ⎟
⎜
⎝ 5 ⎠⎝ 20 ⎠
Using Vo (ω ) = H (ω ) Vs (ω ) at ω = 30 rad/s gives
0.25 ( j 30 ) j 90
Vo (ω ) = (12∠0 ) = = 8.2∠ − 47° V
⎛ 30 ⎞ ⎛ 30 ⎞ (1 + j 6 )(1 + j1.5 )
⎜1 + j ⎟ ⎜1 + j ⎟
⎝ 5 ⎠⎝ 20 ⎠
P14.10-8
10 50 10 ( s + 5 ) − 50 10 s
H ( s ) = L ⎡⎣e − 5 t (10 − 50 t ) u ( t ) ⎤⎦ = − = =
s + 5 ( s + 5) 2
( s + 5)
2
( s + 5)
2
The poles of the transfer function are s1 = −5 rad/s and s 2 = −5 rad/s , so the circuit is stable.
Consequently the network function of the circuit is,
10 j ω 0.4 j ω
H (ω ) = H ( s ) s = j ω = =
( j ω + 5) ω⎞
2 2
⎛
⎜1 + j ⎟
⎝ 5⎠
Using Vo (ω ) = H (ω ) Vs (ω ) at ω = 10 rad/s gives
14-5
0.4 ( j 10 ) j 48
Vo (ω ) = (12∠0 ) = = 9.6∠ − 37° V
(1 + j 2 )
2 2
⎛ 10 ⎞
⎜1 + j ⎟
⎝ 5⎠
14-6
Section 14.12 How Can We Check…?
P14.12-1
d
v L (t ) = 3 i L ( t ) = −6 e − 2.1t − 2 e −15.9 t
dt
1 d
iC ( t ) = v C ( t ) = −0.092 e − 2.1t − 0.575 e −15.9 t
75 dt
v R1 ( t ) = 12 − v L ( t ) = 12 + 6 e − 2.1t + 2 e −15.9 t
12 − ( v L ( t ) + v C ( t ) )
i R2 (t ) = = 1 + 0.456 e − 2.1t − 0.123 e −15.9 t
6
vC (t )
i R3 (t ) = = 1 + 0.548 e −2.1t + 0.452 e −15.9 t
6
Thus,
−12 + v L ( t ) + v R1 ( t ) = 0 and i R 2 ( t ) = i C ( t ) +i R 3 ( t )
P14.12-2
18 20
I1 ( s) = and I 2 ( s ) =
3 3
s− s−
4 4
1
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
12 1 ⎜ 18 ⎟ ⎜ 18 20 ⎟
KVL for left mesh: + ⎜ ⎟ + 6⎜ − ⎟ = 0 (ok)
s 2s ⎜ s − 3 ⎟ ⎜ s − 3 s − 3 ⎟
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4 4⎠
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
⎜ 18 20 ⎟ ⎜ 20 ⎟ ⎜ 18 ⎟
−6 ⎜ − +3 −4 = 0 (ok)
3⎟ ⎜ 3⎟ ⎜ 3⎟
KVL for right mesh:
3
⎜s− s− ⎟ ⎜s− ⎟ ⎜s− ⎟
⎝ 4 4⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4⎠
The analysis is correct.
P14.12-3
lim s+2
Initial value of IL (s): s = 1 (ok)
s→∞ s +s+5
2
lim s+2
Final value of IL (s): s = 0 (ok)
s→0 s +s+5
2
lim −20 ( s + 2 )
Initial value of VC (s): s = 0 (not ok)
s→∞ s ( s 2 + s + 5)
lim −20 ( s + 2 )
Final value of VC (s): s = −8 (not ok)
s→0 s ( s 2 + s + 5)
Apparently the error occurred as VC (s) was calculated from IL (s). Indeed, it appears that VC (s)
20 20 8
was calculated as − I L ( s ) instead of − I L ( s ) + . After correcting this error
s s s
20 ⎛ s + 2 ⎞ 8
VC ( s ) = − ⎜ ⎟+ .
s ⎝ s2 + s+5⎠ s
lim ⎛ −20 ( s + 2 ) 8 ⎞
Initial value of VC (s): s⎜ + ⎟ = 8 (ok)
s→∞ ⎜ s ( s 2 + s + 5) s ⎟
⎝ ⎠
lim ⎛ −20 ( s + 2 ) 8 ⎞
Final value of VC (s): s⎜ + ⎟ = 0 (ok)
s → 0 ⎜ s ( s 2 + s + 5) s ⎟
⎝ ⎠