Professional Documents
Culture Documents
bбв
а б в
2
two kinds – short and long, positioned at “two floors” – the history of the typeface. I am extremely grateful also
at the accent fields of the lowercase and uppercase let- to Hristo Kodov, Bozhidar Raikov and Stefan Kozhu-
ters – and can be positioned above a letter or between harov, whom I deeply respect, for our earliest attempts
two letters. The same applies to the above-the-line let- together and for the work to complete this project.
ters and the letter titles. The “two floors” make it possi- Unfortunately, they are no longer with us. My heartfelt
ble for a title to be typed on top of an above-the-line thanks to Boryana Veltcheva and Vasya Velinova for
letter, title on top of a title, or title on top of any other their patience and our fruitful collaboration. I also thank
diacritic. Titles on top of high-ascent letters (e.g. ѕ, ì, to Aksinia Jourova for the opportunity to use the library
ѣ, ι) are chosen from the “top floor”, that is from the of the Prof. Ivan Duitchev Center, to Boryana Hristova
set of titles for uppercase letters. All titles, aspirations, for her assistance for the presentation of the typefaces in
and other diacritics have equal contrast for the normal the St. St. Cyril and Methodii National Library, and to
and bold uppercase and lowercase letters. Various (nor- Maria Kostova, who discovered rare old editions in the
mal and bold) starting, dividing, closing, and other library of the University of Sofia St. Kliment Okhridski.
characters are also developed.
One can compile a rather complete chronology of Short bibliography:
the emergence and the development of the Glagolitic 1. Ягичъ, И. В. Глаголическое письмо. В: Енцик-
and Cyrillic typefaces from the book В. Йончев, лопедiя славянской филологiи. Выпускъ 3. Графика у
“Шрифтът през вековете” (see also Е.Ф. Карский, славянъ. Санктпетербургъ, 1911.
2. Карский, Е. Ф. Славянская кирилловская па-
“Славянская…”). I give below (taken from В.Й.) only
леография. Ленинград, 1928 (фототипно издание,
a few of the more important dates: 1483 – the first
Москва, 1979).
Glagolitic typeface (Croatian); 1491 – the first Cyrillic
3. Йончев, В. Шрифтът през вековете. Со-
typeface of Sweipolt Fiol and Rudolf Borsdorf; 1564 фия, 1964 (второ издание, 1971).
– the first book printed in a semi-regulation type by Iv. 4. Йончев, В., Олга Йончева. Древен и съвре-
Fyodorov in Russia; 1838 – the first attempt to engrave менен български шрифт. София, 1982.
and found a typeface in Bulgarian lands (for Theodosi 5. Кирило-Методиевска енциклопедия. София,
Sinaitski’s print shop); 1853 – by P. Љafarik’s appoint- Т.1, 1985, Т.2, 1995.
ment, type round Glagolitic letters after the Asseman 6. Джурова, А. Въведение в славянската коди-
and Marin gospels were made. Our Renaissance litera- кология. София, 1997.
ture from Sofroniy Vratchanski’s “Nedelnik” (1806) to See also works by:
the Liberation in 1878 was printed in Cyrillic type of Е. Георгиев, К. Мирчев, П. Илчев, А. И. Собо-
левский, П. А. Лавров, Н. Щепкин, Л. В. Черепнин и
better or poorer quality. Some of these typefaces were
др. Interesting ideas and works on the Glagolitic and
preserved (as a lead type) almost until the mid-20th
Cyrillic letters can be found also in В. Йончев „Азбу-
century. For instance, in Iv. Kadela’s catalogue of the ката от Плиска, кирилицата и глаголицата“. Со-
Royal Court Press, one of them could be found under фия, 1997.
the rubric “letters: Slavic”; in a catalogue of the State
Press (the one after the Liberation of 1878) shown were К. Кънев, с. Студена, септември 2002
Bulgarian Glagolitic (most probably Љafarik’s Glagolitic
type), Old Slavic Cyrillic and Old Bulgarian Cyrillic English translation bz Alexander Vantchev
(Љafarik). These typefaces are long gone. The longest
preserved (and used) as a lead type and in phototypeset-
ting (ECPT) until about 10 years ago, is Monotype’s Old
Bulgarian Slawjanski typeface. It is probably that very
typeface (judging by the style), engraved and founded
after the cursive of the Suprasal Collection, ordered by
Yagitch for his edition of the Bologna Psalter (1907).
This typeface (under a different name), Љafarik’s
Cyrillic and Glagolitic [?] (as rather clumsy compila-
tions) and some other redesigned versions can be found
in some computers of today.
For the development of this project, I owe a lot to Prof.
Vasil Yontchev, who many years ago revealed to me the
vast universe of literature and raised my interest towards
3
АБВГДЕЖDЗЙEИGКЛ
МНОПРСТУKФХTЩЦЧШЪЫЬЯ
ЮЭЄIPYJHR
ἵBἶCἴFLMἱἰUNVἳἲWXOAZQS
абвгдежdзйeиgклмнопрстуkфхtщц
чшъыьяюэєipyjhr
ίbὸcὶflmέὲunvήὴwoxazqs
ᾸᾺᾼᾉᾍᾋᾏᾈᾌᾊᾎἈἌἊἎΆ
ἉἍἋἏᾹΈἙἝἛῈἘἜἚΉ
ἩἭἫἯῊῌᾙᾝᾛᾟᾘᾜ
АåБВ4
;=<,>\|":.’+-
АБВГДЕЖDЗЙEИGКЛ
МНОПРСТУKФХTЩЦЧШЪЫ
ЬЯЮЭЄIPYJHR . ἵB
ἶCἴFLMἱἰUNVἳἲWXOAZQS
абвгдежdзйeиgклмнопрстуkф
хtщцчшъыьяюэєipyjhr
ίbὸcὶflmέὲunvήὴwoxazqs
ᾸᾺᾼᾉᾍᾋᾏᾈᾌᾊᾎἈἌἊἎΆ
ἉἍἋἏᾹΈἙἝἛῈἘἜἚΉ
ἩἭἫἯῊῌᾙᾝᾛᾟᾘᾜ
;=<,>\|":.’+-
4
Asseman Gospel (10th c.) page 122b / Асеманиево евангелие, л. 122б
5
добенъ е3 омовиту . й3
и2 о . но
ваа2
и2
и2
чаа2 а сьньмищии2
Ύ&цÂа о2
М7
еηáв r иΝáо глΒáа р2
кξáо . и2 о ; и2
Ύ&цÂа о2
М7
е3
вьнеἚяте h чкÂъ " кáξо дш3
М7Ύ&цÂа о2
нект3 а . и2
на3 о же сн2 о вь ни
" кеи2
въи е3
М7 Ύ&цÂа о2 а
" вла и2 ъи2
Рече гÂь . Вься е2 оштете да
творiтъ вамъ члÂци . и2
творите и2 акожд3
"
" стъ . законъ и2 идя
те . є4
ко пространаа2 а . и2
рокь пєть . въводэи2
бє . И3 н2 одэ
штe и2 а.
6
добенъ е2 тъ члĎку домовиту ․ p2 е
и2 осsтъ о2 ъкровища свое2 о ․ но
ваа2 етъхаа2 И3 да съконч2
и2 Прѣи2 е о2 χдѣ ․
и2 дъ въ о2 твsе2 ое2
чаа2 ьньмищии2
$цŚа о2
М4 е2 тŚаа2 мы ․
ев ι ио гла р2 Ξχщи поlдѣ вь
ко и2 те въ и2 о и2 сх
М4$цŚа о2 тĎую3 ерґ3
е2 ла с2 Ре1 ои2 ъ у4 ени ⁿ
вьнем3 е о2 еп и2
М4 $цŚа о2 тĎхъ о2 рада
нект3 риа2 а ․ а2 ика и2 тĎхъ о2
на2 о же сн3 ъивш4 о вь ни
кеи2 т3 рицеί4 ла ґ3 Ре1 ои
въи е2 те свѣ ко ․ в црс2 вs нбĎм и3 еп ․
М4 $цŚа о2 т3 ула распа а2
вла и2 ужинъи2 Єв2 Лу8 ла л2
Рече гŚь ․ Вьсѣ е2 о хоштете да
творόтъ вамъ члĎци ․ и2 ъи
творите и2 ъ такожд2 Ξе бо е2
стъ ․ lаконъ и2 ънидѣ
те ․ χ3 аты ․ ѣ3
ко пространаа2 ата ․ и2
рокь пχть ․ въводϋи2 гу
бχ ․ И3 χтъ въходϋ
штs и2 ъ ․ Коль χ3 а врата ․
Vajs J., J. Kurz. Evangelarium Assemani. Codex Vaticanus 3. slavicus glagoliticus. Pragae, 1955, T. II, c. 246)
7
АБВГДЕЖDЗЙEИGКЛМНОПРСТУKФ
ХTЩЦЧШЪЫЬЯЮЭЄIPYJ
BMCFLUNVWXOAZQSHR
абвгдежdзйeиgклмнопрстуkфхtщцчш
ъыьяюэєipyj
bmcflunvwoxazqshr
АáБВâГДäАБàВГåДАíБВîГДïАБìВГóДАôБ
;=<,>\|":.’+-
АБВГДЕЖDЗЙEИGКЛМНОПРСТУKФ
ХTЩЦЧШЪЫЬЯЮЭЄIPYJ
BMCFLUNVWXOAZQSHR
абвгдежdзйeиgклмнопрстуkфхtщцчш
ъыьяюэєipyj
bmcflunvwoxazqshr
аÁбвÂгдÄабÀвгÅдаÇбвÉгдÊабËвгÍдаÎбвÏгдÌабÓвгÔд
;=<,>\|":.’+-
АБВГДЕЖDЗЙIИGКЛМНОПРСТУФХOЩЦЧШЪЬЯЮ
абвгдежdзйiиgклмнопрстуфхoщцчшъьяю
KHQJMNATSR bkjvmnastr
АáБВâГДäАБàВГåДАãБВçГДéАБêВГëДАíБВîГДïАБìВГóДАôБ
; = < , > \ " : . `+ -
АБВГДЕЖDЗЙIИGКЛМНОПРСТУФХOЩ
ЦЧШЪЬЯЮ
абвгдежdзйiиgклмнопрстуфхoщцчшъьяю
KHQJMNATSR bkjvmnastr
bÁбвÂгдÄbбÀвгÅдbÃбвÇгдÉbбÊвгËдbÍбвÎгдÏbбÌвгÓд
; = < , > \ " : . `+ -
8
АБВГДЕЖDЗЙIИGКЛМНОПРСТ
УФХOЩЦЧШЪЬЯЮ
абвгдежdзйiиgклмнопрст
уфхoщцчшъьяю
ἉἍἋἏᾸᾺᾼᾉᾍᾋᾏᾊᾎᾈ
ᾌἜἈἌἊἎᾹΆἩΈἙἝἛῈἘἚΉἭ
ἫἯῊῌᾙᾝᾛᾟᾘᾜᾚᾞἨ
KHQJMNATSR bkjvmnastr
АáБВ3 АБ2 АéБêВëГíДА ï Б3 А
;=<,>":.`+-
\
АБВГДЕЖDЗЙIИGКЛМНОПРСТ
УФХOЩЦЧШЪЬЯЮ
абвгдежdзйiиgклмнопрст
уфхoщцчшъьяю
ἉἍἋἏᾸᾺᾼᾉᾍᾋᾏᾊᾎᾈ
ᾌἜἈἌἊἎᾹΆἩΈἙἝἛῈἘἚ
ΉἭἫἯῊῌᾙᾝᾛᾟᾘᾜᾚᾞἨ
KHQJMNATSR bkjvmnastr
bΏèбΑèвΒèгΓèдbΕè
бÁвÂгÄдbÀ ÅбÃвÇгÉдb Ê ËбÍвÏгÌдbÓ ÔбÖв
;=<,>":.`+-
\
9
АБВГДЕЄЖIMHGЗLSPUИOКЛМН
ОΑПРСΞТУІҖФХΘЦЧΤШЩЪЫЏЬ
ѢЮЯΆΫΧΌΊΠõѲЌѴúΥҐ
абвгдеєжim׳зlsptиoклмноαпрсξт
уѕìфхθцчτшщъыџьѣюя
έϋχόίôšѳќѵûυґ
ACBDEFJNKЍVЙXWYΒΓΕΖΗ∆
ZΝЋîЅЈЇΚЊΦΡΣѪЎ�ÄΩΎΈ
ЂЁЃΨΪΟЉΉΙΛ
Ώacbðd²®−ϐ°3⁄4efjnhg©kѝvйxwΐyΰ
ïüíβγεζηδzνéŠÛÚÜћіїјöòκΆњ
͵φρσÂÇÃ�άωÀÁ
ÖÒύÌÓÔÑήђёѓÍÈÊËψϊÎςÏποљʹ
åàώëèιλÕóêñ
ᾈἋἜᾏᾸἛῈἎἝἚἏἘἍÙἉâᾼÝᾹ
ŸᾺŽᾋἊᾍãἙçᾉäᾌἈἌᾊᾎ
ffi ffl ff ; ₎ ₍ ⁿ
․
‥⁾⁽ὫὯ[]
10
АБВГДЕЄЖIMHGЗLSPUИOКЛМН
ОΑПРСΞТУІҖФХΘЦЧΤШЩЪ
ЫЏЬѢЮЯΆΫΧΌΊΠõѲЌѴúΥҐ
абвгдеєжim׳зlspuиoклмноαпрсξт
уѕìфхθцчτшщъыџьѣюя
έϋχόίôšѳќѵûυґ
ACBDEFJNKЍVЙXWYΒΓΕΖΗ∆
ZΝЋîЅЈЇΚЊΦΡΣѪЎ�
ÄΩΎΈЂЁЃΨΪΟЉΉΛΙ
Ώacbðd²®−ϐ°3⁄4efjnhg©kѝvйxwΐyΰ
ïüíβγεζηδzνéŠÛÚÜћіїјöò
κΆњ͵φρσÂÇÃ�άωÀÁÖÒ
ύÌÓÔÑήђёѓÍÈÊËψϊÎςÏποљʹ
åàώëèλιÕóêñ
ᾈἋἜᾏᾸἛῈἎἝἚἏἘἍÙἉâᾼÝᾹ
ŸᾺŽᾋἊᾍãἙçᾉäᾌἈἌᾊᾎ
ffi ffl ; ₎ ₍ ff ⁿ
‥⁾⁽ὫὯ[]․
11
Suprasal Collection (11th c.) p. 254/ Супрасълски сборник, с. 254
12
пр�штааше у4 орити мђ․ и2 �а2
сђ я3 о мечемъ о2 ъс�чеши ми главχ․ за
нἤе молἤχ тђ повели и2 о сътворити․ да у4
в�си како крь2 тия3 ь2 ьть2 �о2 �
ти навыкохомъ․ христосовы ради любь2 е
разгн�вавъ же сђ кънђзъ․ о2 ъзости ст3
го мχченика и2 еа․ повел� мечемъ у4
с�кнχти и․ Ξвђтыи2 е мχченикъ․ я3 о
въторыи в�нь2 ъ получивъ рече․ благо-
д�ть2 пов�даί4 огу моέ3 у․ даръ-
ствовавъшуу4 у ми различь2 ъ
мχкамъ тръп�нию в�нь2 да пр�-
л�зошђ мостъ рекомыи2 темись2 ъ-
вл�къ ризы своϋ․ и2 �въ на небо․ по-
моли сђ глаголἤђ сице․ господи да о2 връ-
зχтъ сђ небеса․ и2 а прии2 тъ душχ
раба твоέ3 о․ я3 оже и2 юдемъ твои2 ъ
вь2 �чь2 ъкъве․ и2 �кого и2 пль-
нἤения έ3 еб� в�руϋ гĠи tсу хрьсте․
се вьсе страждχ․ и2 �кнχвъше и2 ъвръ-
гошђ и2 �кχ․ се же сђ сътвори въ ср�-
м�․ стар�и2 ъствуί4 у прову-
ц�саръствуί4 у же вь2 �кы и2 у хръ-
сту господу нашему․ έ3 уже слава ны-
нἤ� и2 но и2 �кы в�комъ а3
м�сђца марта кѳ․ мχчениέ3 т3 го tθ4 рахиси-
я․ и2 ужины έ3 о
Въ л�то осмонадесђтоέ цр2 � персьска са-
воря․ гонἤениέ выстъ на црь2 тосо-
вы․ и2 ътχштђϋ вь2 едръжителя бо-
Suprasal Collection (11th c.) p 527/ Супрасълски сборник, 254 (по Йордан Заимов (София, Т. 1, с. 527)
13
абвабвабвабвабвабваб а3 б3 б3 б3
и2
!и2
ииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии
ииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии
ииииииииии
и3
А3 Б3 А3 Б3 А3 БВАБВАБВАБВĂАБĄВ
аб3 б3 б3 бĖваŞбвŎабǾв
ὠАὢАὤАὥАБ3 А3
а2 б3
а3 б3 б3
бὄбвὅввὐввὑввὒва3 нὶнлὶлрὶргήгкήкхήх
абвабвабвабвабвабваб а3
и2
!и2
ииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии
ииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии
ииииииииии
и3
А3
аб3
ὠАὢАὤАὥАБ3
а2
а3
бὄбвὅввὐввὑввὒва3
14
The font sets Glagolitic Round, Glagolitic Croatian (angular) and Cyrillic are produced in
two formats – Open Type (OTF) and PostScript Type 1.
The usage of OTF was necessary for a number of reasons:
1) The large number of signs in a single style – for the various types of Glagolitic, the
average number of characters per style is 300, while for the Cyrillic it is almost 700.
2) The support of complete kerning information (character spacing) is possible only in
OTF, because standard PostScript fonts with their 256-character limitations do not allow
kerning to be maintained, for instance between versions of letters а/Ώ and о – 16 at the
same time
(ао, аα, аβ, аγ, аδ, аε, аζ, аη).
3. OTF is platform-independent, that is applications with full OTF support, such as
PhotoShop or InDesign, are capable of reading a document created on a different platform. E.g.
from Windows to Macintosh, and vice versa.
4. Only OTF in combination with Adobe InDesign allows the full utilization of all functional
capabilities of the font sets
Except in OTF, the above font sets are available also in “standard” PostScript Type 1, where the
Glagolitic sets are in two files, while the Cyrillic sets are in three. This “distribution” is necessary
because of the 256-character limitation in the “standard” font.
The different font sets are used much in the same way, with Cyrillic having a bit more
complicated structure, due to the presence of many titles, above-the-line letters, letter titles,
aspirations, accents, et al. All styles within the Glagolitic and Cyrillic sets have the same
mappings for matching letters, including titles, above-the-line signs, ligatures, et al. It is strongly
recommended to use Adobe InDesign, which has a special “Insert Glyph” palette. From this
palette, all characters in a certain style can be selected.
All styles are defined in such a way that the titles, the above-the-line letters, the letter titles, as
well as all accents can be positioned:
1. between two letters – this is done automatically, using the standard character metrics
, м3
(цр2 е, м3
, на2
, не1
я, прп2
гκ).
This way of typing allows a very precise positioning of an element (title, above-the-line
letter, letter title, etc.) above letters with varying base widths.
( a9
, a1
, а2
, а2
, Ἡ7
, Ἡ7
).
We are not aware of any practical solution to position above-the-line characters with such a
precision in other typefaces.
Ivan Neytchev, HermesSoft
15
© 2002, Act Soft Ltd, HermesSoft Company
© 2002, Kancho Kanev
All rights reserved.
16