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    The scope of the book, originally limited to Map Projections Used by the u.s. Geological survey, now extends to inc u e severa 0 0 er popu ar or use u projections. This study of map projections is intended to be useful to both the geologist and the cartographer.

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    The scope of the book, originally limited to Map Projections Used by the u.s. Geological survey, now extends to inc u e severa 0 0 er popu ar or use u projections. This study of map projections is intended to be useful to both the geologist and the cartographer.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    2K views394 pages

    Map Projections - A Working Manual, Snyder

    Uploaded by

    andresmejia68
    The scope of the book, originally limited to Map Projections Used by the u.s. Geological survey, now extends to inc u e severa 0 0 er popu ar or use u projections. This study of map projections is intended to be useful to both the geologist and the cartographer.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    ahs Map Projections— A Working Manual \ Ce Pr i ie RO) Ole ORONO AU ARE O) TO) VOU LIBRARY llbRARy U, S BUREAU OF MINES 8, Western Field Operation Center NOV 12 1997 Test 360 3rd Ave, Spokane, Washington 99202 ae RETURE Map Projecctions— A Working Manual By JOHN P. SNYDER U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1395 Supersedes USGS Bulletin 1532 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON: 1987 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD PAUL HODEL, Secretary US. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Soyder, John Parr, 1926 — Map projetions- working mana, (U.S. Geological Survey profesional paper 195) Bibliography’ Supt of Does. no: 119.16:1395 1. Map-projection-Handbooke, manual, te, 1, Tile. IL. Soria: Geological Survey profesional paper 1906. Gano $577 1887 288 81600250 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, DC 20402 PREFACE ‘This publication is a major revision of USGS Bulletin 1582, which is titled Map Projections Used by the U.S. Geological Survey. Although several portions are essentially unchanged except for corrections and clarification, there is eonsider- able revision in the early general discussion, and tie seupe of Ue book, originally limited to map projections used by the U.S. Geological Survey, now extends to Include several other popular or useful projeetions. These and dozens of other projections are deseribed with less detail in the fortheoming USGS publication An Album of Map Projections. As before, this study of map projections is intended to be useful to both the reader interested in the philosophy or history of the projections and the reader desiring the mathematies. Under each of the projections described, the nonmathe- ‘matical phases are presented first, without interruption by formulas. They are followed by the formulas and tables. which the first type of reader may skip entirely to pass to the nonmathematical diseussion of the next projection. Even with the mathematies, there are almost no derivations and very little calculus. ‘The emphasis is on deseribing the characteristies of the projection and how itis, used ‘This professional paper, like Bulletin 1532, is also designed so that the user ean turn direatly to the desired projection, without reading any other section, jn order to study the projection under consideration. However, the list of symbols y be nceded in any ease, and the random acess Feature will be enhanced by a general understanding of the concepts of projeetions and distortion. Asa result of this intent, there is some repetition which will be apparent when the book is read sequentially For Gie more complivated projections, equations are given in Ue order of usage. Otherwise, major equations are given first, followed by subordinate equations. When an equation has been given previously, it is repeated with the original equation number, to avoid the need to leaf back and forth, Numerical examples, however, are placed in appendix A. It was felt that placing these with the formulas would only add to the difficulty of reading through the mathematical sections. ‘The equations are frequently taken from other credited o standard sources, but a number of equations have been derived or rearranged for this publication by the author. Further attention has been given to computer efficieney, for example by encouraging the use of nested power series in place of multiple-angle series, acknowledged several reviewers of the original manuscript in Bulletin 1582. ‘These were Alden P. Colvocoresses, William J. Jones, Clark H. Cramer, Marlys K. Rrownlee, Tan Rho Alpha, Raymond M. Ratson, William H.Chapman, Atef A Elassal, Douglas M. Kinney (ret.), George Y. G. Lee, Jack P, Minta (ret.), and John F’ Waananen, all then of the USGS, Joel L. Morrison, then of the Uni- versity of Wisconsin/Madison, and the late Allen J. Pope of the National Ocean Survey. I remain indebted to them, especially to Dr. Colvocorcaaes of the USGS, ‘ho is the one person most responsible for giving me the opportunity to assemble this work for publication. In addition, Jackie 'T. Durham and Robert B. MeBwen of the USGS have been very helpful with the eurrent volume, and several reviewers, especially Clifford J. Mugnier, a consulting cartographer, have pro- vided valuable critiques which have influenced my revisions. Other users in and out of the USGS have also offered useful comments. For the plotting of ali computer-prepared maps, the personnel of the USGS Eastern Mapping Center have been most cooperative. John P. Snyder CONTENTS Abstract Tntrocrtion| Map projections—general concepts 1. Characteristic of map projections 2 Longitude and latitude Parallels of latitude Morini of hngitie ‘Conventions in ploting Gride 8. The datum and the Earth aa an elipeoid Auxliaey latitudes. Computation of series 4, Seale variation and angular distrtion “Tse indeateek Distortion for projections ofthe sbhare Dinturtion for prajetin uf the elim Cauchy: Riemann and related equations 5. Tranaformation af mat eration 6, Clatsifation and selection of map projections Suggested projections —_. Cylindrical map projections: 1, Mercator projection .. ‘Summary History FFormalas forthe sphere Formulas fo the elipsaid Measurement of rhumb lines Mercator projection with another standard paral 8, Transverse Mereator projection Universal Transverse Blerentar projection — Formals forthe sphere Formulas forthe elipeoid “Modified Transverse Mercator" projection Formulas fo the "Modified Tvanaverse Mereatar” projection ——__. 8. Oulhque Bereator projection Summary Fectures — Usage ‘Formulas forthe sphere Formals forthe elipsoid 10, Gybindreal qual Area projection Summary Features Formulae forthe phere Formulas for che ellipsoid 11, doutercytinarea projection Formula for the where 12 Ruane Clinical prootion on 1, ‘Formulas forthe sphere ‘Formulas forthe elipold Features ad waa — ‘Formulas forthe ellipsoid 1, Lambert Conformal Conie projection ‘Summary History Features Usage onmulso or the phere = Formulas forthe ellipsoid Formulas for the sphere 18, Palyeone projection Geometric contraction Formulas forthe sphere Formulas for the elpeaid Modified Polyconie forthe International Map of ‘the World Formulas forthe IMW Moaified Polysonie 19, Doone prfectn ——— Summary ~ History Features and usage MAP PROFECTIONS~A WORKING MANUAL Formulas forthe sphere Formulas forthe sphere Formulas for the eipoid nina Formule forthe ellipsoid oom Azimuthal and related map projections ——— T1428. MotifiedStereographie Conformal projections ——-— 20. Orthouraphie proiection 6 Formulas forthe elipeoid Space map projections 21, Stereoerapie projection SUMIMRDY aan History eatares Usage Fortnelas forthe aphere Formulas for the ellipsoid nomonie projection — Formas forthe sphere Formulas forthe elipoid and eireular orbit Formulas forthe elipeoid and nondirealar orbit 28, Van der Grinten projection Saumaaey History, features, and usage Geometric construction Formulas forthe sphere 80, Sinusoidal projection Formulas forthe sphere ‘Vertical Perspective projection ‘Ted Perspective projection ‘oranuas fr the eisai Farmulas forthe sphere ‘Tited Perspertive projection using “camera” Feralas forthe ellipeid parameters

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