- (으)ㄹ까 하다: ‘(I’m) thinking of doing’

This pattern ‘-(으)ㄹ까 하다’ is used with an action verb and it indicates a speaker’s consideration or indecisiveness about a matter.
The meaning of ‘-(으)ㄹ까 하다’ is similar to the pattern ‘-(으)려고 하다’, but ‘-(으)려고 하다’ expresses stronger intention of
the speaker.

예) 내일 그 남자를 만날까 합니다. : I’m thinking of meeting him tomorrow.

예) 내일 그 남자를 만나려고 합니다. :I intend to meet him tomorrow.

     - 아(어/여) 지다 : ‘is getting or is becoming + Adj.’

The pattern ‘-아(어/여) 지다’ is combined with an adjective and and it indicates the situation which describes the preceding
adjective gradually changing.

예) 날씨가 점점 추워 집니다. : It’s getting cold.

     - 더니: since, and now

‘-더-’ expresses an act of recollection and ‘-니’ a sense of explanation. The meaning varies depending upon the context of its usage.

1) The first clause describes the reason or the base of the second clause: the second clause describes a result of what has been taking
place in the first clause. Usually, the subject is the third person and the subject of the first clause is same as the second one.

예) 마이클이 공부를 열심히 하더니 시험에 합격했어요.

Michael studied hard and then he passed the exam.

(Since Michael studied hard, he passed the exam.)

2) The first clause describes how it was previously: the second how it is now or changed
since the time of the first clause.

예) 어제는 날씨가 춥더니 오늘은 따뜻해요. : It was cold yesterday, but it’s warm today.

예) 바람이 불더니 이제는 비까지 와요. : It was windy, and it’s even raining now.

3) -았(었/였)더니

The first clause has already and actually taken place and it describes the cause of the second clause: the second clause describes a
consequence of the first clause. Usually, the speaker is the subject of the sentence and the subject of the second clause is not the
same as that of the first clause.

예) 아까 전에 전화 했더니 집에 없더라. : I called you, but you were not at home.

     - (으)ㄹ 테니(까): ‘(one) will do…, so…’

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The pattern ‘-(으)ㄹ 테니까’ is a contracted form of ‘-ㄹ + 터 + -이- + -니까’. When ‘-(으)ㄹ 테니까’ is used with action verbs, it
indicates the speaker’s planning or intention. If the speaker is the subject of the sentence, the speaker’s will may be implied .

예) 맛있는 저녁을 사 드릴 테니(까) 꼭 오세요. : I'll treat you to dinner, so by all means come.

예) 내가 지금 갈 테니(까) 기다려! : I’m coming now, so wait for me!

   - (으)ㄴ/는 편(이다): "a tendency to be a certain way"

This pattern ‘-(으)ㄴ/는 편(이다)’ is used with verbs to show inclination or a tendency of aspects
or qualities. Usually, ‘이다' or '-이 아니다’ is used in conjunction with ‘편'. '-(으)ㄴ 편이다 ’ is attached to adjectives in the
present tense and '-는 편이다' is used with verbs.

예) 저는 키가 작은 편입니다. : I'm on the short side.

예) 존 씨는 용감한 편입니다. : John is pretty brave.

예) 미나 씨는 책을 많이 읽는 편입니다. : Mi-Na is the kind of person who reads a lot of books.

    - (이)든(지) -(이)든(지): "(regardless) whether…or, either…or"

The pattern ‘-(이)든(지) -(이)든(지) ’ is used in paired phrases with contrastive meaning. It indicates alternative possibilities or an
indirect question involving alternatives.

예) 오든지 말든지 마음대로 하세요. : It's up to you whether you want to come or not.

예) 그 사람이 학생이든 선생이든 상관 없어요. : I don't mind whether the person is a student or a teacher.

     - 지 않아요? / -지 않을까요?: "Isn't it? Don't you think it is…?"

The pattern '-지 않다' is a pattern to make Negation, but if it is used as an interrogative, it can be used as a strong positive form like
rhetorical questions. '-지 않아요?' usually expresses the speaker's opinion, but '-지 않을까요?' is used if a speaker wants to ask the
listener's opinion.

예) 이 김치가 맵지 않아요? : This Kimch'i is hot, isn't it?

예) 너무 비싸지 않을까요? : Don't you think it is too expensive?

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   - 던 / -았(었/였)던

The pattern '-던' is a contracted form of '-더-' and 'ㄴ', the form to modify Nouns. If the speaker recollects past events or asks
another person of his/her experience about an action or event in the past, '-던-' is used. '-았(었/였)던' expresses the experience
completed once, whereas '-던' expresses repetitive experiences.

예) 제가 자주 가던 술집이에요. : This is the bar where I went to many times.

예) 제가 갔었던 술집이에요. This is the bar where I went to once.

     - (으)ㄹ 만큼

The pattern '-(으)ㄹ 만큼' is used after verbs only and conveys the meaning of comparison of extent, a degree or a measurement.

예) 우리가 다 들어 갈 만큼 방이 넓었어요. : The room was big enough for us all to go into.

예) 그 사람은 좋은 차를 살 수 있을 만큼 돈이 많아요. : The man is rich enough to buy a nice car.

     - (이)랑

The particle '-(이)랑' connects a Noun with another Noun and it can be changed to '-와/과' or '-하고'.

예) 교실에 의자랑 책상이 많아요. : There are many chairs and desks in the classroom.

    = 교실에 의자와 책상이 많아요. = 교실에 의자하고 책상이 많아요.

       - 다면

The pattern '-다면' is a contracted from '-다고 하면', so it indicates indirect discourse and the conditional.

예) 그 분이 간다면 가겠어요. : If he says he is going, I'll go.

예) 미나 씨가 먹는다면 같이 먹겠어요. : If Mi-Na says she is going to eat, I'll eat.

c.f.) 그가 지금 뛰고 있어요. : He is running now.

       - 아(어/여) 있다

The pattern '-아(어/여) 있다' expresses the existence of a certain state or fact. As we already studied in Novice-Korean II, the
pattern '-고 있다' on the other hand indicates a kind of process or continuing action.

예) 미나가 의자에 앉아 있습니다. : Mi-Na is sitting on a chair.

예) 칠판에 글씨가 써 있어요. : Some writing is on the blackboard.

       - (으)ㄹ 만하다

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The pattern '-(으)ㄹ 만하다' indicates sufficient value or worth. It can be 'to be well worth (doing)' or 'It is enough (to do)'.

예) 이 영화는 볼 만합니다. : This movie is worth watching.

   - (이)라서: 'because, so'

The connective '-(이)라서' is used for indicating reason or cause and is attached directly to nouns. The tense and negation are not
expressed with this connective.

예) 안나 씨는 의사라서 매일 바빠요. : Because Anna is a doctor, she is always busy.

예) 월요일 아침이라서 교통이 복잡해요. : The traffic is always bad on Monday mornings.

     그리, 전혀, 별로, 여간, 이만 저만 + Negative

The adverbs '그리, 전혀, 별로' are always used with the negative '-지 않다'.

예) 저는 바쁘지 않아요. : I am not busy.

예) 저는 별로 바쁘지 않아요.: I am not very busy.

예) 저는 전혀 바쁘지 않아요. : I am not busy at all.

But especially, when the adverb '여간/ 이만 저만' is used with '-지 않다', this pattern indicates an uncommon state or condition.

예) 날씨가 여간 덥지 않아요. = 날씨가 매우 더워요. : The weather is really hot.

예) 저는 요즘 이만 저만 바쁘지 않아요. = 저는 요즘 매우 바빠요. : I am extremely busy.

     - (아/어/여) 놓다: 'to do something in advance/preparation'

The Pattern '-(아/어/여) 놓다' which indicates an action done in preparation or anticipation of later use or benefit is always used
with verbs.

예) 저는 지난 주에 표를 사 놓았어요. : I bought a ticket in advance last week.

예) 숙제를 미리 해 놓아서 내일 같이 여행갈 수 있어요. : We can take a trip together, because I did my homework in advance.

'-(아/어/여) 놓다' is interchangeable with the pattern '-(아/어/여) 두다' without a change in meaning.

예) 저는 지난 주에 표를 사 두었어요. : I bought a ticket in advance last week.

       N + 정도(로): 'about, approximately, in degree'

The number classifier '정도' means degree, extent, grade etc. and it is used with the noun which is preceded by numbers.

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예) 파티에 10 명 정도 올 거예요. : About 10 people will come to the party.

예) 수업에 10 분 정도 늦을 거예요. : I'll be about ten minutes late to class.

예) 맥주를 10 병 정도 마셨습니다. : I drank about 10 bottles of beer.

       - 짜리: '(a thing) worth'

The particle '-짜리' is used always with the money classifier '-원' or counting classifier '-개' indicating worth or value of things.
Also, it can be used with '-살' indicating people's age.

예) 1,000 원짜리 옷 :   1000 won clothes

예) 10 개짜리 사과 한상자 : One box of 10 apples

예) 5 살짜리 아이 : 5 year old kid

  The connective '-(아/어/여)서' : 'do something and do something'

'-(아/어/여)서' is used when the subject does one action first, and then does the second action in sequence.

예) 저는 집에 가서 저녁을 먹을 거예요. : I will go home (first), and then I will eat supper.

예) 만나서 이야기합시다. : Let's meet and talk.

     The contractions of Indirect Discourse

The forms of the indirect discourse, such as '-ㄴ/는다고 해요,-(으)라고 해요, -자고 해요' etc., can be contracted into '-ㄴ/는대요,
-(으)래요, -재요' in casual speech style. In the same way, the forms of '-ㄴ/는다고 했어요,-(으)라고 했어요, -자고 했어요' can
be contracted into '-ㄴ/는댔어요, -(으)랬어요, -쟀어요'.

예) 안나 씨가 내일 등산을 간다고 해요/ 했어요. -> 안나 씨가 내일 등산을 간대요/ 간댔어요.

예) 안나 씨가 빨리 오라고 해요/ 했어요. -> 안나 씨가 빨리 오래요/ 오랬어요.

예) 안나 씨가 내일 등산 가자고 해요/ 했어요. -> 안나 씨가 내일 등산 가재요/ 가쟀어요.

     The pattern '-(으)ㄹ 것으로 예상되다' :'- to be expected that it will be -'

In this pattern, the word '예상되다' means 'to be expected' in English, so this pattern is used for expressing the speaker's expectation
of the events or action which will take place in the future.

예) 내일은 비가 올 것으로 예상됩니다. : It is expected to rain tomorrow.

예) 그분은 오시지 않을 것으로 예상됩니다. : It is expected that he won't come..

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       The connective -(으)면서 : 'while doing ...'

This connective '-(으)면서' has the same function with the connective '-는 동안에'. However this ending is used for indicating two
simultaneous events which are done by the same person, while '-는 동안에' is used for two simultaneous actions performed by two
different persons.

예) 신문을 읽으면서 음악을 들었어요. : While I read a newspaper, I also listened to music.

예) 그 여자는 울면서 말했어요. : She talked and cried.

  This connective '-면서' can be used when you combine two sentences which occurr continuously in indirect discourse.

예) 김영수: 지금 바빠요. 1 시간 후에 전화하겠습니다. -> 김영수 씨가 지금 바쁘다고 하면서 1 시간 후에       전화하겠다고

해요/했어요.
     Kim Young-Soo: I'm busy now. I will call you back one hour later. -> Kim Young-Soo told me that      he is busy now, and that
he will call me back one hour later.

       The connective -(으)나 : but

You have already studied the connective '-지만' meaning 'but'. This connective '-(으)나' is interchangeable with this '-지만' without
any difference in meaning. But in the casual and colloquial speech, '-지만' is preferred to '-(으)나'.

예) 학교에 일찍 갔으나 선생님을 만날 수 없었어요. I went to school early, but I couldn't meet the       teacher.

예) 낮에는 더우나 밤에는 조금 시원해요. It is hot during the day, but it is cool at night.

       the ending '-기'

The ending '-기' is used for making Nominative forms of the verb, attaching to the verb stem directly. This form is followed by the
words of '쉽다(to be easy), 어렵다(to be difficult), 바라다(to hope/ desire), 원하다(to want)' etc., and these mean that 'it is
easy/difficult, (I) want/desire that---'. As for the form of '-기(가) 쉽다', it is used for expressing the tendency and/or ease for doing
something. '-가' can be dropped optionally.

예) 불고기는 만들기(가) 쉬워요. It is easy to cook Bulgogi.

예) 영어는 공부하기 어려워요. It is difficult to learn English.

예) 안나 씨가 일찍 오기를 바랍니다. I want Anna to come early.

The pattern '-도록 하다'

'-도록' is attached to verbs and expresses the action which is taken to reach a certain point. In many cases, '-도록' is used with '하다'
and it means to make a hearer do something. If it takes the 1st subject, it expresses the subject's will.

예) 배가 고프면 식사하도록 하세요. If you are hungry, go ahead and eat.

예) 이제부터 열심히 공부하도록 하겠습니다. I will study hard from now on. (I will make myself study
     hard from now on.)

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     The pattern 'V (다) + -기 위해(서)' / 'N + -을(를) 위해(서)'

'-기 위해서' is attached to verbs and '-을(를) 위해서' to nouns, both of which mean 'for' in English. The second action is carried out
to complete the action of the first sentence. '위해' can be used because '-서' is often deleted, and '위하여' can be exchanged for '
위해서'

예) 먹기 위해서 삽니까? 살기 위해서 먹습니까? Do you live to eat, or eat to live?

예) 가족을 위해서 돈을 벌기로 했어요. I plan to make money for my family.

     The pattern '- (으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라'

'- (으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라' joins two facts or events which relate to each other, in order to intensify or expand the first statement. It
means '…not only… but also…' in English.

예) 그 영화는 재미있을 뿐 아니라 주제도 좋아요. The movie is not only exciting, but the theme is
     good.

  The pattern '-(이)라도': -ever it is, no matter - it is

The pattern '-이라도' is used for expressing the meaning of '-ever it is, no matter - it is' in English, when it is preceded by
interrogative words (누구, 언제, 어디, 무엇, 무슨), or an interrogative phrases (어느 것/분, 무슨 일, 몇 분/시, 어떤 책) etc..

예) 누구라도 괜찮아요. Anyone will be fine.

예) 언제라도 좋아요. Any time will be fine.

예) 무슨 일이라도 있어요? Is there any problem?

예) 어떤 책이라도 괜찮아요. No matter what kind of book it is, it will be fine.

     The Plain Speech Style 2

The basic explanation of the plain style is dealt with in the Novice Korean I, Lesson 6. In this lesson, you will meet the rest of the
Plain speech style. These endings are used with people such as school juniors, or to a relatively younger person in the family by
grandparents to grandsons and daughters etc..

1. Interrogative Forms: '-(으)냐/(느)냐'

예) 그게 뭐냐? What is that?

예) 몇 시에 일어났(느)냐? What time did you get up?

2. Declarative forms: '-ㄴ다/-는다/-다'

예) 집에 간다. I am going home.

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 예) 나는 점심을 안 먹는다. I don't have lunch.

예) 어제는 집에 일찍 갔다. I went home early yesterday.

3. Propositive forms: '-자'

예) 지금 공부하자. Let's study now.

예) 지금 떠나자. Let's leave now.

4. imperative forms: '-아(어/여)라'

예) 빨리 집에 가라. Go home quickly.

예) 이걸 먹어라. Eat this.

     The pattern '-거든요'

The pattern '-거든요' is used as a sentence final ending which indicates reason or cause.

예) 왜 어제 안 오셨어요? Why didn't you come yesterday?

    머리가 많이 아팠거든요. Because I had a terrible headache.

       The connective '-(으)ㄹ수록': the more-, the more -

The connective '-(으)ㄹ수록' is used for indicating a progressive increase of intensity, amount or time.

예) 이 책은 읽을수록 재미없어요. The more I read this book, the less interesting it becomes.

예) 한국어는 공부할수록 재미있는 것 같아요. The more I study Korean, the more interesting it seems to be.

예) 쌀수록 좋아요. The cheaper, the better.

예) 쌀수록 더 좋아요. (the word '-더(more)' is added.)

예) 싸면 쌀수록 더 좋아요. (the word '싸면(if it is cheap)' is added.)

  
   The exclamatory ending: -구나/군요 -> -더구나/더군요

The exclamatory ending '-구나/군요' is used for expressing delight, wonder, astonishment or surprise in the present tense.
As for the past tense, however, the pre-ending '-더-' is used when a speaker recalls or recollects past facts, occurrences, or
experiences and is used like '-더구나/더군요.' such as '-더니, -던 etc.'.

예) 한국은 날씨가 덥구나. It is hot in Korea.

예) 한국은 날씨가 덥더구나. I remember/recall that it was hot in Korea.

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  The connective '-다니'

The connective '-다니' is used for expressing the reason or cause, and precedes expressions of surprise such as '웬일이에요/
웬일이니?, 깜짝 놀랐어요.' etc,.

예) 저한테 전화를 하다니 웬일이세요? I am surprised that you are calling me.

예) 그분이 돌아가시다니 깜짝 놀랐어요. I was surprised to hear that he died.

     The pattern '-긴/기는 -지만/는데': it is true… but…

This pattern is used for expressing the speaker's admission to a certain truth or occurrence. The verb that is attached to this pattern is
repeated in the main clause. This pattern is used mostly with the connectives such as '-지만' or '-(으)ㄴ/는데' 'but' etc.

예) 돈이 있긴 있어요. I have money, but…

예) 영어가 재미있긴 재미있지만 너무 어려워요. English is interesting, but it's too difficult.

예) 그분을 만나긴 만났는데, 이야기를 오래 할 수 없었어요. I met him, but I couldn't talk with him for a      long time.

     The pattern 'Interrogative + -(으)ㄹ지 모르겠다'

This pattern is used for expressing that the speaker can't decide a certain action.

예) 무엇을 먹을지(먹어야 할지) 모르겠어요. I can't decide what I should eat.

예) 언제 가야 할지 모르겠어요. I can't decide when I should go.

       The sentence ending '-잖아(요)'

This ending is used for expressing a tag question for confirming the fact of a sentence. This is the contracted form of '-지 않아(요)'.

예) 네가 그 일을 한다고 했잖아. (I'm sure that) You have said to do that.

예) 그 음식은 안나 씨가 주문했잖아요. Anna, you ordered that food, didn't you?

- (으)ㄹ지도 모르다 : maybe, it may be that -

This pattern '-(으)ㄹ지도 모르다' is used for expressing a speaker's uncertainty or doubt about a certain fact or event with the verbs.

예) 내일은 비가 안 올지도 몰라요. It may not rain tomorrow.

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예) 그분은 선생님일지도 몰라요. He may be a teacher.

예) 버스를 타면 늦을지도 몰라요. If we take a bus, we may be late.

     - (으)ㄹ까 봐 : I am afraid that---, so ----

This pattern '-(으)ㄹ까 봐' is used for expressing a speaker's anxiety, worry or solicitude.

예) 비가 올까 봐 안 갔어요. I was afraid that it would rain, so I didn't go.

예) 늦을까 봐 택시를 탔어요. I was afraid that I would be late, so I took a taxi.

        - 는 동안(에) ; while doing something

This connective '-는 동안에' is used for expressing two simultaneous actions performed by different subject. '-에' is optional.

예) 제가 숙제를 하는 동안에 친구는 TV 를 봤어요. While I was doing my homework, my friend

     watched TV.

예) 제가 친구하고 이야기하는 동안에 제 가방이 없어졌어요. While I was talking with my friend,
     my bag disappeared.

  '-다면서': 'I heard (that) ……, is that so ?

'-다면서' is used with verbs and adjectives, and is used to confirm a certain fact or event which is generally known by the public.

예) 다음 주에 미국에 돌아간다면서? I heard (that) you are going back to America. Is that so ?

     지난 주에 열심히 공부했다면서? I heard (that) you studied hard last week. Is it right?

     The pattern '-는 바람에': 'because, so'

This pattern '-는 바람에' is used with verbs and other forms of indirect discourse. It indicates a stimulus to action, or something that
incites or determines an outcome.

예) 미나 씨가 우는 바람에 모두 울었어요. Because Mi-Na was crying, everybody cried.

     미나 씨가 가는 바람에 나도 갔어요. Because Mi-Na was going, I also went.

예) 미나 씨가 간다는 바람에 나도 갔어요. Because Mi-Na said she would go, I also went.

  This pattern is not used in the future tense.

예) 미나 씨가 가라는 바람에 갈 거예요. (awkward)

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       대과거 -았(었/였)-

Tenses in Korean are determined from the speaker's point of view. Sometimes tenses communicate certain aspects of the verb
actions/ states rather than the time reference of the verb.
'-았(었/였)-' is used to convey a distant past event, which does not affect the present state any more; or it conveys a past experience
of the subject.

예) 영수 씨가 어제 왔었어요. Young-Su came(had come) here yesterday.

     그 남자 이름을 알았었는데, 지금은 생각나지 않아요. I used to know his name, but I don't know it
    at present.

     미나 씨는 미국에 유학했었어요. Mina went to the United States to study (but is now here).

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