Professional Documents
Culture Documents
|
` volume of air inspired and expired per
unit time is tightly controlled, both with
respect to frequency of breaths and to
tidal volume.
` Breathing is regulated so the lungs
can maintain the PaO2 and PaCO2
within the normal range, even under
widely varying conditions such as
exercise.
|
` four components :
1. chemoreceptors for O2 or CO2
2. mechanoreceptors in the lungs and
joints
3. control centers for breathing in the
brain stem (medulla and pons)
4. the respiratory muscles, whose activity
is directed by the brain stem
centers
nitiation and regulation of
breathing in the CNS
Ô
can also be exerted by commands from the
cerebral cortex (e.g., breath-holding or
voluntary hyperventilation), which can
temporarily override the brain stem.
Ô
Ô
Ô
| |
` originates in the motor cortex, and
signaling passes directly to motor neurons
in the spine through the Ô Ô
Ô
CEREBRAL CORTEX
`
!"
#$%ë%ë! $%&
` !" '
`
"
|
` involuntary
` controlled by the medulla and pons of
the brain stem
|
` three groups of neurons or
Ô
ü the medullary respiratory center
DRG
VRG
ü the apneustic center
ü the pneumotaxic center
*
` Extends most of the
length of medulla
` MOSTLY: Neurons are
located within the
tractus solitarius
some - reticular
substance of medulla
Nucleus Tractus Solitarius
V
V
2 qualities of the inspiratory
ramp that are controlled:
1. | Ô
> so that during heavy respiration, the ramp
increases rapidly and therefore fills the lungs
rapidly.
2. |
Ô
Ô
This is the usual method for controlling the rate of
respiration; that is, the earlier the ramp ceases,
the shorter the duration of inspiration. This also
shortens the duration of expiration. Thus, the
frequency of respiration is increased.
[
` Located in each side of
medulla
` Found in the nucleus
ambiguus rostrally and
nucleus retroambiguus
caudally
VENTRAL RESPRATORY
GROUP
`
Ô during normal quiet respiration
` only functions in Ô
ü t contains neurons involved in active
exhalation and maximal inhalation
V
| |
ĺ increase RR
Pneumotaxic Center
` Ú
! !
!
!
"
(
Auantitative Effects of Blood PCO2
and Hydrogen on Concentration on
Alveolar Ventilation
` marked increase in
ventilation caused by
an increase in Pco2 ×
between 35 and 75 mm
Hg.
` This demonstrates the
tremendous effect that
carbon dioxide changes
have in controlling
respiration.
Auantitative Effects of Blood PCO2
and Hydrogen on Concentration on
Alveolar Ventilation
` the change in
respiration in the
normal blood pH range
between 7.3 and 7.5 is
less than one-tenth as
great
Ô | :
Ô Ô
Ô
Ô
` |
- which synapse directly or indirectly with
the nerve endings
- might function as the chemoreceptors
and then stimulate the nerve
endings
- other studies suggest that the nerve
endings themselves are directly
sensitive to the low Po2.
Carotid body oxygen sensor releases
when decrease in PO2
| *
the
breathing rate increases in a very
steep and linear fashion
Changes in arterial blood composition detected
by peripheral chemoreceptors ĺ Ô
Ô Ô
- effect is less important than their
response to decreases in Po2.
Changes in arterial blood composition detected
by peripheral chemoreceptors ĺ Ô
[
|
||
` ÷
"%!
*
!
"!"%"
!!%
` Ô #
&
" %"
%
1. LUNG STRETCH
RECEPTORS
` Mechanoreceptors located in the
muscular portions of the walls of the
bronchi and bronchioles throughout the
lungs
` transmit signals through the
into the
dorsal respiratory group of neurons when
the lungs become overstretched.
u×
× ×
` Ô -
"
)ĺ "
"
"
%!
! "%"
3
Therefore, when the overventilated blood finally
reaches the brain respiratory center, the center
becomes depressed to an excessive amount. Then
the opposite cycle begins. That is, carbon dioxide
increases and oxygen decreases in the alveoli.
Again, it takes a few seconds before the brain can
respond to these new changes. When the brain
does respond, the person breathes hard once again
and the cycle repeats
|
%!
! "
%" 3
` occurs in patients with ××
because blood flow is slow, thus delaying the
transport of blood gases from the lungs to the
brain
|
4 !!" "%
`
!
$!
DURNG SLEEP««