1

CDMA

Presentation by:
Hira Rasab
Huma Chaudhry
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Contents

• Introduction

• CDMA Signal
▫ Transmission
▫ Reception

• CDMA Evolution

• CDMA Core Elements

• CDMA
▫ VOICE call
▫ SMS
▫ EVDO
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Introduction to CDMA
• CDMA (Code-Division Multiple Access) refers to
any of several protocols used in wireless
communications.

• As the term implies, CDMA is a form of

multiplexing, which allows numerous signals to
occupy a single transmission channel, optimizing the
use of available bandwidth.
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CDMA[1]

• For radio systems there are two resources, frequency and time.
• Division by frequency, so that each pair of communicators is allocated part of the
spectrum for all of the time.
• Division by time, so that each pair of communicators is allocated all (or at least a
large part) of the spectrum for part of the time .
• In Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), every communicator will be allocated
the entire spectrum all of the time. CDMA uses codes to identify connections.
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Introduction to CDMA (ctd..)

• CDMA employs analog-to-digital conversion (ADC)
• Audio input is first digitized into binary elements.
• The frequency of the transmitted signal is then made
to vary according to a defined pattern (code),
▫ so it can be intercepted only by a receiver whose
frequency response is programmed with the same code,
so it follows exactly along with the transmitter
frequency.
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CDMA fundamentals..
• CDMA network work on 800MHz and 1.8GHz
frequency.

• CDMA phones are activated remotely, by the carrier,

using the phone's serial number, known as the ESN.

• The CDMA channel is nominally 1.23 MHz wide.

• CDMA networks handoff Scheme: soft handoff.

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CDMA Evolution

• IS-95A – Voice – Data up to 14.4 kbps

• IS-95B – Voice – Data up to 115 kbps
• CDMA2000 1X – 2X Voice Capacity – Data up to 307 kbps on a
single carrier – IMT-
• 1xEV-DO – Optimized high speed data up to 2.4 Mbps on a
single carrier – IMT-2000
• Compliant
• 1xEV-DV – Integrated Voice and Data with Downlink rates up to
4.8 Mbps
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Generating a CDMA signal[5]

There are five stages in generating

a CDMA signal.
• analog to digital conversion
• vocoding
• encoding and interleaving
• channelizing the signals
• conversion of the digital signal
to a Radio Frequency (RF)
signal

The use of codes is a key part of

this process.
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Generating a CDMA signal

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How compression works

• As people pause between syllables and words when

they talk,
▫ CDMA takes advantage of these pauses in speech
activity by using a variable rate vocoder.
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Variable Rate Vocoder

• A CDMA vocoder varies compression of the voice

signal into one of four data rates based on the rate of the
user's speech activity:
 Full, 1/2, 1/4 and 1/8.

• The vocoder uses its full rate when a person is talking

very fast.

• It uses the 1/8 rate when the person is silent or nearly so.
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Vocoder types

• CDMA systems can use either an 8 kbps or a 13 kbps vocoder.

▫ 8kbps vocoder maximize capacity.
• The 13 kbps vocoder was later developed to provide a more
land-line quality voice signal.
▫ slight reduction in capacity, better voice quality.

• Recently the CDMA community adopted a new 8 kbps

vocoder: usually referred to as the EVRC (Extended Variable
Rate Coding).
▫ It combines the quality of 13 kbps vocoding with the capacity
of the 8kbps data rate.
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Encoding and interleaving

• Encoders and interleavers are built into the BTS and

the phones.

Purpose:
• To build redundancy into the signal so that
information lost in transmission can be recovered.
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How encoding works

• Example: The type of encoding done at this stage is
called "convolutional encoding.”
• A digital message consists of four bits (A, B, C, D) of
vocoded data.
• Each bit is repeated three times.
• These encoded bits are called symbols.

• The decoder at the receiver uses a majority logic

rule.
▫ Thus, if an error occurs, the redundancy can help
recover the lost information.
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Burst errors

• A burst error is a type of error in received digital

telephone signals.
• Burst errors occur in clumps of adjacent symbols.
• These errors are caused by fading and interference.

Encoding and interleaving reduce the effects of burst

errors.
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How interleaving works

• Interleaving is a simple but powerful method of
▫ reducing the effects of burst errors and recovering lost
bits. In the example discussed here the symbols from
each group are interleaved (or scrambled) in a pattern
that the receiver knows.

• De-interleaving at the receiver unscrambles the bits,

spreading any burst errors that occur during
transmission.
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Channelizing

• The encoded voice data is further encoded to separate

it from other encoded voice data.
• The encoded symbols are then spread over the entire
bandwidth of the CDMA channel.
• This process is called channelization.

• The receiver knows the code and uses it to recover

the voice data.
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Kinds of Codes used in CDMA

CDMA uses two important types of codes to

channelize users.

• Walsh codes channelize users on the forward link

(BTS to mobile).

• Pseudorandom Noise (PN) codes channelize users

on the reverse link (mobile to BTS).
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Walsh codes

• Walsh codes provide a means to uniquely identify

each user on the forward link.

• Walsh codes have a unique mathematical property--

they are "orthogonal."

• In other words, Walsh codes are unique enough that

the voice data can only be recovered by a receiver
applying the same Walsh code.
▫ All other signals are discarded as background noise.
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PN codes

• Pseudorandom Noise (PN) codes uniquely identify

users on the reverse link.

• A PN code is one that appears to be random, but isn't.

• The PN codes used in CDMA yield about 4.4 trillion

combinations of code. This is a key reason why
CDMA is so secure.
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Code channels used in CDMA

• A code channel is a stream of data designated for a

specific use or person.
▫ This channel may be voice data or overhead control
data.

• Channels are separated by codes.

• The forward and reverse links use different types of

channels.
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Forward link channels

• The forward link uses four types of channels to

transmit voice and control data to the mobile.

• The types of forward link channels are:

▫ Pilot
▫ Sync
▫ Paging
▫ Traffic
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Reverse link channels

• The reverse link uses two types of channels to

transmit voice and control data to the BTS.

• The types of reverse link channels are:

▫ Access
▫ Traffic
CDMA

States of an MS [6]

Channels used in call

Setup[5]

24
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Channels used For Call Processing

1. Forward Channels

1. Pilot Channel
2. Paging Channel
3. Synchronous Channel
4. Forward Traffic Channel

 Reverse Channels
1. Access Control Channel
2. Reverse Traffic Channel
Forward Link Channels

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Call Processing - Pilot

• The BTS constantly transmits the pilot channel.

• The mobile uses the pilot signal to acquire the system.

• It then uses the pilot signal to monitor and adjust the

power needed in order to transmit back to the BTS.

Pilot Ch
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Call Processing - Sync

• The BTS constantly transmits over the sync

channel so the mobile can synchronize with the
BTS.
• It provides the mobile with the system time and
the identification number of the cell site.
• The mobile ignores the sync channel after it is
synchronized.

Sync Ch
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Call Processing - Paging

Paging Ch

• CDMA uses up to seven paging channels.

• The paging channel transmits overhead information
such as commands and pages to the mobile.
• The paging channel also sends commands and traffic
channel assignment during call set-up.
▫ The mobile ignores the paging channel after a traffic
channel is established.
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Call Processing - Traffic

• Base station assigns a forward and reverse traffic

channel to the mobile when it is in conversation.

Forward link traffic channel

• CDMA uses between fifty-five and sixty-one forward

traffic channels to send both voice and overhead
control data during a call.
• Once the call is completed, the mobile tunes back in
to the paging channel for commands and pages.
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Reverse link channels

• The reverse link uses two types of channels to

transmit voice and control data to the BTS.

• The types of reverse link channels are:

• Access
• Traffic
Reverse link channels

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Call Processing – Access Channel

Access Ch

The mobile uses the access channel when not assigned to a traffic
channel.

The mobile uses the access channel to:

• Register with the network

• Originate calls
• Respond to pages and commands from the base station
• Transmit overhead messages to the base station
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Reverse link traffic channel

• The reverse traffic channel is only used when there is

a call.

• The reverse traffic channel transmits voice data to the

BTS.

• It also transmits the overhead control information

during the call.
CDMA used for

Signal generation

Termination

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CDMA Signal Transmission

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Generating a CDMA signal[2]

• There are five steps in generating a CDMA signal.

analog to digital conversion
vocoding
encoding and interleaving
channelizing the signals
conversion of the digital signal to a Radio Frequency
(RF) signal

• The use of codes is a key part of this process

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Vocoding

Voice Compression

• The second step of CDMA signal generation is voice

compression.
• CDMA uses a device called a vocoder to accomplish
voice compression.

• Vocoders are located at the BSC and in the phone.

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CDMA Signal Transmission

Signal transmission consists of the following steps:

1. A pseudo-random code is generated, different for each channel and

each successive connection.
2. The Information data modulates the pseudo-random code (the
Information data is “spread”).
3. The resulting signal modulates a carrier.
4. The modulated carrier is amplified and broadcast.
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Signal Reception
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Signal Reception

Signal reception consists of the following steps:

1. The carrier is received and amplified.

2. The received signal is mixed with a local carrier to recover
the spread digital signal.
3. A pseudo-random code is generated, matching the
anticipated signal.
4. The receiver acquires the received code and phase locks its
own code to it.
5. The received signal is correlated with the generated code,
extracting the Information data.
Mobile Station States[6]

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Mobile Station States

Power Up
Call origination
Synchronization or page response

Initialization Idle Access Traffic

State State State State

Paging Loss Page response completed

End of call
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MS states Discussed:

Mobile
switched On..

1. Initialization:
Acquire pilot channel of the selected CDMA
system.
Process synch channel for synchronization

2. Idle:
Monitor paging channel for overhead and mobile
directed messages
Ready to move to access state to originate a call or
respond to a page request
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3. Access:
MS sends messages to the base station
and gets responses in the paging
channel.
This can be a call origination or a page
response.

4. Traffic:
MS communicates with the base station
using forward and reverse traffic channels
Paging and access channels are no longer
monitored
Alert with info is used for order message
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CDMA Architecture [Some Imp N/W ELEMENTS]

• Some of the important identities used in CDMA networks are as
listed below:

▫ MSID: An MSID (Mobile Station Identity) can be in one of the two

forms – the MIN (Mobile Identification Number) number identifying
a subscription in CDMA network; or the IMSI (International Mobile
Station Identity.e.g, 410530428521442.

▫ ESN: The Electronic Serial Number (ESN) is the number assigned

by the manufacturer to the Mobile Equipment. For example, the
ESN of a handset is 15FED16F.

▫ MSCID: MSC Identity is assigned to each of the network elements

(e.g. MSC, HLR, SMSC etc.) in an CDMA network.
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CDMA [Some Imp N/W ELEMENTS.. (contd.)

HLR- with the help of MSC keeps

MDN: Mobile Directory Number the location of the subscriber
is an addressable (or dial updated.
able) number on which the
subscriber can be called
VLR- downloads the copy of the
on.e.g, +924238521442. subscriber’s data from HLR
when the user enters the
different location Area. It has the
MSCIN: MSC Identity Number location ID named as “Cell No.
is the Global Title address (or (identification of the BTS serving
the number) assigned to the the cell)” e.g, 41053000030270.
MSC.
AUC- is used to keep a check on
the authenticity of the user.
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CDMA

• Voice
▫ I\C and O\G
MS visiting diff Locations

49
 • After VLR1 has removed the MS record, HLR sends the Subscriber
details and a ReqNot msg. to allow VLR2 to update the information
2.2
for the MS requesting
• --it send a RegCancel Req. to VLR1, which then removes the record of 2.1
the Subscriber and sends response to HLR
• HLR updates the VLR2 by referring to MIN of MS in DB and doing 2
the following process:
• -on entering the VLR2, a “Location Update” msg. is sent to the N/W, 1
and then the requestNotification msg. from VLR2, is sent to the HLR
If an MS moves from VLR1 TO VLR2
MS moving on different N/Ws
50
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Once the MS is registered in VLR2-

Call to a user visiting a different
Network:

52
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Call to a user in VLR2

1. When a call is made:

2. The GatewayMSC sends notification to the HLR which is serving that MDN

3. HLR identifies the MIN is in a different network and sends a ReqRoute msg. to the

serving MSC (to establish a path for G-MSC to Serving MSC for the communication

to take place).

4. The serving MSC identifies the MIN and checks the availability of the MS (either

busy or on waiting)

5. When available, the MSC assigns the TLDN (from a pool of available numbers)

,and sends the TLDN to the HLR

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Call to a user in VLR2..(CTD)

6. The HLR on receipt of the response from the serving MSC, sends
the TLDN to the calling Party (the GMSC) for association b/w
TLDN and MIN
 then allocates voice path for communication purpose

7. the serving MSC then releases the TLDN, for reuse.

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Call FROM a Mobile User

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A Call FROM a Mobile User

1. A call initiation request is sent to the RCC (Rev. Command
Channel).

2. Along with this, the MS transmits its MIN, Electronic Serial

Number(ESN) and the phone number of the called party.

3. The MS also transmits the Station Class Mark (SCM) which

indicates the maximum transmitter power level for the
particular user

4. The BS forwards the data to the MSC, which validates the data
and makes connection to the called party through the PSTN
(Public Switched Telephone Network)
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An Incoming Call:
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A Call TO a Mobile User

• The MSC dispatches the request to all BS. The Mobile

Identification Number(MIN) is broadcasted as a paging message
over all FCCs (Forward Command channels) throughout the
service area

• The MS receives the paging message from the BS it is

monitoring. It responds by identifying itself over the RCC
(Reverse Command Channel).

• The BS conveys the handshake to the MSC.

• The MSC instructs the BS to move to an unused voice channel.

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A Call TO a Mobile User… (ctd..)

• The BS signals the MS to change over to an unused FVC (Forward

Voice Channel) and RVC (Rev. voice Channel) for the allocation
of channels

• A data message called alert is transmitted over the FVC to instruct

the mobile for ringing.

• Thereby, completing the call setup.

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A Call TO a Mobile User… (ctd..)

• While the call is in progress, the MSC or the BS, adjust the
transmitted power in order to maintain the call quality.
CDMA
Data

 SMS handling

61
 SMS
 Short Message Delivery Point-To-Point Bearer Service Usage
in CDMA

62
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N\W infrastructure for SMS:

• The network infrastructures that need to deploy SMS

service use the same ones to deploy voice call service
with the additional one being
▫ that is Short Message Service Centre (SMSC).
• SMSC responsible to handle all request related to the
SMS service.
• It will identify the SMS request from the originating
mobile phone number, process the request and finally,
send to request to the proper destination phone number.
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• The complete network infrastructures which

involved on the SMS service are;
• Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
• Base Station Controller (BSC)
• Mobile Switching Centre
• Home Local Register (HLR) or Visitor Local Register
(VLR)
• Short Message Service Centre (SMSC)
• Intelligent Network (IN)
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• A message that is sent by subscriber will be forward to the

BTS, BSC and MSC and HLR/VLR.

• MSC will identify what kind of service is requested by

subscriber, and once it finds out that it is a messaging service,
the MSC will forward the request to SMSC for next
processing.

• SMSC will validate the phone number whether it is right to

make a messaging service by checking the balance on
Intelligent Network (IN). If it has sufficient balance, it will
deducted and then deliver the message to the destination
phone number.
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Origination Destination
Home Home
Direct
SMDPP
SMDPP
Network MC Network
Indirect SMDPP MC
SMDPP / SMPP

 In case of CDMA networks, each MS belongs to one and only one Message Center (MC or the
SMSC).
 SMS being a store-and-forward type of application, it is the responsibility of the Home MC of
any given CDMA subscriber, to store & subsequently deliver the terminating message to the
subscriber.
 When a CDMA user originates a Short Message, there are two methods of routing the message
to it’s destination.
 One method is called as the “Direct” method &
 the other is called as “Indirect” method of routing.
 In case of the “Direct” method, the Originating MSC delivers the message to the
Destination subscriber’s MC.
 In case of “Indirect” method, the message is first delivered to Originator’s MC &
then forwarded to the Destination subscriber’s MC.
 Ultimately, the message gets deposited in the destination subscriber’s MC for
delivery.

SMDPP: Short Message Delivery Point-To-Point Bearer Service

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SMS DELIVERY Scenario [6]

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MSC-1 MC-2 HLR-2 MSC-2

REGNOT
REGNOT (SMSAddress)
(SMSAddress) aa
b
b
SMDPP
SMDPP (SMS
(SMS Bearer,
Bearer, MDN)
MDN) regnot
regnot (profile)
(profile)
cc
smdpp
smdpp (ACK)
(ACK)
d
d B
SMSREQ
SMSREQ (MDN)
(MDN)
ee
A smsreq
smsreq (MIN,
(MIN, SMSAddress)
SMSAddress) ff
SMDPP
SMDPP (MIN,
(MIN, SMS
SMS Bearer)
Bearer)
g
smdpp
smdpp (ACK)
(ACK)
h
h

Img Courtesy; http://www.3gpp2.org/Public_html/specs/index.cfm

SMS Call Flows (A) explains the successful SMS delivery scenario.
a. MS ‘B’ registers at MSC/VLR-2. MSC sends ‘REGNOT’ message to the HLR with
it’s own address (PC/SSN) as ‘SMSAddress’ to the HLR.
b. HLR Stores the ‘SMSAddress’ and sends ‘regnot’ response to the MSC/VLR-2.
c. MS ‘A’ sends an SMS for MS ‘B’. The MSC-1 delivers the message to the MC of
MS ‘B’ (i.e. MC-2) through the IS-41 message called as SMDPP (Short Message
Delivery Point-to-Point).
d. The Message Center sends ‘smdpp’ response to acknowledge the receipt of the
message.
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MSC-1 MC-2 HLR-2 MSC-2

REGNOT
REGNOT (SMSAddress)
(SMSAddress) aa
b
b
regnot
regnot (profile)
(profile)
SMDPP
SMDPP (SMS
(SMS Bearer,
Bearer, MDN)
MDN)
cc
smdpp
smdpp (ACK)
(ACK)
d
d B
SMSREQ
SMSREQ (MDN)
(MDN)
ee
A
smsreq
smsreq (MIN,
(MIN, SMSAddress)
SMSAddress) ff
SMDPP
SMDPP (MIN,
(MIN, SMS
SMS Bearer)
Bearer) g
g
smdpp
smdpp (ACK)
(ACK) h
h

e. The MC-2 sends ‘SMSREQ (SMS Request)’ message to the HLR of MS ‘B’, to
find out the subscriber’s current location & status.
f. If HLR finds that the MS ‘B’ is registered, it sends ‘smsreq’ response with the
MIN & the ‘SMSAddress (the address of the serving MSC)’ to the MC-2 .
g.On receipt of response to ‘SMSREQ’ the MC-2 sends ‘SMDPP’ message to the
MSC identified by the ‘SMSAddress’.
h.The MSC-2 pages the MS ‘B’ & delivers the message & sends successful
response to the MC-2 in ‘smdpp’ message.
SMS
SMS Procedure (B)
 the first unsuccessful SMS delivery attempt.

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SMS Call Flows (B) explains the first unsuccessful SMS delivery attempt.
a. MS ‘B’ de-registers from MSC/VLR-2. MSC sends ‘MSINACT’ message to the HLR, which
indicates to HLR that the MS ‘B’ is not available any more.
b.HLR marks the MS ‘B’ as ‘Inactive’ and sends ‘msinact’ response to the MSC/VLR-2.
c. MS ‘A’ sends an SMS for MS ‘B’. The MSC-1 delivers the message to the MC of MS ‘B’ (i.e.
MC-2) through the IS-41 message called as SMDPP (Short Message Delivery Point-to-Point).
 72

d.The Message Center sends ‘smdpp’ response

to acknowledge the receipt of the message.

e.The MC-2 sends ‘SMSREQ (SMS Request)’

message to the HLR of MS ‘B’, to find out
the subscriber’s current location & status.

f. HLR finds that the MS ‘B’ is marked as

‘Inactive’ and sends ‘smsreq’ response with
the ‘SMSAccessDeniedReason’ parameter
set to a value indicating that the SMS to this
MS (‘B’) can not be delivered at this
moment.

g.The HLR also sets a flag called ‘SMS

Delivery Pending Flag (SMDPF)’ indicating
that there was an attempt to deliver an SMS
to this MS, but, it was not delivered.
 73

d. After some time when the MS ‘B’

turns ‘ON’, it performs “Power-Up
Registration”. The MSC/VLR-2
sends ‘REGNOT’ to the HLR.

e. HLR responds to ‘REGNOT’ with the

subscriber’s profile.
The HLR also finds that, against ‘this’
MIN, the SMDPF flag is set.
 74

d.Because the SMDPF flag for MS ‘B’ was set, the HLR sends a message called ‘SMSNOT (SMS Notification)’
to the Home MC of MS ‘B’. The ‘SMSNOT’ message includes the MIN, MDN & the SMSAddress.
e.The MC-2 responds with ‘smsnot’ to the HLR. On receipt of the ‘smsnot’ message, the HLR resets the
SMDPF flag.
f. On receipt of SMSNOT, the MC-2 comes to know that the MS ‘B’ is now available & is located at the MSC
identified by the ‘SMSAddress’ received in ‘SMSNOT’. The MC-2 retries the delivery of message by sending
‘SMDPP’ message to the MSC-2.
g.On successful delivery of message to MS ‘B’, the MSC sends the ‘smdpp’ response message to the MC-2. If
the originating MS had requested for delivery acknowledgement, then the MC-2 forms the delivery
confirmation message to be sent to MS ‘A’ & goes ahead with SMS delivery call flow for message delivery
confirmation to MS ‘A’.
CDMA

• EVDO

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EV-DO

• EVDO is short for evolution data optimized.

• The official name, defined by the Telecommunication

Industry Association, is "CDMA2000, High Rate
Packet Data Air Interface".

• This is another wireless service that like DSL is

always on. It is used just like any other high speed
Internet access service.
 77

Companies evolving to EVDO

• There are many telecommunication services which can be optimized by

Telecommunication Company to gain as much as revenue instead of
traditional service (such as voice call and SMS) and one of them is Data
Service e.g. mobile broadband internet service.

• The term of Data Service is usually associated with wireless or mobile

broadband internet services which include CDMA 1x 2000, GPRS,
EVDO or 3G services.

• For Data Service, Telecommunication Companies need to insert new

network infrastructures to the existing network e.g. Packet Data
Service Node (PDSN), SGSN/GGSN and charging system to charge the
subscribers while they utilize the services.
 78

CDMA call flow for

[3]

Data Service

• The call flow of Data Service e.g mobile

broadband internet service is just like voice
call flow.

• The difference is type of service which be

retrieved by subscribers. Therefore, Data
Service call flow will be routed to the
network infrastructures where voice call
served and then route to Data Service’s
networks element to have internet service.
 79

Data Service Call flow (continued…)

• Then, the AAA server or charging
system will assign certainty tariff once
they noticed that the phone number used
by subscribers to make a Data Service is
a valid number.

• Finally, PDSN will request internet traffic

and then forward back to the subscribers. In
this section, subscriber will be able to browse
to internet.

Firewall was installed to protect

internal network keep secure
 80

EV-DO1x Architecture
Img. Courtesy:http://www.tek.com/ir/whitepaper/WP_CDMA.pdf
 81

The Radio Access Network (RAN)

• The Radio Access Network is the mobile subscriber’s entry point for
communicating either data or voice content.
• It consists of:
▫ The air link
▫ The cell site tower/antenna and the cable connection to the Base Station Transceiver
Subsystem (Um)
▫ The Base Station Transceiver Subsystem (BTS)
▫ The communications path from the Base Station Transceiver Subsystem to the base station
controller (Abis)
▫ The Base Station Controller (BSC)
▫ The Packet Control Function (PCF)

• The RAN has a number of responsibilities that impact the network’s delivery of
packet services in particular. The RAN must map the mobile client identifier
reference to a unique link layer identifier used to communicate with the PDSN,
validate the mobile station for access service, and maintain the established
transmission links.
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PCF
• The Packet Control Function (PCF) routes IP packet data
between the mobile station within the cell sites and the Packet
Data Serving Node (PDSN).

• During packet data sessions, it will assign available supplemental

channels as needed to comply with the services requested by the
mobile and paid for by the subscribers.

• The PCF maintains a “reachable” state between the RN and the

mobile station, ensuring a consistent link for packets; buffers
packets arriving from the PDSN when radio resources are not in
place or insufficient to support the flow from the PDSN.
 83

The Core CDMA Network Elements’ Role in

EVDO[4]
 84

1. The Packet Data Serving Node (PDSN/FA)

• The PDSN/FA is the gateway from the RAN into the public
and/or private packet networks. In a simple IP network, the
PDSN acts as a standalone Network Access Server (NAS),
while in a mobile IP network it can be configured as a Home
Agent (HA) or a Foreign Agent (FA).

• The PDSN does the following activities:

▫ Manage the radio-packet interface between the BSS and the IP network
by establishing, maintaining and terminating link layer to the mobile
client
▫ Terminate the PPP session initiated by the subscriber
▫ Provide an IP address for the subscriber (either from an internal pool or
through a DHCP server or through an AAA server)
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PDSN (CNTD…)
▫ • Perform packet routing to external packet data
networks or packet routing to the HA which
optionally can be via secure tunnels
▫ • Collect and forward packet billing data
▫ • Actively manage subscriber services based on the
profile information received from the SCS server of
the AAA server
▫ • Authenticate users locally, or forward
authentication requests to the AAA server
 86

2. The AAA Server

• The AAA (Authentication, Authorization, and
Accounting) server is used to

• authenticate
• and authorize

• users for network access and to store subscriber

usage statistics for billing and invoicing.
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3. The Home Agent

• The Home Agent (HA) supports seamless data roaming into

other networks that support 1xRTT.

• The HA provides an anchor IP address for the mobile and

forwards any mobile-bound traffic to the appropriate network
for delivery to the handset.

• It also maintains user registration, redirects packets to the

PDSN and (optionally) tunnels securely to the PDSN.

• Lastly, the HA supports dynamic assignment of users from the

AAA and (again optionally) assigns dynamic home addresses.
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Interfaces used to communicate

• In order to obtain packet data services, the mobile

performs registration

• with the serving wireless network on the

▫ A1 interface
• and then with the packet network on the
▫ A10/A11 interface.
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Communication Setup

•
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Data Flow Procedure in EV-DO

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Future of CDMA service providers..

• Future concern:
• CDMA market competitor WiMAX
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References:

1. http://www.umtsworld.com/technology/cdmabasics.htm
2. http://www.bee.net/mhendry/vrml/library/cdma/cdma.htm
3. http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-evdo.htm
4. http://www.wikinvest.com/stock/Starent_Networks_Corp_%28STAR%29/Network_Functions
5. http://www.cdmauniversity.com/prodtech/cdma/training/cdma25/m5/m5p03.html
6. http://adaptive.ucsd.edu/2003_salih_CDMA2000.ppt

Bibliography:

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_division_multiple_access
• http://ipandtelephone.blogspot.com/2007/04/cdma-call-flows.html
• http://www.slideshare.net/mukesh2686/call-processing-in-cdma
• http://www.cdmaonline.com/interactive04/workshops/terms1/1030.htm
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rake_receiver
• http://www.evdoinfo.com/content/view/37/61/
• http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/ns341/ns973/starent/datasheet_c78-582253.pdf
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Thank You!