Math 8

Integral Calculus
Lecture
Antidifferentiation
is the process of finding the set of all antiderivatives of a given functions. The symbol ∫
denotes the operation of antidifferentiation and we write :

∫ f (x) + c

Basic Integration Formulas

1. ∫du = u + c
2. ∫ (u + v)du =∫ u∫du +∫ vdu
3. ∫audu = a∫udu
4. ∫udu =[(un+1)/(n+1)] + c

Examples:

1. ∫ x2dx
Sol’n:
= [ ( x2+1 ) / ( 2+1 )] + c
= [(x3)/(3)] +c

2. ∫ x3 dx
Solution:
= [(x3+1)/(3+1)] + c
= x4 /4 + c

3. ∫3x5 dx
= 3∫x5 dx
=(3) (x6)/(6) + c
=(x6)/2 +c
4. ∫(1/x2 ) dx
-2
=x dx
=(x -1) / (-1) +c
= - 1/x + c
___
5. ∫ (3√ x )dx
= ∫ x1/3 dx
= [(x1/3 + 1)/(1/3 +1) ] + c
= ¾ x4/3 + c

6.∫ (3x + 5 ) dx
= ∫3xdx +∫5dx
= 3∫xdx +5∫dx
=( 3x2) / 2 + 5x + c

7. ∫ ( 6x2 + 8x + 2 ) dx
= (6x3/3 ) + (8x3/2) + 2x + c
= 2x 3+ 4x2 + 2x + c

8. ∫( 4x3 + 3x + 2x +5) dx
= 4∫x 3dx + 3∫x2dx +2∫xdx +5∫dx
=[(4x4/4 )+ (3x3/3 )+ (2x2/2) + 5x + c
= x4 + x3 +x2 +5x +c

9. ∫(x2-1)2 dx
= ∫(x4-2x2+1) dx
= ∫x4dx -2 ∫x2dx +∫dx
=( x5/5) – (2x3/3) + x + c
__ __
10. ∫(√ x – ½ x + 2/√x ) dx
= ∫ x1/2 dx – ½ ∫ xdx + 2∫ x-1/2 dx
= x3/2/ 3/2 – ½ ( x2 / 2 + 2 ( x1/2/ ½) + c
= 2x3/2 / 3 – x 2/ 4 + 4 √ x + c
__
 11. ∫ (1- x) √ x dx __
= ∫√ x dx - ∫ x √x dx
= ∫ x1/2 dx - ∫ (x) x1/2 dx
= (x3/2/3/2 ) – (2x5/2/ 5) + c
= (2 √x3 / 3) – (2 √x5/ 5) + c

12. ∫ [ (x3 + 5x2 – 4)/ x2] dx

= ∫ x3/x2 dx - 5∫ x2/x2 dx - 4∫ dx/x2
=∫ xdx + 5∫ dx - 4∫ dx/x2
= x2 / 2 +( 5x – 4x/ -1) + c
= x2/2 + 5x + 4/x + c

_
13. ∫ [ (1 + x)2 / √x ] dx = . ∫ (1+x )2 x-1/2 dx
= ∫ (1+2x + x 2 ) x-1/2 dx
=. ∫ x -1/2 dx + 2 ∫ x 1/2+ ∫ x3/2 dx
= x1/2 /1/2 + 4x3/4 / 3 + 2x 5/2/ 5 + c
= 2 √ x + 4 √ x3 /3 + 2√ x5/2/5 + c

14. ∫ [ (2x 2+ 4x – 3) / x2 ] dx
= ∫ 2x2/ x 2 dx + ∫ 4x/x2 dx – 3 ∫ dx/ x2
= 2∫ dx + 4∫ dx/ x - 3 [(x-2-1)/ -1] + c
= 2x + 4 ln /x/ - 3 [( 3 x-1-1) / -1 ] + c
= 2x + 4ln/x/ + 3/x + c

15 . ∫ [ (x3- 8) / x-2] dx
= ∫ [(x-2) ( x2 + 2x + 4)/ x-2 ]dx
= ∫ ( x2+2x + 4 ) dx
= ∫ x2 dx +2∫ xdx + 4∫dx+ c
= x3/3 + 2x2/ 2+ 4x + c
= x3/3 + x 2+ 4x + c
Integration by substitution

1. ∫ ( x + 3 )20dx

u=x+3
du= dx
= ∫ u20 du
= u21 /21 + c
=[ ( x+ 3) 21/ 21] + c

2. ∫ ( 2x3-1)4 6x2 dx

u = 2x3-1
du = 6x2 dx
= ∫ u4 du
= u5/5 + c
=[ ( 2x3 -1)5 / (5 ) ] + c
3. ∫[ (2x+ 3 ) / ( x2 + 3x + 4) ] dx

u= x 2+3x+4
du= (2x+3) dx
= ∫ du/u
= ln /u/ + c
= ln / x2+3x+ 4/ + c

4. ∫ x 2dx/(x-1)4 dx
 u= x2-1
du= (3x2) dx
du/3 = x2dx

= ∫ (du/3)/u4 = 1/3 ∫ du/u4 = 1/3 u4 du

= (x3-1)-3/ -9) + c
= -1/9(x3-1)3 + c

5. ∫ 8x2 dx/(x 3 +2)3

u= x3+ 2
du= 3x2dx
du/3= x2 dx

= 8∫(du /3 )/u3
= 8/3 ( u-2/-2 ) + c
= -4/(3(x3+ 2 )2 +c

6.∫x2 dx /4√ x3+2

u= x3+2
du= 3x2 dx
du/3= x2 dx
= 1/3 ∫ du/u1/4
= 1/3 ∫ u-1/4 du
= 1/3[(u3/4/(3/4)] + c
= 1/3 ( 4/3) u3/4 + c
= 4/9 ( x3+2)3/4 + c
= 4/9 4√ (x3+ 2) 3 + c

_____
7. ∫ 3x √1-2x 2 dx
 = 3∫ x√ 1-2x2 dx
u= 1-2x2
du= -4xdx
-du/4= xdx

= -3/4 ∫ u 1/2du
=-3/4(u3/2 /3/2) + c
= - ¾(2/3) ( u3/2) + c
= - ½ √ ( 1-2x2)3 + c

8.∫ (x+3)/(x2+6x)1/2
u= x2+6x
du= (2x+6)dx
du/2= (x+3) dx

= 1/2∫ du/u1/3
= 1/2∫ u-1/3 du
= ½ (u2/3/2/3) + c
= 1/3 ( u2/3 ) + c
= 1/3 3√ (x2+ 6x )2 + c

____
9. ∫ 3√ 1-x 2 xdx

u= 1-x2
du= -2xdx
-du/2= xdx

=-1/2 ∫ u 1/3du
= -1/2 ( u4/3 /4/3) + c
= -1/2 (3/4) (u4/3 )+ c
= - 3/8 ( u4/3 ) + c
= - 3/8 3√ ( 1- x2)4 + c

______
10. ∫ √ x2- 2x 4 dx
u= 1- 2x2
du= - 4xdx
-du/4= xdx

= ∫ u1/2 (-du/4)
-1/4∫ (u1/2 du)
=-1/4( u3/2/3/2) + c
= - ¼ (2/3) u3/2 + c
= - 1/6 ( 1-2x2) 3/2+ c
= -1/6 √ (1- 2x2) 3 + c

Exponential and logarithmic functions :

1. ∫ du/u = ln/u/ + c
2. ∫ e udu = eu + c
3. ∫ a udu = (au/lna) + c

Where: a> 0
A not = 1

Example:
1 . ∫ [2x/(x2 -1 ) ] dx

u= x2-1
du= 2xdx

= ∫ du/u
= ln/ x2-1/ + c

2. ∫ 2x+2 /( x+ 1)2 dx
u= x2+ 2x + 1
du= (2x+ 2 ) dx
=∫ du/u = ln/u/ + c
=ln/ x2+ 2x + 1 / + c

3.∫ xdx/x2-1

u= x2 – 1
du= 2xdx
du/2= xdx

=1/2 ∫ du/u = ln /u/ + c

=1/2 ln/x2- 1/ + c

4.∫ x2 dx/ 1- 2x3

u= 1- 2x3
du= -6x 2dx
-du/6= x2 dx
= -1/6 ∫ du/u
=-1/6 ln/u/ + c
= -1/6 ln / 1-2x3/ + c

5.∫ (x+2/x+1) dx = ∫ [ 1+ (1/x+1)] dx

∫ dx +∫ dx/ x+ 1 u= x+1
du= dx
= x+ ln/x+1/ + c

6.∫ (x+ 5/x-3) dx

= ∫ (x-3+ 8/x-3) dx
= ∫ [ 1+ (8 / x- 3) ] dx = ∫ dx + 8∫ dx/ x-3
u= x-3
du= dx
= x+ 8ln/x-3/ + c

7.∫ ( x-1/x+1) dx
= ∫ [ x+1-2/x+1] dx
= ∫ dx- 2∫ dx/x+1
u= x+1
du= dx
= x-2ln/x+1/ + c

8.∫ (x2+2x+2/x+2) dx
= ∫ [x+(2/x+2) ] dx
u= x+ 2
du= dx

= ∫ xdx + 2 ∫ dx / x+2
= (x2 /2 ) + 2ln/ x+2/ + c

1.∫ e-x dx
u= -x
- du= dx

= -∫ eu du
= - e-x + c

2.∫ e4x dx
u= 4x
du/4= dx
= ∫ eu du/4= ¼ ∫ eu du
= ¼ e 4x+ c

3.∫ (e1/x / x 2) dx
u= x-1
du= -1/x 2 dx
-du= dx/x2
=-∫ eu du
=-e 1/x+ c

4.∫ e-x2+2 xdx

u= -x2+ 2
du= - 2xdx
-du/2= xdx
= -1/2 ∫ eu du
= -1/2 e u+ c
= -1/2 e –x2 + 2 + c

5.∫ ( ex + 1 )2 dx

= ∫ ( e2x + 2ex + 1 ) dx
= ∫ e 2x dx + 2∫ ex dx +∫ dx
u= 2x u= x
du/2= dx du =dx

= ½ ∫ e 2x du + 2∫ e xdu + ∫ dx
= ½ e 2x + 2ex + x + c

6.∫ ( ex + 1 )3 ex dx
u= ex + 1
du= e x dx
= ∫ u3 du
= u4/4 + c
= ( ex + 1)4 / 4) + c

7.∫ [( ex + (1/ ex )]2 dx

=∫ [( e2x +( 2 + 1/ e2x ) ]dx

= ∫ e 2xdx + 2∫ dx – ½ ∫ e-u du
= ½ e2x + 2x –1/2 e-2x + c
= e2x /2 + 2x – e-2x/2 + c
= e2x /2 + 2x – 1/2e2x + c

8.∫( ex – xe ) dx
= ∫ ex dx - ∫ xe dx
u= x
du= dx
= ∫ eu du - ∫ xe du
= ex – xe+1/e+1 + c

1.∫ au du= au/ lna + c

∫ 2x dx
u= x
du = dx
∫ 2u du = 2u/ ln2 + c
=2x/ln2 + c

2.∫ 4 xdx
u= x2
du =2xdx
du/2= xdx

= ∫ 4u (du/2) = ½ ∫ 4u du
= ½ ( 4x2 / ln4) + c
= 4x2/2ln4 + c = 4x2/ln42 + c
= 4 x2/ ln16 + c

3.∫ 2x/4 dx
u= x/4
du= 1/4dx
4du=dx
=∫ 2u 4du
= 4∫ 2u du = 4(2x/4/ln2) + c
= 22(2x/4)/ln2 + c
=2x/4+2/ln2 + c = 2x+8/4/ln2 + c

4.∫ ( x2 + 25/x/x 2) dx
=∫ x2 dx + ∫ 25/x dx / x 2
u= 5/x
du= -5/x dx
-du/5= dx / x
=∫ x2 dx + -1/5∫ 2u du
= x3/3 - 1/5(25/x/ln2) + c
= x3/3 – 2 5/x/5ln2 + c
= x3/3 – 25/x/ ln25 + c

___
5.∫ √103x dx = ∫ 103x/2 dx
u= 3x/2
du= 3/2 dx
2/3du= dx
=∫ 10 u2/3du
=2/3 ∫ 10u du
=2/3 (10u/lna + c
= 2/3 ( 103x/2/ln10) + c
=2(103x/2)/3ln10 + c
=2√103x/ln103 + c
=2√103x/ln1000 + c

Integration of trigonometric functions

1. ∫ sinudu= - cosu + c
2. ∫c0sudu= sinu + c
3. ∫ tanudu= ln/secu/+ c
4. ∫ cotudu= ln/sinu/ + c
5. ∫ secudu=ln/secu+tanu/ + c
6. ∫ cscudu=ln/cscu-cotu/ + c
7. ∫ secudutanudu=secu+ c
8. ∫ cscucotudu=-csc+ c
9. ∫ sin2 udu=1/2u-1/4sin2u + c
10. ∫ cos2 udu=1/2u+1/4sin2u + c
 11. ∫ tan2 udu=tanu-u+ c
12. ∫ cot2 udu= - cotu-u + c
13. ∫ sec2 udu=tanu+ c
14. ∫ csc2 udu= - cotu + c

Example:

1.∫sin1/2 xdx
u=1/2x
du=1/2dx 2du= dx
=2∫sinudu
=2(-cosu) + c
= - 2 cos x/2 + c

2.∫ cos3xdx
u= 3x
du=3dx
du/3= dx
=1/3∫ cosudu
=1/3sin3x+ c
3.∫ sin2 xcosxdx
u= sinx
du= cosxdx
=∫ udu
=u3/3 + c
= sin 3 x/3 + c = (sinx)3/3 + c

4.∫ xcosx2 dx
u= x2
du= 2xdx
du/2= xdx
=1/2∫ udu
=1/2 sinx 2 + c
= sin2/2 + c

5.∫(sinx+ cosx)/sinx dx
u= x du= dx
=∫ sinx/sinx dx + ∫ cosx/sinx dx
= ∫ dx + ∫cotxdx
=x+ ln/sinx/ + c

6.∫ e3cos2x sin2xdx

u= 3cos2x
du= 3( - sin2x) (2) dx
= -6 sin2xdx
-du/6= sin2xdx
=-1/6 (eu) + c
=- 1/6 e3cos2x + c

7.∫ (tan2x + sec2x)2 dx

=∫ ( tan2 2x + 2 sec2xtan2x +sec2 2x)dx
=∫ tan2 2xdx + 2∫ sec2xtan2xdx +∫ sec2 x2xdx
u= 2x
du/2= dx
=1/2 ∫ tan2 udu + 2/2∫ secutanudu + 1/2∫ sec2 udu
=1/2(tan2x-2x) + sec2x+ ½(tan2x) + c
=tan2x/2 -2x/2 + sec2x + tan2x/2 + c
=tan2x-x+ sec2x + c

Supplementary Examples:

1. ∫secxdx
u= x
du= dx

= ∫secudu
= ∫ln I secx + tanx I +c

2. ∫ sec x

u= x
du= dx/2 x
2du= du/ x

= 2 ∫ secudu
= 2ln I sec x + tan x+c

3. ∫ sec2 2ax dx

u= 2ax
du= 2adx
du/2a= dx

= 1/(2a) ∫sec2udu
= 1/(2a) – tan 2ax + c
= (tan 2ax)/(2a) +c

4. ∫ sinx + cosx / (cos x) dx

u= x
du= dx

= ∫ (sinx/cosx + cosx/cosx) dx
= ∫ tanxdx + ∫ dx
= ln I secx I + x + c
5. ∫(1 + tanx)2 dx

u= dx
du= dx

= ∫( 1 + 2tanx + tan2x) dx
= ∫dx + 2∫ tanudu + ∫ tan2udu
= x + 2ln I sec x I + tanx – x + c
= tanx + 2ln I secx I + c

Or

= ∫(2tanx + sec2x) dx
= 2∫tanudu + ∫sec2udu
= 2ln I secx I + tanx + c

6. ∫(secx 4x – 1)2 dx

= ∫ (sec24x – 2sec4x + 1) dx
= ∫ (sec24xdx – 2 ∫sec4xdx + ∫dx

u= 4x du= 4xdx
du/4= dx

= ¼ ∫sec2udu – 2/4 ∫secudu + ∫dx

= ¼ tan4x – 2/4 ln I sec4x + tan4x I + x + c
= ¼ tan4x – ½ ln I sec4x + tan 4x I + x + c

7. ∫(cos3x)/(1-sinx) dx

= ∫ (cos2xcosxdx)/(1 – sinx)
= ∫ ( 1 – sin2) (osxdx) / (1 – sinx)
= ∫ ( 1 + sinx )( 1 – sinx ) ( cosdx ) / ( 1 – sinx )
= ∫ ( 1 + sinx ) cosdx

u= 1 + sinx
du= cosdx

= ∫ udu
= u2/2 + c
= ( 1 + sinx )2 / ( 2 ) + c

Inverse Of Trigonometric Functions

∙ ∫ dx / 9 – x2 = arcsin u/a + c

Where:
u= variable
a= constant number

Examples:

1. ∫ dx / 9 – x2

= ∫ dx / 32 – x2
u= x
du= dx

= ∫ du / ( a2 – u2 )
= arcsin x/3 + c

2. ∫ dx / 25 – 16x2

= ∫ dx/ 52 – ( 4x )2

u= 4x
du= 4dx
du/4= dx

= ¼ ∫ du/ a2– u2
= ¼ arcsin 4x/5 + c

3. ∫ sec2xdx / ( 1 – 4tan2x )

= ∫ sec2xdx / 12 – ( 2tanx )2

u= 2tanx
du= 2sec2xdx
du/2= sec2xdx

= ½ ∫ du / a2– u2
= ½ arcsin ( 2tanx ) + c

∙ ∫ du / a2 + u2 = 1/a arctan u/a + c

Examples:

1. ∫ dx/ ( 7 + 4x2 )

= ∫ dx / ( 7 )2 + ( 2x )2

u= 2x
du/2= dx

= ½ ∫ du / ( a2 + u2 )
= ( ½ ) ( 1/ 7 )arctan ( 2x / 7 ) + c
= 1/( 2 7 ) arctan ( 2x/ 7)+c

2. ∫ xdx/ ( x2 + 3 )

= ∫ xdx/ ( x2 )2 + ( 3 )2

u= x2 a= 3
du/2= xdx

= ½ ∫ du/ ( u2 + a2 )
= ( ½ ) ( 1/ 3 ) arctan ( x2/ 3)+c
= 1/ ( 2 3 ) arctan ( x2/ 3)+c

∙ ∫ du / u u2 = 1/a arcsec u/a + c

Examples:

1. ∫ dx / ( x 4x2 – 9 )
= ∫ dx / ( x (2x)2 - 32

u= 2x
du/2= dx

= ∫ du / ( 2x (2x)2 - 32
= 1/3 arcsec 2x/3 + c

2. ∫ dx / ( x 9x2 – 4

= ∫ dx / ( x u2 – a2

u= 3x
du/3= dx

= ∫ dx/ 3x (u2) – a2
= ½ arcsec 3x/2 + c

3. ∫ dx/ x x4 – 1

= ∫ dx/ x (x2)2 - 12

u= x2
du/2= xdx

= ½ ∫ xdx/ x2 (x2)2 - 12
= ( ½ ) ( 1/1 ) arcsec x2/2 + c
= ½ arcsec x2/1 + c

∙ ∫ du / u2 – a2 = 1/2a ln I ( u – a ) / ( u + a ) I + c

Examples:
1. ∫ dx/ x2 – 1

= ∫ du / u2 – 12

u= x
du= dx

= 1/ 2( 1 ) ln I ( x – 1 ) / ( x + 1) I + c
= ½ ln I ( x – 1 ) / ( x + 1 ) I + c

2. ∫ dx / 9x2 – 16

= ∫ dx / (3x)2 - 42

u= 3x
du/3= dx

= 1/3 ∫ du/ u2 – a2
= ( 1/3 ) [ 2 (4) ] ln I ( 3x-4 ) / ( 3x + 4 ) I + c
= 1/24 ln I ( 3x – 4 ) / ( 3x + 4 ) I + c

3. ∫ dx/ x2 + 6x + 8

= ∫ dx / x2 + 6x + 9 + 8 – 9

u= x + 3
du= dx

= ∫ dx/ ( x + 3 )2 - 12
= ∫ du / u2 - 12
= ½ ln I ( x + 3 – 1 ) / ( x + 3 + 1 ) I + c
= ½ ln I ( x + 2 ) / ( x + 4 ) I + c
4. ∫ dx/ x2 + 4x + 2

= ∫ dx / x2 + 4x + 4 + 2 – 4

u= x + 3
du= dx

= ∫ dx/ ( x + 2 )2 – ( 2 )2
= ∫ du/ u2 – a2
=1/2 2 ln I ( x + 2 - 2)/(x+2+ 2) I + c

∙ ∫ du / a2 – u2 = 1/2a ln I ( a + u ) / ( a – u ) I + c

Examples:

1. ∫ dx / 25 – 16x2
= ∫ dx/ 52 – ( 4x )2

u= 4x
du/4= dx

= ¼ ∫ du / a2 – u2
= ¼ [ ½(5) ] ln I ( 5 + 4x ) / ( 5 – 4x ) I + c
= 1/40 ln I ( 5 + 4x ) / ( 5 – 4x ) I + c

∙ ∫ du/ ( u2 + a2 ) = ln I u + u2 + a2 I + c

Examples
1. ∫ dx / 4x2 + 9
= ∫ dx / (2x)2 + 32

u= 2x
du/2= dx

= ½ ∫ du/ u2 + a2
= ½ ln I 2x + 4x2 + 9 I + c

∙ ∫ du/ u2 - a2 = ln I u + u2 - a2 I + c

Examples:

1. ∫ dx/ 5x2 - 15
= ∫ dx/ (x 5)2 – ( 15)2

u= x 5 a= 15
du/ 5= dx

= 1/ 5 ∫ du/ u2 – a2
= 1/ 5 ln I x 5+ 5x2 – 15 I + c

∙∫ a2 – u2 du = ½ u a2 – u2 + ½ a2 arcsin u/a + c

Examples:

1. ∫ 100 – 49x2 dx
=∫ 102 – (7x)2 dx

u= 7x
du/7= dx

= 1/7 102 – u2 du
= 1/7 [ ½ (7x) 100 – 49x2 + (1/2) (10)2 arcsin 7x/10 ] + c
= 7x/14 100 – 49x2 + 100/14 sin-1 7x/10 + c
= x/2 100 – 49x2 + 50/7 arcsin 7x/10 + c

∙∫ u2 – a2 du = ½ u u2 – a2 – ½ a2 ln I u + u2 – a2 I + c

Examples:

1. ∫ x2 – 4x – 5 dx
=∫ x2 – 4x + 4 – 5 – 4 dx
=∫ (x – 2)2 – 32 dx
u= x – 2
du= dx

= u2 – a2 du
= ½ (x – 2) x2 – 4x – 5 – ½ (3)2 ln I (x – 2) + x2 – 4x – 5 I + c
= (x – 2) x2 – 4x – 5/ 2 – (9/2) ln I (x – 2) + x2 – 4x – 5 I + c

Integration of Hyperbolic Functions:

1. ∫sinhudu= coshu + c
2. ∫coshudu= sinhu + c
3. ∫sech2udu= tanhudu + c
4. ∫csch2udu= -cothu + c
5. ∫sechutanhudu= -sechu + c
6. ∫cschucothudu= -cschu + c
7. ∫tanhudu= ln I coshu I + c
8. ∫cothudu= ln I sinhu I + c

Examples:

1. ∫sinh (3x – 1) dx
u= 3x – 1
du/3= dx

= 1/3 ∫sinhudu
= 1/3 cosh( 3x – 1) + c

2. ∫csch2 (1 – x2) xdx

u= 1 – x2
-du/2= xdx

= - ½ ∫ csch2udu
= - ½ coth (1 – x2) + c

3. ∫coth (1 – 2x) dx

u= 1 – 2x
-dx/2= dx

= - ½ ∫cothudu
= - ½ ln I sinh (1 – 2x) I + c

4. ∫ sech2 (lnx)/ x dx
= ∫ sech2 (lnx) – dx/x

u= lnx
du= dx/x

= ∫sech2udu
= tanh (nx) + c

5. ∫sech x/4 tanh x/4 dx

u= x/4
4du= dx

= 4∫sechutanhudu
= -4 sech x/4 + c

6. ∫ sinh4x/ cosh 2x dx
= ∫ sinh 2 (2x)/ cosh 2x dx
= ∫ 2sinh 2x cosh 2x/ cosh 2x dx
= 2∫ sinh2xdx

u= 2x
du/2= dx

= 2/2 ∫ sinhudu
= cosh 2x + c

Integration by Parts:
When u and v are differentiable functions of x,
d(uv) = udv + vdu or;
udv = d(uv) – vdu

Integrating Both Sides:

∫ udv = ∫ d(uv) - ∫vdu
∫ udv = uv - ∫vdu

Examples:

1. ∫ xexdx

u= x
du= dx
∫dv = ∫ex dx
v= ex

= ∫udv = uv - ∫vdu
= xex - ∫ exdx
= xex – ex + c

2. ∫ x2 lnxdx

u= lnx
du= 1/x dx
∫dv= ∫x2dx
v= x3/3

∫x2 lnxdx = (lnx)(x3/3) - ∫(x3/3)2(dx/x)

= x3lnx/3 - 1/3 ∫ x2dx
= x3lnx/3 - (1/3)(x3/3) + c
= x3lnx/3 - x3/9 + c
3. ∫xcosxdx

u= x
∫dv = ∫ cosxdx
v= sinx

∫xcosxdx= xsinx - ∫sinxdx

= xsinx – (-cosx) + c
= xsinx + cosx + c

4. ∫ x 1 + x dx

u= x
du= dx
∫ dv= ∫(1 + x)1/2 dx
v= 2(1 + x)3/2/ 3

∫x 1 + xdx = x [ z(1 + x)3/2/ 3] - ∫ 2(1 + x)3/2/ 3 dx

= 2x (1 + x)3/ 3 - 2/3 ∫ (1 + x)3/2 dx
= 2x (1 + x)3/ 3 - (2/3)(2/5) (1 + x)5/2 + c
= 2x (1 + x)3/ 3 - 4/15 (1 + x)5 + c

5. ∫ x2 sinxdx

u= x2
du= 2xdx
∫dv= ∫sinxdx
v= -cosx

∫x2sinxdx = -x2cosx + 2∫xcosxdx

u= x
du= dx
∫dv= ∫cosxdx
v= sinx

= -x2cosx + 2[xsinx - ∫sinxdx]

= -x2cosx + 2xsnx - 2∫sinxdx
= -x2cosx + 2xsinx + 2cosx + c

6. ∫x(x – 5)12 dx

u= x
du= dx
∫dv= ∫(x – 5)12 dx
v= (x – 5)13/ 13

= x(x-5)13/ 13 - 1/13∫ (x – 5)13 dx

= x(x – 5)13/ 13 - (x – 5)14/ 182 + c

7. ∫ sec3xdx = ∫ sec2x secxdx

u= secx
du= secx tanxdx
∫dv= ∫sec2xdx
v= tanx

∫sec3xdx = secxtanx - ∫tanx(secxtanx)dx

∫sec3xdx = secxtanx - ∫secxtan2xdx
∫sec3xdx = secxtanx - ∫secx (sec2x – 1) dx
∫sec xdx = secxtanx - ∫sec xdx + ∫secxdx
3 3

2∫sec3xdx = secxtanx + ∫secxdx

2∫sec3xdx = secxtanx + ln I secx + tanx I + c
∫sec3xdx = ½ [secxtanx + ln I secx + tanx I + c

Transformation By Trigonometric Identities:

∙ ∫ sinm ucosn udu ( for at least one of m and n is a positive odd nteger )

Let sin2u = 1 – cos2u

Cos2 = 1 – sin2u

Examples:

1. ∫sin3xcos2xdx = ∫ sin2xsinxcos2xdx
= ∫sinxcos2xdx - ∫sinxcos4xdx

u= cosx
-du= sinxdx

= -∫u2du + ∫u4du = -u3/3 + u5/5 + c

= -cos3x/3 + cos5x/5 + c

2. ∫sin2xcos3xdx = ∫sin2xcos2xcosxdx
= ∫sin2xcosx (1 – sin2x) dx
= ∫sin2xcosxdx - ∫sin4xcosxdx

u= sinx
du= cosxdx

=∫u2du - ∫u4du
= u3/3 – u5/5 + c
= sin3x/ 3 – sin5x/5 + c

3. ∫sin3xcos5xdx = ∫sin2xsinxcos5xdx
= ∫( 1 – cos2 ) sinxcos5xdx
= ∫ sinxcos5xdx - ∫ sinxcos7xdx

u= cosx
du= -sinxdx
= -∫u5du + ∫u7du
= -cos6x/6 + cos8x/8 + c

∙ ∫ sinmucosnudu ( where both m and n are positive even )

Let: sin2u = 1 – cos2u/ 2

Cos2u = 1 + cos2u/2
Sinucosu = sin2u/2

Examples:

1. ∫sin2xcos2xdx = ∫( 1 – cos2x/ 2 )( 1 + cos2x/ 2 ) dx

= ¼ ∫( 1 – cos2x )( 1 + cos2x ) dx
= ¼ ∫( 1 – cos22x ) dx = ¼ ∫dx - ¼ ∫ cos22xdx
= ¼ ∫dx – ¼ ∫( 1 + cos4x/2 ) dx = ¼ ∫ dx – 1/8 ∫(1 + cos4x) dx

u= 4x
du/4= dx

= ¼ ∫dx – 1/8 ∫dx – 1/8 ( ¼ ) ∫ cosudu

= ¼ - 1/8x – 1/32 sin4x + c

Trigonometric Identities:

1. sin2x + cos2x = 1
2. 1 + tan2x = sec2x
3. 1 + cot2x = csc2x
4. sin2x = ½ ( 1 – cos2x )
5. cos2x = ½ ( 1 + cos2x )
 6. sinxcosx = ½ sin2x
7. sinxcosy = ½ [sin ( x – y ) + sin ( x + y )
8. sinxsiny = ½ [cos ( x – y ) – cos ( x + y )
9. cosxcosy = ½ [cos(x – y) + cos (x + y)]
10. 1 – cosx = 2sin2 ½ x
11. 1 + cosx = 2cos2 ½ x
12. 1 + sinx = 1 + cos ( ½ ╥ - x )

1 x-1 sin4x+c
8 32

tannudu (where n is any integral)

Let: tan2u = sec2u-1

Ex.1. tan3xdx = tan2xtanxdx

(sec2x-1) tanxdx
sec2xtanxdx- tanxdx
u =secx
du =secxtanxdx

udu - tanxdx
= (Sec2x)/2 – lnlsecxl+c //

cot2udu(where n is any integer)

Let: cot2u = csc2u-1

Ex.1. cot4xdx = cot2xcot2xdx

(csc2x-1) cot2xdx

csc2xcot2xdx - cot2xdx
u= cotx du= -csc2xdx
 --
u2udu - cot2xdx
(-cot3x)/3 – (-cotx-x)+c
(-cot3x)/3 + cotx + x +c //

secnudu (where n is posiyive even integer)

Let: sec2u = 1+tan2xdx

Ex.1. sec4xdx = sec2xsec2xdx

(1+tan2x)sec2xdx

sec2xdx + sec2xtan2xdx
u= tanx du= sec2xdx

sec2xdx + u2du
tanx + (tan3x)/3 +c //

csc2udu (where n is a positive even integer)

Let: csc2u = 1+cot2u

Ex.1. csc4xdx = csc2xcsc2xdx

(1+cot2x) csc2xdx
u= cotx du= -csc2xdx

csc2xdx + cot2xcsc2xdx
-cotx – (cot3x_/3 +c //

tanmusecnudu (where m isany no. and n is positive even no.)

Let: sec2u = 1+tan2u

Ex.1. tan3xsec4xdx = tan3xsec2xsec2xdx

tan3xsec2x (1+tan2x)dx

tan3sec2xdx + tan5xsec2xdx
u= tanx du= sec2xdx
 u3du + u5du

(tan4x)/4 + (tan6x)/6 + c //

cotmucscnudu (where m is any no. and n is positive even integer.)

Let: csc2u = 1+cot2u

Ex.1. cot4xcsc4xdx = cot4xcsc2xcsc2xdx

cot4xcsc2x(1+cot2x) dx

cot4xcsc2xdx + cot6xcsc2xdx
u= cotx du= -csc2xdx
-
u4du - u6du
-(cot5x)/5 – (cot7x)/7 + c //

tanmusecnudu (where m is positive odd integer and n is any no.)

Let: tan2u = sec2-1

Ex.1. tan3xsec3xdx

tan2xtanxsec3xdx

(sec2x-1)tanxsec3xdx

sec5xtanxdx - tanxsec3xdx
u= secx du= secxtanxdx

sec4xsecxtanxdx - sec2xsecxtanxdx

u4du - u2du
(sec5x)/5 – (sec3x)/3 + c //

cotmcscnudu (where m is positive odd integer and n is any no.)

Let: cot2x = csc2x-1
 Ex.1. cot3xcsc6xdx

cot2xcotxcsc6xdx

(csc2x-1)cotxcsc6xdx

csc8xcotxdx - cotxcsc6xdx
u= cscx du= cscxcotxdx
-
u7du + u5du
-(csc8x)/8 + (csc6x)/6 + c //

SUPLEMENTARY EXAMPLE

1. cos42sin32xdx

cos42xsin2xsin2xdx

cos42x(1-cos22x)sin2xdx

cos42xsin2x - cos62xsin2xdx
u= cos2x du= -2sin2xdx

-1/2 u4du +1/2 u6du

-1/2 (cos52x)5 + 1/2 (cos72x)7 + c
-1/10 cos52x + ¼ cos72x + c //

2. sin33xcos53xdx

(1-cos23x)cos53xsin3xdx

cos53xsinxdx - cos73xsin3xdx
u= cos3x du= -3sin3xdx

1/3 u5du + 1/3 u7du

1/3 (u6)/6 + 1/3 (u8)/8 + c
1/8 cos63x + 1/24 cos83x + c //
 3. tan32xsec32xdx

(tan22xsec22x)(se2xtan2xdx)

(sec22x)sec22x(sec2xtan2xdx)

(sec42x)(sec2xtan2xdx) - (sec22x)(sec2xtan2xdx)
u= secx du= 2sec2xtan2x

½ u4du – ½ u2du
(sec52x)/10 – (sec32x)/6 + c //
4.cot3xcsc43xdx

cot3x(1+cot23x) csc23xdx

cot3xcsc33xdx + cot33xcsc23xdx
u= cot3x du= -3csc23xdx

-1/3 udu – 1/3 u3du

-1/6 cot23x – ½ cot43x + c //

ALGEBRAIC SUBSTITUTION
A new variable, z , may be introduced place of the original variable x, there are two
variables have a specific relation. Care must be taken at not only x but also dx be replaced
there are no general values by which substitution may be made. Sometimes, an integral may
be evaluated by several different substitution. Dexterity maybe attained through practice.
After the integral in the new variable has integrated, the solution should be transformed
back into the original variable.

Ex.1.evaluate (dx)/(1+√x)
Let: z = √x x = z2 dx=2zdz

(dx)/(1+√x) = (2zdz)/(1+z) = 2 1-(1)/(1+z)dz

=2[z-ln(1+z)] + c
=2√x – 1ln(1+√x) + c //
 Solution 2.
Let: y= 1+ √x x=(y-1)2
√x= y-1 dx= 2(y-1) dy

(dx)/(1+ √x) = (2(y-1)dy/(y)

=2 1-(1/y) dy
=2(y-lny) + c
=2[(1+√x – ln(1+ √x)] + c1
=2 √x-2 ln(1+ √x) + c2

2. evaluate x3√a2+x2 dx
Let: a2+z2 = z2 2xdx = 2zdz
x2 = z2-a2 xdx = zdz
hence, z = √a2x2

x3 √a2x2 dx

x2 √a2x2 xdx

(z2a2) z. zdz = (z2a2)z2dz

z4dz - a2z2 dz
(z5)/(5) – 1/3 a2z2+c = 1/5 z5-(a2)/(3) z3+c
1/5 (a2x2)5/2 – (a2)/(3) (a2+x2)+c //

TRIGOMOMETRIC SUBSTITUTOIN
REMEMBER:
b
a

ө
c
tanө = a/b
cotө = b/a
sinө = a/c
cscө = c/a
cosө = b/c
secө = c/b

ex.1. dx/(x2√4+x2) = dx/(x2√22+x2)

let:
x = atanө a=2
x = 2tanө tanө = x/2 = a/b
dx = 2sec2өdө

x √4+x2

2
√4+x /2 = secө
2

√4+x2 = secө c =√a2+b2

√22+x2
=√4+x2

(2sec2өdө)/(4tan2ө2secө) = ¼ (secөdө)/(tan2ө)

¼ (dө/cos)/(sin2ө/cos2) = ¼ (dө)/(cosө)∙(cosө)/(sin2)

¼ (cosөdө)/(sin2ө) = ¼ sin-2өcosөdө
u= sinө du= cosөdө
 ¼ u-2du = -¼ (u-2) + c
¼ (1/u) + c = -¼[1/sinө] + c
-¼ cscө + c
-¼[(√4+x2)/(4x)] + c
-(√4+x2)/(4x) //

2. (x2dx)/(√x2-4) = (x2dx)/(x2-2)
Let:
x = asecө a=2
x = 2secө secө = x/2 = c/b
x2 = 4sec2ө
dx = 2secөtanөdө
(√x -4)/(2) = tanө
2
b = √x2-22
√x2-4 = 2tanө b = √x2-4

(4sec2ө2secөtanөdө)/(2tanө) = 4 sec3өdө

=4 sec2өsecөdө
u= secө du= secөtanөdө

dv = sec2өdө v = tanө

4 sec3өdө = 4[secөtanө - tanөsecөtanөdө]

4 sec3өdө = 4[secөtanө - tan2өsecөdө]

4 sec3өdө = 4[secөtanө - (sec2ө-1) secөdө]

4 sec3өdө = 4[secөtanө - sec3өdө + secөdө]

4[2 sec3өdө] = 4[secөtanө = secөdө]

4[2 sec3өdө] 4{[(x)/(2)(√x2-4)/(2)] + ln lsecө+tanөl + c}

4[2 sec3өdө] = 4[(x√x2-4)/(4)] + 4ln l(x)/(2) + (√x2-4)/(2)l + c

4 sec3өdө = (x√x2-4)/(2) + 2ln l(x√x2-4)/(2)l + c

 More generally, an integrands that contains one of the form √a2-b2x2, √a2+b2x2, or √b2x2-
a2 but no other irrational factor may be transformed into another involving trigonometric
function of a new variable as follow:

√a2-b2x2, subs. x= a/b sinө

√a2+b2x2, subs. x= a/b tanө

√b2x2-a2, subs. x= a/b secө

Ex.1. (√9-4x2)/(x) dx = (√32-22x2)/(x) dx

Let: x = 3/2 sinө 2x// = sinө
Dx = 3/2 cosөdө
(√32-4x2)/(3) = cosө
√92-4x2 = 3cosө

(3cosө (3/2 cosөdө)/(3/2 sinө) = (1/2 cos2өdө)/(3/2 sinө)

3 (1-sin2ө)/(sinө) dө = 3 cscөdө-3 sinөdө

3ln lcscө-cotөl + 3cosө + c
3ln l3/2x-(√92-4x2)/(2x)l + (√92-4x2)/(3) + c
3ln l3-(√92-x2)/(2x)l + √92-4x2 + c //
3ln l3-(√92-x2)/(x)l + √92-4x2 + c2 //

2. (dx)/(x√92+4x2) = (dx)/(x√32+(2x)2)
Let: x = 3/2 tanө tanө = 2x/3
dx = 3/2 sec2өdө
(√92+4x2)/3 = secө
√92-4x2 = 3secө
 (3/2 sec2өdө)/(3/2 tan(3sec2ө)) = 1/3 (secөdө)/(tanө)

1/3 1/(cosө) dө (cosө)/(sinө) = 1/3 1/(sinө) dө

1/3 cscөdө = 1/3 ln lcscө-cotөl + c

1/3 ln l(√9+4x2-3)/(2x) – 3/2xl + c
1/3 ln l(√9+4x2-3)/(2x)l + c1 //
1/3 ln l(√9+4x2-3)/(x)l + c2 //

SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMPLE:
(trigonometric substitution)

1.x√1+x2 dx
x = atanө a=1
x = tanө tan = x/1
dx = sec2өdө
√1-x2/1 = secө
√1-x2 = secө

tanөsecөsec2өdө

sec2өsecөtanөdө
u= secө
du= secөtanөdө

u2du = u3/3 + c
1/3 sec3ө + c
1/3[(√1-x2)/1]3 + c
√(1-x2 )/(3) = c //
4. ∫√x²+16 dx = ∫√x²+4² dx

x = atanØ a = 4

x = 4tanØ tanØ = x/4

√x²+16 = secØ

--------

√x²+16 = 4secØ dx = 4sec²Ød Ø

= ∫4sec Ø4sec زØdØ = 16 ∫sec³ØdØ

16∫ sec Ø du = secØtanØdx dv sec²ØdØ v = tanØ

16∫ sec³ØdØ = 16 [sec Ø tanØ - tan Ø secØ tan Ød Ø]

16∫ sec³ØdØ = 16 [sec Ø tanØ - (sec²Ø-1) secØ dØ]

16 [ sec³ØdØ = 16 [sec Ø tanØ - sec³ØdØ + sec ØdØ]

16 [2∫ sec³ØdØ ] = 16 [sec Ø tanØ + |n | secØ + tan Ø|] + c

16 [ sec³ØdØ ] = 16 [sec Ø tanØ + +8 |n | secØ + tan Ø|] + c

= 8 [ ( ∫√x²+16 (x ) ] + 8 |n | x + √ x ² +16 | + c

-------- --- | |

4. 4

= √x²+16 (x ) ] + 8 |n | x + √ x ² +16 | + c

2 4

5. dx = dx

√(a² - x²)³ (a² - x²)¾

X =asinØ sinØ = x/a

Dx = acosdØ

√ a² - x² = cosØ

√ a² - x² = acosØ

a² - x² = a² cos² Ø

=acosØdØ = acosØdØ

√(a²cos²Ø)³ a³cos³Ø
= 1 dØ = 1 sec²ØdØ

a² cos²Ø a²

= 1 tan Ø + C

a²

=1[x ]+C

a² √a² - x²

=x+C

a² √a² - x² ,,

Integration By Partial Fractions:

Case 1. Distinct Linear Factors

To each linear factor ax+ b occurring once in a denominator of a proper rational

fraction , there corresponds a single partial fraction of the form a / ax+ b

Where A is a constant to be determined.

Examples:

1. ∫dx/x²-4
Factor the denominator

1/x²-4 = 1/(x-2)(x+2)

1/x²-4 = A/x-2 + B/x+2

Clearing the fraction

[1/x²-4 = A/(x-2) + B/(+2)] x²-4

1=A(x+2) + B(x-2)

1=Ax + 2A + Bx-2B

@ x¹ : (0=A+B)²

@ xº : 1 = 2A – 2B/1 = 4A

A=¼

O =A+B

B = -A

B = -¼

A/x-2 + B/x+2

¼/x-2 + -¼/x+2

∫¼dx/x-2 - ∫¼dx/x+2

∫¼dx/x-2 - ∫¼dx/x+2

=∫ ¼ |n|x-2| - ∫¼ |n|x+2|+c
Remember:

Log (xy) = log x + log y

Log (x/y) = log x – log y

,, Log (x.y) = y log x

By Substitution A to 1 and 2

o=A+b+c

o = - 1/6 + b + c

1/6 = B+C → 4

1 = A – 2b + 3c

1 = - 1/6 – 2b+3c

7/6 = -2b +3c → 5

2(1/6 = B+C)

+ 7/6 = -2B+BC

9/6 = 5C

C= 9/ 5(6) = 9/ 30

C = 3/10

From 4
1/6 = B+C

1/6 = B+ 3/10

B = 1/6 – 3/10 =10 – 18/60 = 8/60

B= - 2

15

∫Adx / x + ∫ Bdx / x+3 + ∫ cdx/ x-2

-1/6∫ dx/x – 2/15∫dx/x+3 + 3/10∫dx/x – 2

- 1/6 |n| x | - 2/15 |n| x+3 | +3/10 |n|x - 2| + C

|n|(x-2) 3/10 |

(x1/6)(x+3)2/15 | + C,,

Case 2: Repeated Linear factors

To each linear factor ax + b occurring n times in the denominator of a proper rational

fraction, there corresponding a sum of n partial fraction of a form.

A1 + A2 + … + An

Ax + b (ax + b)² (ax + b)¹

Where A’s are constants to be determined.

Ex.

1. ∫ (3x + 5 ) dx

x³ - x² - x + 1

= 3x + 5 = 3x + 5
x³ - x² - x + 1 x³ - x² - ( x – 1)

= [3x + 5 = A + B + C ] (x+1) (x-1)²

x³ - x² - x + 1 x+1 x – 1 ( x- 1 )²

3x + 5 = Ax² - 2Ax + A + Bx² - B + Cx + C,,

Form 2 Substitute A .

3 = - 2A + C

3 = - 2 (½ ) + c

C = 4,,

A/x+1 + B/(x-1) + C/(x-1)²

= ½|n|x+1| - ½|n|x-1| - 4/x-1 + C

|n[x+1] ½ - 4/x-1 + C,,

x-1

Case 3:Distinct Quadratic Factors

To each irreducible factors ax²+bx+c occurring once in the denominator of a proper

rational fraction, there corresponds a single partial fraction of the form.

A( 2ax + b) + b , where A and B are constants to be determined.

ax² + bx + c

1. ∫ x³ + x² + x + 2 dx

(x² + 1) (x² + 2)

[x³ + x² + x + 2 = A (2x) + b + C (2x) + d ]

 (x²+ 1)(x²+ 2) x²+1 x²+2

= 2Ax³ + 4Ax + Bx² + 2B + 2(x³ + 2 (x + dx² + d

x³ : 1 = 2A + 2 c 1

x² : 1 = B + D 2

x¹ : 1 = 4A + 2C 3

xº : 2 = 2B + D 4

By combining 1 and 3;

1 = 2A + 2c

-(1 = 4A + 2c)

O = -2A

A=O

By substitution A to 1;

1 = 2A + 2C

1 = 2(o) + 2C

1 = 2C

C=½

Combining 2 and 4;

1=B+D

-( 2 = 2B + D)

-1 = - B
B=1

Substitution B to 2;

1=B+D

1=1+D

D=O

=∫A(2x) + B + c(2x) + 1

x² + 1 x² + 2

=∫ 0 (2x) + dx + ½ (2x) + 0 dx

x² + 1 x² + 2

= ∫dx + xdx

x² + 1 x+2

arctan x + ½ |n|x² + 2| + c,,

Combining 1 and 3;

1 = 2A + 2C

- (1 = 6A + 2C)

0 = - 4A

A=0

Combining 2 and 4;

1=B+D
-(2 = 3B + D

-1 = - 2B

B=½

Substitution A to 1 Substitution B to 2

1 = 2A + 2C 1 = B + D

1 = 2 (o) + 2C 1 = ½ + D

C=½D=½

Case 4: Repeated Quadratic Factors

A(2ax+b) +b + c (2ax+b) + d + ….. + y ( 2ax+b) + z

ax²+ bx + c (ax² + bx +c)² (ax²+bx+c)¹

Ex.

1. ∫2x³ + x² + 4 dx

(x² + 4)²

[2x³ + x² + 4 = A(2x) + B + C (2x) + D ] (x² + 4)²

(x² + 4)² (x² + 4) (x² + 4)²

2x³ + x² + 4 = 2Ax³ + 8Ax + Bx² + 4b + 2Cx + D

x³ : 2 = 2A

x² : 1 = B

x¹ : 0 = 8A + 2C
xº : 4 = 4B + D

Miscellaneous Substitution:

If an integrand is rational except for a radical of the form:

1. n √ax+b , then the substitution ax + b = zn will replace it with a rational integrand.

2. √+ px + x ²= (z – x) ²will replace it with a rational integrand.

3. √q + px – x² = √(cx + x) (B – x) Then The substitution q +px - x²= (B - x²) z² will

replace it with a rational integrand.

The substitution x = 2arctanz will replace any rational function of sinx and cosx with a
rational function of z, since

Sinx = 2z cos x = 1 - z²

1+z² 1+z²

And dx = 2dz z = tan ½x

1+z²

(The first and Second )

Relation are obtained from and the third by differentiating x = 2arctan z,) after integrating,
use z = tan½ to return to the original variable.

Ex.

1. ∫dx

x√ 1 – x
let 1 – x = z² dx = -2zdz

x = 1 - z² √ 1 – x = z

=∫dx = ∫-2zdz

x√1 – x (1 - z²) z

= - 2 ∫dz a=1

1 - z² u=z

= -|n|1+√ 1 – x | + C

1-√1–x

Log x – log y = log x/y

-[|n | 1+ √ 1 – x - |n|1 - √ 1 – x |] + C

|n| 1 - √ 1 – x | - |n| 1 + √ 1 – x | + C

|n | 1 - √ 1 – x | + C

1+√1–x

2. secxdx

=1 + z² . 2dz = 2dz

1 - z² 1 + z² 1 – z²

= 2du a = 1 1|n|a+u| + C

a² - u² u = z 2a a-u

= |n| 1+ tan ½ x | + C

1 – tan ½ x ,,
 3. dx

2+cosx

=2dz =2dz . 1 + z²

1 + z² 1 + z² 2 + zz² + 1 - z²

2 + 1 - z²

1 + z²

= 2 . 1/a arctan u/a + c

= 2/√3 arctan [ tan½x] + C

√3

= 2/√3 arctan ( 1/√3 tan ½ x) + C ,,

Definite Integral:

The symbol ∫a/b f (x) dx is read the definite integral of f(x) with respect to x, from x = a
to x = b “. The function f(x) is called the integral, a and b are called the lower and upper
limits of integration.

b f(x)dx = [ f(x) ] b

aa

=∫a/b f (b) – f (a)

Properties of definite integral:

a. ∫a f(x)dx = 0

b
b. if a<b then a f(x)dx = -b f(x)dx

b a

c. ∫ b c f(x)dx = c∫b f(x)dx

a a

d. ∫ b [ f(x)dx = c∫ b f(x)dx

a a

e. c∫ f(x)dx +∫ b f(x)dx

a c

Ex.

1. ∫5 (2x + x² - x³) dx

= x² + x³ - x³ ¹ | 5

342

X=5:

5² + 5³ - 5³ ¹ = - 89.58

34

UL – LL:

-89.58 – 2.67 = -92.25,,

References:
 Essential Calculus with applications by Rosario A. Ramires, Margaret L. Lial and
Charles D. Miller
 Calculus by Feliciano and Uy.
 Schaum’s theory and problems of differential and integral calculus 3rd editio by
Frank Ayres ,jr., and Elliot Mendelson.