ADVANCES IN AUTOMOBILE

ENGINEERING
 ABSTRACT
Discoveries and developments in science and
technology are at the core of the human endeavor.
Recently, there have been some significant advances in the
automobile industry. This paper mainly shows the working
model of electric and hybrid cars. The disadvantages of
automobiles using gasoline engines like tailpipe
emissions, mileage, impact of air pollution on health and
environment.

Our dependence on the internal combustion engine

is costing us in many ways, including monetarily and
environmentally.

SCET
 Presentation on
ADVANCES IN AUTOMOBILE
ENGINEERING
 INTRODUCTION
ELECTRIC CAR

An electric car is a car powered by an electric

motor rather than a gasoline engine
There are a lot of differences between gasoline and
electric cars:
The gasoline engine is replaced by an electric motor.
The electric motor gets its power from a controller.
The controller gets its power from an array of
rechargeable batteries.

SCET
The modifications that turned it into
an electric car
The gasoline engine, along with the muffler, catalytic
converter, tailpipe and gas tank, were all removed.
An electric controller was added to control the AC motor.
A new AC electric motor was bolted to the transmission
with an adapter plate.
A battery tray was installed in the floor of the car.
Fifty 12-volt lead-acid batteries were placed in the battery
tray (two sets of 25 to create 300 volts DC).
The shifter for the manual transmission was replaced with
a switch, disguised as an automatic transmission shifter, to
control forward and reverse.
A charger was added so
that the batteries could be
recharged. This particular
car actually has two
charging systems -- one
from a normal 120-volt or
240-volt wall outlet, and
the other from a magna-
charge inductive charging
paddle.
 The heart of an electric car is the
combination of
The motor's controller

DC CONTROLLER
AC CONTROLLER
The electric motor

DC MOTOR
AC MOTOR
The batteries
 Controller
The controller takes power from the batteries and delivers it
to the motor.
Most controllers pulse the power more than 15,000 times per
second, in order to keep the pulsation outside the range of
human hearing.
The controller can deliver zero power (when the car is
stopped), full power (when the driver floors the accelerator
pedal), or any power level in between.
These Controllers are of two types: 1. DC Controller 2. AC
Controller
 DC CONTROLLER
The very simplest DC controller
would be a big on/off switch
wired to the accelerator pedal.
When you push the pedal, it
would turn the switch on, and
when you take your foot off the
pedal, it would turn it off.

As the driver, you would have to

push and release the accelerator
to pulse the motor on and off to
maintain a given speed.
 AC CONTROLLER
In an AC controller, the job is a
little more complicated, but it is the
same idea. The controller creates
three pseudo-sine waves. It does
this by taking the DC voltage from
the batteries and pulsing it on and
off.
Most DC controllers used in electric
cars come from the electric forklift
industry. The Hughes AC controller
seen in the photo above is the same
sort of AC controller used in the
GM/Saturn EV-1 electric vehicle. It
can deliver a maximum of 50,000
watts to the motor.
 The Motor
Electric cars can use AC or DC motors:
 If the motor is a DC motor, then it may run on

anything from 96 to 192 volts.

 If it is an AC motor, then it probably is a three-phase

AC motor running at 240 volts AC with a 300 volt

battery pack.
DC installations tend to be simpler and less expensive.
AC installations allow the use of almost any industrial three-
phase AC motor, and that can make finding a motor with a
specific size, shape or power rating easier. AC motors and
controllers often have a regen feature. During braking, the
motor turns into a generator and delivers power back to the
batteries.
 The Charging System
Any electric car that uses batteries needs a charging system
to recharge the batteries. The charging system has two goals:
To pump electricity into the batteries as quickly as the
batteries will allow
To monitor the batteries and avoid damaging them during the
charging process .
An electric car actually has two different charging systems.
One system accepts 120-volt or 240-volt power from a
normal electrical outlet. The other is the Magna-Charge
inductive charging system popularized by the GM/Saturn EV-
1 vehicle. Let's look at each of these systems separately.
 Normal Household Power
The normal household
charging system has the
advantage of convenience --
anywhere you can find an
outlet, you can recharge. The
disadvantage is charging time.

In this, the gas filler spout has

been removed and replaced by
a charging plug. Simply
plugging into the wall with a
heavy-duty extension cord
starts the charging process.
 The Magna-Charge System
The Magna-Charge system
consists of two parts:
A charging station mounted to the
wall of the house
The paddle fits into a slot hidden
behind the license plate of the car.
The charging station is hard-wired
to a 240-volt 40-amp circuit
through the house's circuit panel.
 ADVANTAGES OF
ELECTRIC CAR
Since electric vehicles run on electricity generated from
batteries and do not emit air pollutants, these vehicles are
termed zero emission vehicles (ZEV).
Since most people drive less than 40 miles per day electric
cars are certainly Conversion of gas powered cars to electric
cars is a good form of consumer recycling
Electric cars run without burning gasoline, and therefore,
produce no exhaust pollution.
There is no emission-control system, which is one of the
most complex and expensive parts of a car that uses
gasoline.
The overall costs for maintaining an electric car average
about 30% of that for gas-powered cars.
 The typical statistics of an
electric car is
The range of this car is about 50 miles (80 km).
The 0-to-60 mph time is about 15 seconds.
It takes about 12 kilowatt-hours of electricity to charge the
car after a 50-mile trip.
The batteries weigh about 1,100 pounds (500 kg).
The batteries last for three to four years.
 DISADVANTAGES OF
ELECTRIC CAR
Several hundred pounds of batteries are needed for some
electric cars, long recharge times or exorbitant costs
associated with continual powering of the battery that runs
the electric motor.
These batteries store as much energy as a single gallon of
gasoline, which weighs only about five or six pounds.
In addition, an electric vehicle gets only about 100 miles to
a charge and can take hours to fully recharge.
Potential health or safety risks associated with widespread
electric vehicle use have not yet been fully evaluated.
Many vehicle batteries contain toxic elements or produce
toxic emissions which could make battery production,
transport, use, and disposal a significant solid waste issue.
 HYBRID CAR
Why Build Such a Complex Car?
You might wonder why anyone would build such a
complicated machine when most people are perfectly happy
with their gasoline-powered cars. The reason is twofold: to
reduce tailpipe emissions and to improve mileage. These
goals are actually tightly interwoven.
An electric car, on the other hand, produces almost no
pollution, but it can only go 50 to 100 miles (80 to 161 km)
between charges. And the problem has been that it is very
slow and inconvenient to recharge.
 What Makes it a "Hybrid"?
Any vehicle is a hybrid when it combines two or more
sources of power. In fact, many people have probably owned
a hybrid vehicle at some point. For example, a mo-ped (a
motorized pedal bike) is a type of hybrid because it
combines the power of a gasoline engine with the pedal
power of its rider. Hybrid vehicles are all around us are
locomotives, sub marines (nuclear-electric) etc.,
 Hybrid Structure
You can combine the two power sources found in a hybrid car
in different ways. One way, known as a parallel hybrid, has
a fuel tank, which supplies gasoline to the engine. But it also
has a set of batteries that supplies power to an electric motor.
Both the engine and the electric motor can turn the
transmission at the same time, and the transmission then turns
the wheels.
In contrast, a series hybrid, the gasoline engine turns a
generator, and the generator can either charge the batteries or
power an electric motor that drives the transmission. Thus,
the gasoline engine never directly powers the vehicle.
Hybrid Components
Gasoline engine - The hybrid car has a gasoline engine much
like the one you will find on most cars. However, the engine
on a hybrid is smaller and uses advanced technologies to
reduce emissions and increase efficiency.
Fuel tank - The fuel tank in a hybrid is the energy storage
device for the gasoline engine. Gasoline has a much higher
energy density than batteries do. For example, it takes about
1,000 pounds of batteries to store as much energy as 1 gallon
(7 pounds) of gasoline.
Electric motor - The electric motor on a hybrid car is very
sophisticated. Advanced electronics allow it to act as a motor
as well as a generator. For example, when it needs to, it can
draw energy from the batteries to accelerate the car. But
acting as a generator, it can slow the car down and return
energy to the batteries.
Generator - The generator is similar to an electric motor, but
it acts only to produce electrical power. It is used mostly on
series hybrids.
Batteries - The batteries in a hybrid car are the energy
storage device for the electric motor. Unlike the gasoline in
the fuel tank, which can only power the gasoline engine, the
electric motor on a hybrid car can put energy into the
batteries as well as draw energy from them.
Transmission - The transmission on a hybrid car performs
the same basic function as the transmission on a conventional
car. Some hybrids, like the Honda Insight, have conventional
transmissions. Others, like the Toyota Prius, have radically
different ones, which we'll talk about later.
 Hybrid Efficiency
Besides a smaller, more efficient engine, today's hybrids use
many other tricks to increase fuel efficiency. Some of those tricks
will help any type of car get better mileage, and some only apply to a
hybrid. To squeeze every last mile out of a gallon of gasoline, a
hybrid car can
Recover energy and store it in the battery - Whenever you step on
the brake pedal in your car, you are removing energy from the car.
The faster a car is going, the more kinetic energy it has. The brakes
of a car remove this energy and dissipate it in the form of heat. A
hybrid car can capture some of this energy and store it in the battery
to use later. It does this by using "regenerative braking." That is,
instead of just using the brakes to stop the car, the electric motor that
drives the hybrid can also slow the car. In this mode, the electric
motor acts as a generator and charges the batteries while the car is
slowing down.
Use low-rolling resistance tires - The tires on most cars
are optimized to give a smooth ride, minimize noise, and
provide good traction in a variety of weather conditions. But
they are rarely optimized for efficiency. In fact, the tires
cause a surprising amount of drag while you are driving.
Hybrid cars use special tires that are both stiffer and inflated
to a higher pressure than conventional tires. The result is that
they cause about half the drag of regular tires.

Use lightweight materials - Reducing the overall weight of a

car is one easy way to increase the mileage. A lighter vehicle
uses less energy each time you accelerate or drive up a hill.
Composite materials like carbon fiber or lightweight metals
like aluminum and magnesium can be used to reduce weight.
 Hybrid Maintenance
The motors and batteries in these cars don't require any
maintenance over the life of the vehicle. And the engine
doesn't require any more maintenance than the one in any
other car.
And because both hybrids have regenerative braking, the
brake pads may even last a little longer than those in most
cars.
 What's Available Now?

Three hybrid cars are now available in the

United States -- the Honda Civic Hybrid,
the Honda Insight and the Toyota Prius
 CONCLUSION:
There are many already existing vehicles as discussed earlier
and some of the forthcoming vehicles are from the
companies of Daimler-Chrysler, General Motors, Lexus,
Toyota, and Ford. As we are using Gasoline engines in the
hybrid cars again usage of hybrid cars leads to
environmental pollution so in order to overcome this
limitation we go for alternate fuels. Hydrogen-powered fuel
cells hold the promise as a clean source of power for electric
motors, without the limitations of batteries. In addition to
hydrogen fuel cells, engineers continue to experiment with
alternative fuels such as biodiesel, natural gas, ethanol,
methanol and propane-as well as fuel made from corn,
soybeans, grass and sugar beets.
Thanks for the opportunity