(a) No of heartbeats in 6 secs= 6
Rate of heartbeat = 60/ 6 x 6 = 60 times per min
(b) Effect 2: Sweat droplets forms on the face
Sweat glands are activated and produce sweat
which evaporates and removes latent heat from
the body;
•  (c) ii) Immediately after the hot bath, the rate of
heart beat increases; from 60 beats per min to 70
beats per min;
•  As body temperature has increased, blood has to
be pumped faster to the skin to remove excess
heat by vasodilation;
(b) Effect 1:
Person’s face appears flushed and feels warm.
As body temp rises, arterioles beneath the
skin dilate so that more blood flows through the
skin capillaries to allow heat loss via conduction,
convection and radiation.
•  (c) i) Blood pressure drops immediately after the
hot bath;
•  As body temperature increases immediately
after the hot bath, arterioles at the skin
vasodilate to get rid of excess heat in body via
conduction, convection and radiation;
EXTRA
•  more blood can pass through the dilated arterioles;
•  with less exertion by the heart;
(d) 1. Shivering (involuntary muscle contractions)
2. Vasoconstriction of arterioles beneath the skin
3. Body temperature may drop below 35 C.
4. Frost bite
1
 (a)(i) Axes correct and labelled, including units;
X Axis: Avg body length (cm)
Y Axis: Rate of heat production (KJ/kg/h)

Appropriate scale and graph is spread across 75%;

Curve drawn (smooth best fit curve);
All plots correct with title;

(a)(ii) As body length increases, the rate of heat (b)(ii) Water is lost as sweat from the sweat glands;
production decreases; Evaporation of sweat removes latent heat from the
(a)(iii) Respiration; body/skin;
(b)(i) Loss in mass per hour = 74 x 1.4% This enables body to maintain a temperature around
= 1.036 kg 37 0C, which means enzyme activity is not affected;
Total average body mass lost in 6 hours = 1.036 x 6
= 6.216 kg
= 6.22 kg;

(a)Thick gloves, shoes and socks insufficient to (b) Hypothalamus detects lower blood temperature
insulate body at extreme cold temperatures; and activates shivering reflex;
Heat loss at extremities is easier due to distance
from body core; Increased muscular contractions requires higher
In order to maintain a certain core temperature for
rate of respiration, which generates more heat;
survival, heat loss is minimized via homeostasis; Increased heat help maintain core body temperature;
Hence vasoconstriction of arterioles at the skin
surface occur to reduce blood flow and heat loss via
convection, radiation and conduction;
However reduced blood flow for long periods of
time deprives cells of oxygen and nutrients,
eventually resulting in cell death.

2
 Hypothalamus in brain receives stimuli from
skin receptors about temperature changes, also
monitors blood temperature;
Responses, such as sweating to high
temperature and shivering to low temperature, are
inhibited when desired temperature is reached,
controlled by negative feedback.
(b) Islets of langerhans in pancreas (not
hypothalamus) detects changes in blood glucose
levels;
When blood glucose levels are high, eg; after a
meal, pancreas releases insulin;
Insulin increases uptake of glucose into muscle
and fat tissues and causes the conversion of
glucose to glycogen for storage in liver and
muscle cells;
(a)(i) Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant
internal environment by regulation of a system;
Use an example to illustrate;
(ii) Negative feedback Is a corrective process to
restore the norm, output of system lowers the
input to regulate further output/ to re-establish
normal conditions;
(b) When blood glucose levels are low. Eg from
starvation, pancreas releases glucagon;
Glucagon breaksdown glycogen in the liver to
glucose releasing it into the bloodstream;
The balance of hormone production is controlled
by negative feedback and maintains blood
glucose concentration within narrow limits.