1
GWIqvW© mvC‡`i evsjv‡`kx cÖwZK…wZ K_vq ga¨cÖvP¨ GjvKvi HwZnvwmK NUbvewj ïay bq, cvwievwiK AvKv„¶v Ges
GWIqvW© mvC` ivR‣bwZK Av‡jvob-ms¶zä GKwU †f․‡MvwjK GjvKvq Rb¥MÖnY
K‡iwQ‡jb| †Ri“Rv‡j‡g| 1935 mv‡j| 1948 mv‡j BmivBj ivóª cÖwZôvi
cieZ©x cwiw¯’wZ‡Z †`kPy¨Z n‡q Kvq‡iv‡Z P‡j Av‡m mvC‡`i cwievi| Z‡e,
GB Rb‡MvôxMZ wech©‡qi cvkvcvwk D‡j­L¨ Av‡iv wKQy Z_¨ i‡q‡Q : mvC‡`i
cwieviwU wQj m¤ú`kvjx| Zuvi evev Iqvw` Be&ivwng cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i c~‡e©B
Av‡gwiKvq cvwo Rwg‡qwQ‡jb Ges †mLvbKvi bvMwiKZ¡ jvf K‡iwQ‡jb| G-
m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡`i Av‡jvP¨ ¯§viK-msKjbMÖ‡š’I A‡bK Z_¨ i‡q‡Q| †hgb,
Òhy³iv‡óªi wmwU‡Rbwkc wb‡q 1920 mv‡j c¨v‡j÷vB‡b cÖZ¨veZ©‡bi ci cÖ_‡g
ILv‡b I c‡i Kvq‡iv‡Z MMbPy¤^x e¨emvwqK mvdj¨ AR©b K‡ib Iqvw`
Be&ivwng| 1932 mv‡j mvC‡`i gv wnj&`v‡K hLb wZwb we‡q K‡ib ZLb wZwb
mycÖwZwôZ abvX¨ e¨w³| ...we‡qi ci `¤úwZ nvwbgyb Dcj‡¶ BD‡iv‡c hvb, wZb
gv‡mi R‡b¨|Ó GWIqvW© mvC‡`i AvÍRxebx evmf‚wgi evB‡i-msµvš— Av‡jvPbvi
†jLK mvjvn&DwÏb AvBqye Av‡iv Rvbvb †h, Òc¨v‡j÷vB‡b 1929 mvj ch©š—
†h․_fv‡e e¨emv Pvjv‡bvi ci mvC‡`i evev wgm‡ii Kvq‡iv‡Z Zvi evwYR¨
m¤úªmvwiZ K‡ib|Ó [c„. 198] A_©vr, †`kPy¨wZi c~‡e©B Kvq‡ivi m‡½ Iqvw`
cwiev‡ii evwYwR¨K †hvMv‡hvM wQj| GgbwK Zviv A‡bK Av‡M †_‡K Kvq‡iv‡ZB
_vKwQ‡jb| ÒcÖ_g mš—v‡bi nvmcvZv‡j g„Zz¨i ci wnj&`v Zvi wØZxq I GKgvÎ
cyÎmš—vb mvC‡`i Rb¥`v‡bi R‡b¨ Kvq‡iv †Q‡o †Ri“Rv‡jg P‡j hvb| mvC‡`i
Rb¥ Kvq‡iv‡Z bv n‡q †h †Ri“Rv‡j‡g nj, Zvi KviY GB|Ó [c„. 198-99]
mvjvn&DwÏb AvBqye mvC‡`i AvDU Ae †c­m †_‡K wb‡qB Rvbv‡”Qb Av‡iv wKQy
AvMÖ‡nvÏxcK Z_¨:
wKš—z mvC‡`i cwievi ag©gb¯‥ wQj Ggb g‡b Kivi †Kv‡bv KviY †bB| evev
wQ‡jb †cÖv‡U÷v›U, e¨emvqx, gvwK©b bvMwiKZ¡ jvfKvix Mwe©Z ey‡R©vqv|
mvC`‡K wZwb Kvq‡ivi GKUv bvgKiv Bs‡iwR ¯‥z‡j fwZ© Kivb BD‡ivcxq
g~j¨‡ev‡a gvbyl nevi Rb¨| mvC‡`i cÖwZ Zvi gv `iw` I Av‡eMcÖeY wQ‡jb
e‡U, wKš—z memgq bq; KL‡bv KL‡bv Zvi K‡Vvi ey‡R©vqv wcZvi m‡½ Zvi
kxZj, K…wÎg ¯^fv‡ei †Kv‡bv ZdvZ mvC` †`‡Lbwb| Iw`‡K Iqvw`i m‡½
wnj`vi ïi“ †_‡KB Lye ewbebv wQj bv| ...Z‡e gZvš—i m‡Ë¡I GKUv wel‡q
Zv‡`i Mfxi wgj wQj| Zv nj gwiqv n‡q gWvb© nIqvi Awfjvl Ges
†Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i ey‡R©vqv gvbwmKZvq gvbyl Kivi cÖej Kvgbv| [c„. 199]|
GWIqvW© Wwe-D mvC` : Avwek¦ we‡e‡Ki Kɯ^i eB‡qi Av‡jvPbvq G-Z_¨¸‡jvi
D‡j­L Ges D×…wZ cÖ`vb wbðq D‡Ïk¨nxb bq| D‡j­L‡hvM¨-D×…wZ‡hvM¨ G meB
eBwUi kw³ I m¤ú‡`i w`K| wKš—z, GB we‡kl Z_¨¸‡jv GWIqvW© Wwe-D mvC‡`i
†h-Ae¯’vb Ges cwiwPwZ wbg©vY K‡iwQj, Zuvi eyw×e„wËK KvR¸‡jv‡K †Kej
Zv‡`i wfwˇZB mwVKfv‡e wP‡b †bIqv m¤¢e| c¨v‡j÷vBb, †jevbb, wgmi, GK
m¶gZvI mvC‡`i evi-evi ¯’vbPy¨Z nIqvi KviY wn‡m‡e wµqvkxj wQj| mvC‡`i
cvwievwiK cwi‡ek, gv-evevi AvPiY, wk¶vcÖwZôvb¸‡jvi PwiÎ I cwi‡ek,
BZ¨vw`i wgwjZ cÖfv‡e mvC‡`i †h-wewkó gvbmMob Ges e¨w³PwiÎ wbg©vY
n‡qwQj, Zv wK Zuvi hveZxq eyw×e„wËK m„wó‡K iƒc w`‡Z hvqwb? GKB ga¨cÖvP¨
Z_¨ c¨v‡j÷vBb m¼‡Ui Pvc Ges AvIZvq M‡o D‡VwQ‡jb †h-A‡bKv‡bK
eyw×Rxex Ges Ab¨vb¨ avivi me gvbyl, Zv‡`i g‡a¨ GWIqvW© mvC‡`i †h-¯^vZš¿¨
wKsev •ewkó¨ †Pv‡L c‡o, Zvi e¨vL¨v Kxfv‡e Kiv hv‡e? mvC‡`i AvÍRxebxg~jK
MÖš’ AvDU Ae †c­m-†K wb‡q iwPZ Ges Avgv‡`i Av‡jvP¨ msKj‡b Aš—f³ z©
mvjvn&DwÏb AvBqye Ges •mq` gbRyi“j Bmjv‡gi †jLv cÖeÜ `y‡Uvi D‡j­L Avwg
ZvB cÖ_‡g Ges eofv‡e KiwQ|
RxebvwfÁZvi GB As‡kB i‡q‡Q mvC‡`i Rxeb Ges Kg©KvÊ m¤ú‡K© A‡bK
eo cÖ‡kœi DËi| Zuvi me©vwaK Av‡jvwPZ Iwi‡q›UvwjRg eB‡q ¶gZv †_‡K Ávb
wbg©v‡Yi †¶‡Î cwðgv we‡k¦i f‚wgKvi †h D`&NvUb I we‡k­lY mvC` K‡ib, Zvi
†cQ‡bI cÖv_wgK †cÖiYv wKš—z Zvi RxebvwfÁZv| Avwg G-m¤ú‡K© •mq` gbRyi“j
Bmjv‡gi cÖeÜ ÔN‡iiI bq cv‡iiI bq : GWIqvW© mvC‡`i AvDU Ae †c­mÕ
†_‡K LvwbK D×…wZ w`w”Q, G-n‡”Q mvC‡`i Rxe‡b Av‡gwiKvi gvD›U nvg©b ¯‥z‡ji
ch©vqwUi Av‡jvPbv :
wk¶Kiv hw`I evB‡i wQ‡jb hZœevb, ÔAwfbœ Ges fvM K‡i †bIqvi
g‡Zv g~j¨‡ev‡aÕ cÖejfv‡e wek¦vmx, †bZ…Z¡ A_ev mybvMwiK‡Z¡i g‡Zv
weg~Z© welq‡K wk¶v_©x‡`i Rxe‡b cÖwZdwjZ Ki‡Z m¼íe×, †fZ‡i-
†fZ‡i Zviv\Zv‡`i †KD-†KD Aš—Z\wfbœ GKwU PwiÎ jvjb Ki‡Zb|
mvC` wj‡L‡Qb, ÔgvD›U nvg©‡b _vKvi mgq Avgv‡K KL‡bv †d¬vi
Awdmvi, †Uwe‡ji cÖavb, QvÎ msm‡`i m`m¨ A_ev f¨v‡jwWK&Uwiqvb
(`vßwiKfv‡e K¬v‡mi g‡a¨ †kªô) Ges m¨vjy‡Uvwiqvb (wØZxq) Kiv nqwb,
hw`I Avgvi mKj †hvM¨Zv wQjÕ [c„. 230]| †Kb Kiv nqwb, mvC` Zv
KL‡bv Rvb‡Z cv‡ibwb, hw`I GwU Lye `y‡Á©q nIqvi K_v bq| mvC`
†k¦Zv½ Av‡gwiKvb n‡j wbðq G-K_v¸‡jv Zv‡K wjL‡Z n‡Zv KZ…Z © ¡
†_‡K wb‡R‡K myi¶v w`‡Z n‡e|Õ [c„. 230]| GKB m‡½ wZwb wb‡R hv,
Zv n‡Z, †mB wn‡m‡e †e‡o DV‡Z Ges ¯‥zj KZ…c © ¶ Zv‡K †h-iƒ‡c
†`L‡Z Pvq, Zv bv n‡Z\†mB m¤¢vebv‡K †VKv‡Z, wKQy Kjv‡K․kj †h
Zv‡K iß Ki‡Z n‡e GB AbyavebwU ¯úóiƒc MÖnY K‡iwQj| GB
cÖwµqvq GK Rxebe¨vcx msMÖv‡gi m~ÎcvZI K‡ib mvC`, †h msMÖvg
¶gZvi gwR© Ges fÊvwgi wei“‡×| [c„. 216-217]|
mvC‡`i e¨w³Rxe‡bi GB ev¯—eZv LyeB ¸i“Z¡c~Y©\GB ev¯—eZv cÖ_gZ Zuv‡K
GKwU msMÖv‡gi aviYv ev g‡bvfv‡e DËxY© K‡iwQj, hvi †cÖlYvq GwM‡q P‡j Zuvi
wb‡Ri Rxebe¨vcx M‡elYv I ÁvbvR©‡bi GK wbiew”Qbœ Av‡qvRb| mvC`-
 2
AvMÖnx‡K Avwg GB mZ¨wU we‡klfv‡e j¶¨ Kivi Aby‡iva Rvbv‡ev| Zvi KviY,
weL¨vZ Iwi‡q›UvwjRg eBwU‡Z ¶gZv Ges Áv‡bi m¤ú‡K©i †h-aviYv ev ZË¡‡K
cwð‡gi cÖvP¨-m¤úwK©Z Ávb-wbg©v‡Yi †¶‡Î mZ¨ e‡j mvC` D`&NvUb Ges cÖgvY
K‡i‡Qb e‡j ejv nq, Zv †h Av‡iv e¨vcKfv‡e Ges cÖK…Zc‡¶ wPiKvj,
mve©Rbxbfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨, mvC‡`i wb‡Ri Rxe‡bi G-ch©vqwU †_‡KB Zv Lye mn‡R
cÖgvY nq| Ges cwð‡gi cÖvP¨-m¤úwK©Z ÁvbvbymÜv‡bi MwZ-cÖK…wZ wb‡q
Iwi‡q›UvwjRgmyjf M‡elYvi AeKvk h‡Zv †ewkB _vKzK bv †Kb, cwðg-
m¤úwK©Z LyeB cÖ‡qvRbxq †gvnf‡½i †h-mydjB Avgiv †c‡q _vwK bv †Kb,
KwZcq A™¢~Z `vwe ev aviYv‡K †Kv‡bvµ‡gB GB m~‡Î MÖnY Kiv P‡j bv| `vwe ev
aviYv¸‡jv n‡”Q : 1. ¶gZv Ges Áv‡bi Nwbô m¤úK© wel‡q GWIqvW© mvC`B
eywS cÖ_‡g e‡j‡Qb| wKsev G-m¤úwK©Z M‡elYvI eywS IuiB cÖ_g, GKK,
BZ¨vw`| 2. ¶gZvi mvnv‡h¨ Áv‡bi wbg©vY, wg_¨vi wbg©vY, BZ¨vw`I ïay ÔcwðgÕ-
Gi KxwZ©, Aciva, BZ¨vw`|
GWIqvW© mvC‡`i g‡Zv e¨w³we‡k‡li, wKsev c¨v‡j÷bxq RbM‡Yi c¶fz³
GKRb cÖvq-ÔAiMvwbK eyw×RxexÕi nv‡Z DËi-Dcwb‡ekev`x evPb (XaªWgjiªY)-Gi
wbg©v‡Yi GKwU e„nr Ask A_©vr A‡bK ÁvbvR©b m¤úbœ nIqvi `„óvš—wU‡K we‡k­lY
Ki‡j Kx `uvovq? e¨w³ mvC` wKsev wbcxwoZ‡`i c¶fz³ eyw×Rxex mvC` wK
Ggb ¶gZvi AwaKvix wQ‡jb †h wZwb wecixZ A‡bK ÁvbvR©‡b Ae`vb ivL‡jb?
bv-wK, ¶gZvi g‡Zv A¶gZvI wb‡q hvq ÁvbvR©‡b? †m‡¶‡Î ¶gZv-A¶gZvi
Zzjbvq AwaKZi e¨vL¨vKvix, mZ¨Zi ZË¡ wK bq e¯—z Ges fv‡ei Øvw›`¡K m¤úK©?
Avgvi ¶z`ª AwfgZwU nj, Øvw›`¡K e¯—zev‡`i Áv‡bi AwaKvix‡`i wbKU ¶gZv-
Ávb m¤ú‡K©i ZË¡wU meUv nvm¨Ki bv n‡jI, LyeB Am¤ú~Y© g‡b n‡e| Giƒc g‡b
n‡e e„nr RbRxeb wKsev ev¯—e c„w_ex‡K hviv Nwbôfv‡e j¶¨ K‡i‡Qb, Zv‡`i
wbKUI| ewikv‡ji MÖv‡g wK‡kvi eq‡m †jvK‡K ej‡Z ï‡bwQ : ÒRwg`vi Pvov
wPevB‡jI Kq evZvmv Lvq, Avi Mwi‡e evZv‡m LvB‡jI Kq Pvov wPevq|Ó
Avgv‡`i evsjvfvlvi GB ¶z`ª cÖev` wK ¶gZv-Ávb wKsev e¯—z-fv‡ei m¤úK©‡K
†Kv‡bv Kg MÖnY‡hvM¨fv‡e cÖKvk K‡i? Z‡e, GI mZ¨ †h msmv‡ii cyi‡bv
mZ¨¸‡jv‡K evievi cÖKvk Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq, mwܶY¸‡jv‡Z ev¯—e
cwiw¯’wZ¸‡jvB cybive„Ë nq| GWIqvW© mvC` Ges c¨v‡j÷vBb ms¼‡Ui
fz³‡fvMx‡`i †¶‡ÎI Zv-B N‡UwQj| G‡¶‡Î m¤¢ve¨ Av‡iv hv N‡U _vK‡Z cv‡i,
Zv n‡”Q : †h-cwim‡ii AwfÁZv Ges Áv‡bi AwaKvix wQ‡jb e¨w³ mvC`, †hiƒc
aviYv I fvebv-cwi‡e‡ki evwm›`v (AvDU Ae †c­m-G Zvi weei‡Yi cÖwZ Avwg
cvV‡Ki `„wó AvKl©Y K‡iwQ), Zv‡Z Zuvi Ges Av‡iv A‡b‡Ki Ici ÔcwðgÕ-Gi
f‚wgKv Ges AvPiYB Lye †ewk †P‡c G‡m‡Q, Ges †m-me‡KB g‡b n‡q‡Q GKK
Ab¨vq| Av‡iv e¨vcK Ges mvaviY (general) AwfÁZv Ges Áv‡bi GjvKvq
wePiY Kiv Ges D‡b¥vwPZ nIqvi Dc‡hvMx †Kv‡bv Rxeb Iwi‡q›UvwjRg iPbvi
ch©v‡q GWIqvW© mvC` hvcb K‡ibwb| cvwievwiK D”PweËZv, Rxe‡bi
wk¶vcÖwZôvb‡Kw›`ªKZv, BZ¨vw` Øvw›`¡K e¯—zev`x Ávb wKsev Giƒc Av`k©wfwËK
RxebvwfÁZvi PZ¡‡i G‡b nvwRi K‡i †`qwb mvC`‡K; wecix‡Z eis wQj
Av‡gwiKvq Awfevmx †Kv‡bv Avie/c¨v‡j÷vBbx GKv‡Wwg‡Ki IciKvi bvbviƒc
m¼xY©ZvcÖm~ Pv‡ci cÖejZv| eyw×e„wËPP©vi g‡a¨ hLb †KD Zvi ev¯—e AwfevwmZ¡
ev †K›`ªPy¨wZ †_‡K Avkªq †bq, mvC` †hgbUv wb‡qwQ‡jb, wb‡Ri ev¯—e m¼U‡K
wZwb (cwðgv) †mB eyw×e„wËi m¼U wn‡m‡eB fzj fve‡Z cv‡ib| ag©wek¦vmxiv
†hgb evievi ev¯—e mgm¨vi mgvavb Lyu‡R‡Qb ï×Zvev`x (puritanical) wKsev
cybi“¾xebev`x (revivalist) Kg©Kv‡Êi g‡a¨|
GWIqvW© Wwe-D mvC‡`i g„Zz¨i ci †ebRxb Lvb m¤úvw`Z Ges Avgv‡`i
Av‡jvP¨ eBwU †M․i‡ei †ev‡a `xß GKwU wk‡ivbvg Ges RgKv‡jv †Pnviv wb‡q
cÖKvwkZ nq| G-Dcj‡¶ †Lv` mvC` m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbvi †hgb AeKvk _v‡K,
mvC‡`i aviYvi Av‡jv‡KI eBwUi wKQy wePvi m¤¢e, Ges †mUvB cÖ_g KZ©e¨|
eBwU GKwU msKjb I m¤úv`bvi KvR; †m‡¶‡Î wewfbœ m~Î †_‡K cÖvß Ges
†jLK‡`i wbR¯^ D‡`¨v‡M iwPZ GK e„nrmsL¨K cÖe܇K wewfbœ †kªYx‡Z mvwR‡q
cÖKvk Kivi KvRwU m¤úv`K‡K Ki‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q| G-†kªYx¸‡jv n‡”Q :
ÔGWIqvW© Wwe-D mvC` m¤ú‡K©Õ, ÔGWIqvW© Wwe-D mvC‡`i eB m¤ú‡K©Õ, ÔGWIqvW©
Wwe-D mvC‡`i †jLvÕ Ges ÔGWIqvW© Wwe-D mvC‡`i mv¶vrKviÕ| GKwU cwiwkó
AskI i‡q‡Q : ÔGWIqvW© Wwe-D mvC` : Rxeb I MÖš’cÄx|Õ mvC‡`i g„Zz¨i c~‡e©
Ges c‡i cÖKvwkZ Ges GLv‡b msKwjZ bvbvai‡bi iPbvi †gvU msL¨v Pyqvwj-k|
AwaKvsk iPbv evsjv‡`‡ki evsjvfvlx‡`i| GWIqvW© mvC‡`i cÖwZ AvMÖ‡ni bvbv
KviY _vKv m¤¢e| mvaviYfv‡e Zuvi g„Zz¨i c~‡e© Ges c‡i cÖKvwkZ iPbvi
eomsL¨v‡K ¯^vMZ Rvbv‡bv hvq| †m¸‡jvi msKjb Ges m¤úv`bvi KvR‡KI|
mvC‡`i bv‡gi m‡½B mgwaK RwoZ n‡q †M‡Q †h-¶gZv I Áv‡bi m¤ú‡K©i ZË¡,
Zvi Av‡jv‡KI Gme †jLv‡jwL, msKjb, m¤úv`bv‡K †`Lv hvq| B‡Zvc~‡e©B
Avwg ejvi †Póv K‡iwQjvg †h ¶gZv I Áv‡bi m¤ú‡K©i ZË¡wU `xN©Kvj
gbyl¨mgv‡R Qwo‡q i‡q‡Q| Zvi cÖZ¨š— GjvKvqI| Ges ZË¡wUi Av‡iv
mvgvb¨xK…Z †g․wjK iƒc Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq e¯—z I fv‡ei m¤ú‡K©i Øvw›`¡K e¯—zev`x
Z‡Ë¡| Z‡e, wbQK mvC`m~‡ÎB AwaKZi cÖPvwiZ Ávb I ¶gZvi m¤ú‡K©i Z‡Ë¡i
Av‡jv‡K †`‡L Kx cvIqv hvq? Òm¤úv`‡Ki K_vÓ †_‡K ïi“ K‡i GK e„nr
msL¨vMwiô iPbvq AbycvZewR©Z ¸i“‡Z¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q mvC‡`i
Iwi‡q›UvwjRg eBwU Ges cÖvmw½K me welq wb‡q| we‡kl wKQy ¸i“Z¡ _vK‡jI
Iwi‡q›UvwjRg mvC‡`i Rxe‡bi cÖ_g w`KKvi iPbv; c‡i G‡K wZwb cybwe©‡ePbvq
wb‡qwQ‡jb ÔIwi‡q›UvjRg wiKbwmWvW©Õ cÖe‡Ü| GKB wel‡q Zvi Ab¨ GKwU
†MvUv eB i‡q‡Q, cieZ©x Rxe‡bi iPbv : KvjPvi G¨vÛ BgwcwiqvwjRg| Gm‡ei
Dcmsnvi †h GK bq, m¤úv`K †ebwRb Lvb Ges msKjbfz³ A‡bK †jLK Zv
g‡b iv‡Lbwb| ïay Zv bq, †h-mvC` Rb¥m~‡Î wLªóvb n‡qI Bmjvg a‡g©i
welq¸‡jv wb‡q A‡bK wj‡L‡Qb, Zuvi GB ag©wbi‡c¶ gvbweKZvi cÖwZ ixwZg‡Zv
 3
AeÁv cÖ`k©b K‡i †ebwRb Lvb eZ©gvb eB‡qi Òm¤úv`‡Ki K_vÓq Z_vKw_Z
ÒfviZxq wPš—vwe`Ó Aveyj Avj gI`y`xi mnKg©x-mngg©x wPš—vwe` wn‡m‡e
GWIqvW© mvC`‡K Dcw¯’Z K‡i‡Qb, `y-`y‡Uv `xN© D×…wZ Ges Zzjbvi mvnv‡h¨|
ÒfviZxq wPš—vwe`Ó gI`y`x m¤ú‡K© ejvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| Z‡e, G-B hw` nq
evsjv‡`k Z_v Gwkqv Z_v cÖv‡P¨i w`KKvi †cÖ‡R‡›Ukvb ev Dcw¯’ZKi‡Yi
mZ¨Zv, mZZv Ges m½wZi bgybv, cwigvc, Iwi‡q›UvwjRg eB‡q cwðg m¤ú‡K©
mvC‡`i Ôwgmwi‡cÖ‡R‡›UkvbÕ-Gi Awf‡hvM‡K Iwi‡q›UvwjRg wn‡m‡e wg‡_¨ cÖgvY
Kivi R‡b¨ †Zv Zv n‡j †ebwRb Lvb-m¤úvw`Z eZ©gvb eBwUB h‡_ó| GWIqvW©
Wwe-D mvC‡`i g„Zz¨i c‡i evsjv‡`‡k cÖKvwkZ GKgvÎ ¯§viKMÖ‡š’i m¤úv`‡Ki
Giƒc AvPiY Ges Ae¯’v‡bi R‡b¨ Mfxifv‡e `ytwLZ n‡Z nq| Zuvi nv‡Z
mvC‡`i GB weK…Z wbg©vY, fzj cwi‡ekb Aek¨ †Kv‡bv wew”Qbœ NUbv bq,
evsjv‡`k Ges we‡k¦i eû ivóª Ges ag©wfwËK fvev`‡k©i mvnv‡h¨ wbwg©Z Zv‡`i
¶gZvi ¯’vb †_‡K hveZxq wel‡q Áv‡bi Ôwbg©vYÕ Z_v wg‡_¨ wbg©vY `xN©Kvj Ges
wbiew”Qbœfv‡e N‡U P‡j‡Q| Ab¨ Ges mZ¨Zi wePv‡i Zv n‡”Q GZ`‡ji
†kvlK-kvmK‡kªYxi c¶ †_‡K ag©‡K e¨envi K‡i †kªYx fvev`‡k©i cÖPvi-cÖPviYvi
e¨vcvi| Pg‡K hvIqvi g‡Zv †Kv‡bv bZzb NUbv GUv bq|
GLv‡b cÖm½µ‡g mvC‡`i wb‡Ri wKQy `vq _vKvi mZ¨wUI †hgb D‡j­L
Ki‡Z nq, gv·©ev`x mgv‡jvPK GRvR Avng‡`i wKQy we‡k­lYI Dcw¯’Z Kiv
cÖ‡qvRb| Z‡e, ZviI Av‡M Avwg m¤úv`K †ebwRb Lv‡bi Òm¤úv`‡Ki K_vÓ
cvV Kivi c‡i G-msKj‡b Aš—f³ z© `y‡Uv cÖe‡Üi †jLK •mq` gbRyi“j Bmjv‡gi
cÖwZwµqv m¤ú‡K©, GKvš—fv‡e Abyi“× n‡qB, Rvbv‡Z PvB| XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi
Bs‡iwR wefv‡Mi Z…Zxq el© øvZK (m¤§vb) †kªYxi GKwU cix¶v PjvKv‡j cix¶vi
n‡j Iu‡K hLb †ebwRb Lvb m¤úvw`Z msKjbwU †`LvB Ges Dwb Òm¤úv`‡Ki
K_vÓ c‡ob, ZLb Iui cÖej cÖwZwµqv Dcw¯’Z Av‡iv `yRb cix¶v-cwi`k©K
†`L‡Z I ïb‡Z cvb| cÖ_gZ Iui m¤§wZ bv-wb‡q, Ges Ggb wK bv-Rvwb‡q Iui
cÖeÜ msKwjZ Kiv, wØZxqZ Zv Ggb GK m¤úv`K KZ…K © , whwb Aveyj Avjv
gI`y`xi gZ‡K mvC‡`i g‡Zi m‡½ Zzjbv‡hvM¨ g‡b K‡ib Ges D×…wZ K‡ib\G
`yÕKvi‡YB Iui Mfxi-Zxeª Am‡š—vl Dwb Avgv‡K Avgvi cwiKwíZ mgv‡jvPbvi
†Kv‡bv-GK-ch©v‡q e¨³ Kivi GKvš— Aby‡iva K‡ib, Avgvi Kv‡Q hv AbyÁvi
g‡ZvbI e‡U| Avwg wb‡RI •mq` gbRyi“j Bmjv‡gi Am‡š—v‡li Askx`vi,
Av‡MB e‡jwQ|
Z‡e, hv cÖ_‡gB e‡jwQjvg, ïay cwðg KZ…©K Iwi‡q›U‡K Ôwbg©vYÕ-Gi, Ges
ZviB g‡a¨ GKwU welq Ges †f․‡MvwjK GjvKvi\ h_vµ‡g Bmjvg I
ga¨cÖv‡P¨i\ Av‡jvPbv-we‡k­lY AwaKZi cwigv‡Y KÕ‡i GWIqvW© mvC` wb‡RB
evsjv‡`kmn we‡k¦i †Kv‡bv-†Kv‡bv GjvKvq Zuv‡K Av‡iv GK cÖ¯’ weK…Zfv‡e
Dc¯’vc‡bi †¶Î •Zwi K‡iwQ‡jb| mv‡eK c~e© cvwK¯—v‡b gvby‡li cwiPq Ôwbg©vYÕ-
Gi †¶‡Î †Kvb& ¶gZv, †Kvb& fvev`k©‡K e¨envi Kivq GLv‡b c‡i e`i“Ïxb
Dg‡ii fvlvq †mB gvbyl‡K ÔN‡iÕ wdi‡Z n‡qwQj, MMbwe`vix †¯­vMvb w`‡Z
n‡qwQj Ò†Zvgvi Avgvi wVKvbv\cÙv †gNbv hgybvÓ, Zvi Lei Avgiv A‡b‡KB
GLb ch©š— ivwL\we¯§„wZ GL‡bv kZfvM bq| †Zv, †mB f‚-L‡ÊB cybivq
ivóª¶gZvi mvnv‡h¨, a‡g©i g‡Zv Dc‡hvMx fvev`‡k©i mg_©‡b †Kvb& weåvwš—
mvC‡`i g‡Zv Ab¨ bvbvfv‡e AZ¨š— `‡ov GK wek¦L¨vwZgv‡bi wKQy
GK‡`k`k©xZvi my‡hv‡M e¨vcKfv‡e m„wó Kivi AccÖqvm Pj‡Z cv‡i, Avgv‡`i
Av‡jvP¨ eB‡qi †P‡q Zvi Avi †ewk cÖK…ó `„óv‡š—i †eva Kwi cÖ‡qvRb †bB|
AveviI ewj †h G-cwinv‡mi c‡i GKKfv‡e KvD‡K †KD Ávb wbg©v‡Yi
Awf‡hv‡M †eva Kwi Avi Awfhy³ Ki‡Z Avm‡eb bv| Ges †Kv‡bv wbqg ev
ZË¡‡K Zvi †g․wjKZg iƒ‡c Rvbvi ¸i“Z¡I mK‡j Dcjwä Ki‡eb| G‡¶‡Î Zv
n‡”Q e¯—z I fv‡ei ga¨Kvi Øvw›`¡K m¤ú‡K©i wbqg| e¯—z Z_v ev¯—e Ae¯’v me©`vB
fve Z_v Áv‡bi D™¢e NwU‡q P‡j‡Q, Ges fve/Ávb Avevi e¯—z/ev¯—e Ae¯’vi Ici
cÖwZ-wµqv KÕ‡i P‡j‡Q| c„w_exi †h †Kvb GjvKvi †kªYx/†Mvôx/e¨w³, G e„nr
wbq‡gi AvIZvqB, Aci †Kv‡bv GjvKv/†kªYx/†Mvôx/e¨w³ m¤ú‡K© Ávb Ôwbg©vYÕ
Ki‡Z P‡j †h‡Z cv‡i, Zvi b¨vh¨/Ab¨vh¨ ¯^v_©-Abyhvqx| GB me©Kvjxb Ges
mve©Rbxb wbq‡gi †Kv‡bv e¨Z¨q †bB| †KD e‡m †bB, wcwQ‡q †bB| ev¯—e
jovB‡qi cvkvcvwk aviYv/Ávb/Z_¨/cwimsL¨vb PvjvPvwji jovBI wbiš—i Pj‡Q|
we¯§qKi †h GWIqvW© Wwe-D mvC` G‡¶‡Î ïay ÔcwðgÕ-Gi f‚wgKvq mgm¨v
†`L‡jb, Ges Ab¨ A‡b‡KI Zv‡Z Awff‚Z †eva Ki‡jb GZUvB †h †MvUv cwðg
wPiKvj G-f‚wgKvq kZfvM _vKvi m¤¢vebv‡K Zviv cÖk‡œ hvM¨ fve‡jb bv| cÖvP¨ I
cvðv‡Z¨i g‡a¨ mxgv wba©vi‡Yi cÖK…Z wfwËUv wK ¯úó? mvgªvR¨ev`-
Dcwb‡ekev‡`i hy‡M h‡ZvUv-†hgb, Av‡iv AZxZ mg‡q G-wefvR‡bi ev¯—e
wfwËUv A‡gvNfv‡e wK _vKv m¤¢e wQj? AvswkK i¶v n‡jv †h †ebwRb Lvb
m¤úvw`Z msKj‡b wKQy AwaKZi Ges cÖkm œ g„× cÖeÜ i‡q‡Q, hv mvC`mn Zvi
A‡hvM¨ AbyPi‡`i åvwš— Ges weåvwš— m„wói cÖqvm‡K A‡bKUvB i“‡L †`q| †Zgb
`y‡Uv cÖeÜ e`i“Ïxb Dgi Ges wmivRyj Bmjvg †P․ayixi| AvcvZZ Avwg eZ©gvb
cÖm‡½ wmivRyj Bmjvg †P․ayixi e³e¨‡K Aek¨B D×…Z Ki‡ev :
mvC‡`i ms¯‥…wZwPš—vi Amyweavi GKwU n‡”Q cwiwai, AciwU `„wófw½i|
cwiwai e¨vcviwUB cÖ_g †`Lv hvK| †h-†Kv‡bv iKg wefvR‡bB Amyweav _v‡K
mxgvbv wba©vi‡Yi| mvC‡`i cÖvP¨ev‡`i †¶‡ÎI †mUv †`Lv †M‡Q| cÖvP¨ev`
AZ¨š— cÖvPxb Ges Avevi Zv AvaywbKI| AvaywbK cÖvP¨ev‡`i m~ÎcvZ
Jcwb‡ewkK hy‡M, Avi GB cÖvP¨ev‡`i m‡½ Av‡Mi cÖvP¨ev‡`i cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q,
Av‡MiUv‡ZI cÖv‡P¨i cÖwZ AeÁv wQj, wKš—z c‡iiUv‡Z AeÁvi m‡½ hy³
n‡q‡Q ÁvbZvwË¡K cxo‡bi B”Qv| d‡j `y‡qi †fZi e¨eavbUv †ek
Zvrch©c~Y©| mvC‡`i Av‡jvPbvq GB e¨eavb‡K ZZUv ¯úó Kiv nqwb| Av‡iv
eo Amyweav Aek¨ GBLv‡b †h cÖvP¨ev` MÖ‡š’ Gwkqv‡K ZZ ¸i“Z¡ †`Iqv
nqwb, Ges cÖvP¨ ej‡Z cÖavbZ ga¨cÖvP¨‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| GUvI GKUv
mxgv e‡U| (Avgvi ¸i“Z¡v‡ivc) [c„. 47]|
 4
wmivRyj Bmjvg †P․ayix GLv‡b †Lvjv‡gjv †h-K_v¸‡jv e‡j‡Qb, Zvici wK
cÖvP¨ev`-Gi ZË¡ wVK-wVK `uvovq wKsev wU‡K _v‡K? Avi, wU‡K _vK‡j, Ab¨
†Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y, †_‡KÕ wK Zv Ab¨ fvimvg¨nxbZvi m„wó K‡i bv? Dcwb‡ekev`-
mvgªvR¨ev‡`i g‡Zv cwiw¯’wZi evB‡i c~e©-cwðg‡K hyw³nxbfv‡e wef³ †`Lv‡bvi
gva¨‡g wK mZ¨ wefw³i cÖK…Z KviY I wfwˇKB AbymÜvb Ges cÖwZKv‡ii
A‡hvM¨ K‡i †Zvjv nq bv? G-welqwU‡Z Avwg c‡i Avevi wd‡i Avme|
AvcvZZ Avwg Av‡jvP¨ eB‡qi R‡b¨ e`i“Ïxb Dgi wjwLZ Ôf‚wgKvÕq
mvC‡`i Iwi‡q›UvwjRg Z‡Ë¡i µzwUwePy¨wZi †h-`xN© I Kvh©Ki Av‡jvPbv Av‡Q,
cvVK‡K Zvi wKQy cwiPq †`e:
MÖxKiv we‡`kx‡`i‡K barbarian ej‡Zv, cÖvPxb fviZxqiv, Ggb wK Zvi m~Î
a‡i, ew¼gP›`ª ch©š—, we‡`kx I gymjgvb‡`i‡K heb BZ¨vw` AvL¨vq f‚wlZ
Ki‡Zb| GB me AvL¨v n‡jv we‡`kx A_ev †h †Kvb Ab¨ m¤ú‡K© weiƒc, Ggb
wK we‡Øl-fvevcbœZvi `„óvš—| wKš—z †h A‡_© AvVv‡iv kZK †_‡K BD‡ivcxq
mvgªvR¨ev`x‡`i „iaYf©Udaªe-Gi K_v GWIqvW© mvC` e‡j‡Qb, Zvi mv‡_
we‡`kx‡`i‡K GB fv‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kivi m¤úK© †bB| mvgªvR¨ev`x Ávb-weÁvb
mvwnZ¨, ivRbxwZ, A_©bxwZ BZ¨vw`i Orientalist Pwi‡Îi †h K_v mvC`
e‡j‡Qb, Zvi mv‡_ Gi †Kvb m¤úK© †bB| `v‡š— nRiZ gn¤§`‡K Zvi
Divine DgeYXn-†Z AfZYifg-Gi bqwU e„‡Ëi (circle) Aóg e„‡Ë wb‡¶c Ki‡jI
Avevi gymjgvb Be‡b wmbv, Avey i“k` I mvjvDwÏb‡K Ges m‡µwUm, †c­‡Uv,
G¨vwi‡÷vUj‡K GKB mv‡_ wb‡¶c K‡i‡Qb bi‡Ki G‡Kev‡i wbæ gv‡M©, cÖ_g
e„‡Ë| GLv‡b cÖvP¨-cvðv‡Z¨i †Kvb cÖkœ †bB| †Kb `v‡š— GKvR K‡iwQ‡jb
Zvi e¨vL¨v ¯^Zš¿|
GLv‡b GWIqvW© mvC‡`i g~j `ye©jZvi RvqMvwU n‡jv, Kvj I e¨w³-wbwe©‡k‡l
cÖ‡Z¨K‡K Orientalist wn‡m‡e Lvov Kivi †Póv| G K_v A¯^xKvi Kivi Dcvq
†bB †h KZK¸‡jv wbw`©ó Kvi‡Y cvðvZ¨I gvbe mf¨Zvi GK e‡ov cÖwZwbwa|
e„‡Ub I d«vÝmn Ab¨vb¨ mvgªvR¨ev`x BD‡ivcxq kw³i nvRv‡iv AcKxwZ©
m‡Z¡I G K_v mZ¨| ZvB Zv‡`i g‡a¨ hw` mKj‡KB †mB cÖvPxb Kvj †_‡K
eZ©gvb Kvj ch©š— †Rgm wgj, †gK‡j, wKcwjs-Gi gZ mvgªvR¨ev`x
cÖvP¨we‡Ølx I gZjeevR wn‡m‡e a‡i †bIqv nq Zvn‡j mf¨Zvi ¯^iƒc wK
`uvovq? Gi g~j¨B ev wK _v‡K? GUvI †Zv Zvn‡j Ggb GK ai‡bi
Occidentalism hv A‡bKUv „iaYf©Udaªe-Gi gZB mgv‡jvPbvi †hvM¨| GWIqvW©
mvC` „iaYf©Udaªe-Gi 1954 mv‡ji cybgy©`ª‡Y GKwU †bvZzb Afterword G GB
jvB‡bi mgv‡jvPbvi Reve w`‡q‡Qb| G m¤ú‡K©I we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv n‡Z
cv‡i, KviY GB Reve †h m‡š—vlRbK, Ggb bq|
hvB †nvK, G welqwU j¶¨ K‡i AvBRvR Avng‡`i gš—e¨ h_v_©| wZwb
e‡j‡Qb, "These ways of dismissing entire civilizations as diseased
formations are unfortunately far too familiar to us, who live the
other side of the divide, from the history of imperialism itself." (Aijaz
Ahmed, In Theory, Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1996, P. 182)-
(f‚wgKv)
e`i“Ïxb Dg‡ii nvZ a‡i GRvR Avng` P‡j Avmv‡Z fv‡jv nj| Avwg Zuvi
bv‡gv‡j­L K‡i †i‡LwQjvg| cÖm½vš—‡i hvIqvi Av‡M ejv `iKvi †h Av‡jvP¨
msKjbwU‡K Av‡iv †ewk Am½wZ Ges i¶YkxjZvi w`‡K †f‡m hvIqvi nvZ
†_‡K e`i“Ïxb Dg‡ii GB Ôf‚wgKvÕwU †ek i¶v K‡i‡Q\wKš—z †mB Ôf‚wgKvÕiI
†Kv_vI-†Kv_vI i‡q‡Q ¯^we‡ivwaZv Ges ÔBmjvgxÕ g‡bvfv‡ei cÖwZ cÖkqª Ges
Aby‡gv`b, hv GWIqvW© mvC‡`i A‡bK ch©‡e¶‡YI cwi®‥vi cÖwZdwjZ| f‚wgKvi
†kl c„ôvq Dgi wbæiƒc wj‡L‡Qb :
mvgªvR¨ev`, we‡klZ gvwK©b mvgªvR¨ev` Ges BmivBj †hfv‡e Gwkqv I
Avwd«Kvi †`k¸‡jv‡Z †kvlY jyÉb wbh©vZb D”P †_‡K D”PZi ch©v‡q wb‡”Q
Ges †`k¸‡jvi meiKg m¤ú`, we‡kl K‡i †Zj, M¨vm jyɇbi Rb¨ †h
AvµgY Pvjv‡”Q Zvi cÖwZwµqv wn‡m‡eB gvwK©bmn Ab¨ mvgªvR¨ev`x‡`i Ici
mš¿vmev`x AvµgY n‡”Q| GB AÂj¸‡jv †h‡nZz cÖavbZ gymjgvb Aay¨wlZ †m
Kvi‡Y gymjgvbivB GB mvgªvR¨ev`x cÖwZ‡iv‡ai †bZ…‡Z¡ Av‡Q| GB †bZ…‡Z¡i
Avwef©ve N‡U‡Q AviI †h Lye ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Kvi‡Y Zv n‡jv cÖ_gZ: GB
†`k¸‡jvi kvmK‡kªYx I Zv‡`i miKvi¸‡jvi c`vbZ Ae¯’v Ges wØZxqZ:
†mBmv‡_ mvgªvR¨ev`x jyÉb AvµgY cÖwZ‡iv‡ai †¶‡Î KwgDwb÷ Ges Ab¨
cÖMwZkxj I MYZvwš¿K Av‡›`vj‡bi kw³kvjx Dcw¯’wZi Afve| GB Afv‡ei
KviY GB †`k¸‡jvi wecyj msL¨vMwiô gymjgvb ag©xq Av`‡k©i ØvivB g~jZ
cÖfvweZ| GB cÖfv‡ei Ici `uvwo‡qB Bmjvgx †g․jev`xiv Zv‡`i
mvgªvR¨ev`we‡ivax ZrciZv Rvwi †i‡L‡Q| wKš—z ïay gymjgvbcÖavb
†`k¸‡jv‡ZB bq, gvwK©b mvgªvR¨ev` Ab¨ AmsL¨ †`‡ki m¤ú` jyɇbi Rb¨I
Zv‡`i Ici bvbvcÖKvi AvµgY Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q| †fwbwRIjv GB gyn‚‡Z© Gi GK
`„óvš—| wKš—z †m †`‡ki RbMY gymjgvb bv nIqvi Rb¨ †mLv‡b cÖwZ‡iv‡ai
Av`k©MZ PwiÎ Ab¨ cÖKvi|
Dg‡ii GB we‡k­l‡Y wK Ô†Kvb †`‡ki RbMY gymjgvb bv nIqviÕ welqwU m¤ú‡K©
GKwU cwigvY e³e¨ i‡q‡Q? hw`I Zv ¯úó wKsev we‡k­lYag©x bq| G‡K cÖvmw½K
gš—e¨ ejv P‡j| wKš—z, Zrm‡Ë¡I GLv‡b ïay GK w`K †_‡K †`Lvi g‡bvfveI
i‡q‡Q| †hgb, Dgi hLb GKw`K †_‡K ÒcÖMwZkxj I MYZvwš¿K Av‡›`vj‡bi
kw³kvjx Dcw¯’wZi AfveÓ BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© e‡jb, ZLb GB ÒDcw¯’wZi
AfveÓ‡K wZwb e¨vL¨v K‡ib bv| c„w_exi GKwU a‡g©i Abymvix‡`i Aay¨wlZ
†`k¸‡jv‡Z GB ÒDcw¯’wZi AfveÓ wK †mB a‡g©i †Kv‡bv •ewkó¨, PwiÎ, BZ¨vw`i
m‡½ hy³, bv wK mgm¨v Ab¨ wKQy i‡q‡Q\†m-m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡`i AMÖMY¨ eyw×Rxexiv
Avi KZKvj bxie _vK‡eb, Ges GZ`m‡Z¡I Gu‡`i m¤ú‡K© cÖMwZkxj,
ag©wbi‡c¶, BZ¨vw` we‡klY e¨eüZ n‡e? Ô†fwbwRIjvÕi Awaevmxiv wK †Kv‡bv
a‡g©i Abymvix bb? †m‡¶‡Î Dgi-Zv‡`i‡K ag©xq cwiP‡q Dcw¯’Z K‡ib bv
†Kb? c„w_exbvgK MÖ‡ni wewfbœ †`‡k †`‡kÕ ÒcÖMwZkxj I MYZvwš¿KÓ Av‡›`vjb
wK g~jZ/m¤ú~Y© ewntcÖfv‡e ÔDcw¯’ZÕ nq? bv wK, Zv †Kv‡bv mgv‡Ri Avf¨š—ixY
Ø›`¡, Ges evwm›`v‡`i wbR¯^ fvev`k© Ges wµqvkxjZvi dmj? G‡¶‡Î †Kv‡bv
 5
we‡kl ag© ev fvev`‡k©i c¶ †_‡K m„ó cÖejZi †Kv‡bv evav, wcQyUvb, BZ¨vw`I
mZ¨ n‡Z cv‡i| †m‡¶‡Î G-mgm¨v‡KI †Lvjv‡gjv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cÖK…Z D`vicš’x
wKsev cÖMwZkx‡ji †Zv mgm¨v nIqv m½Z bq| bv wK, wZwb A¯úó fv‡e †Kv‡bv
kw³ ev cwiw¯’wZ‡K `vqx Ki‡eb, †hgb ÒjyÉb AvµgY cÖwZ‡iv‡ai †¶‡Î
KwgDwb÷ Ges Ab¨ cÖMwZkxj I MYZvwš¿K Av‡›`vj‡bi kw³kvjx Dcw¯’wZi
Afve| GB Afv‡ei Kvi‡Y ...Ó BZ¨vw`? Avgiv evsjv‡`‡ki AMÖMY¨ evg
eyw×Rxex‡`i †¶‡Î Giƒc cÖeYZv `xN©Kvj j¶¨ K‡iwQ| e`i“Ïxb Dgi Zuvi
Ôf‚wgKvÕi †klw`‡K mvC‡`i iPbv †_‡K GKwU D×…wZ w`‡q‡Qb, †hLv‡b mvC`‡KI
†`Lv hv‡”Q ga¨cÖvP¨ GjvKvq mvgªvR¨ev`-we‡ivax jovB‡qi ag©wfwËK PwiÎ
m¤ú‡K© wbwe©Kvifv‡e D‡j­L Ki‡Z, †mLv‡b BmivBj Ges mvgªvR¨ev‡`i wec‡`i
gy‡L MYZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’v‡K †h wemR©b †`qv n‡”Q †m-m¤ú‡K©I mvC`
wbwe©Kvi\†hb MYZš¿‡K i¶v KÕ‡i, wKsev eis MYmsMÖv‡gi c‡_B c„w_ex‡Z Avi
†KD †Kv‡bv ewntkw³i wec` †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Q bv; mvC`‡KI †mLv‡b †`Lv hvq
Avie GjvKvi ms¯‥w… Z †h ag©wfwËK, †m-m¤ú‡K© bxie, mš—zó| mvC‡`i †jLv
†_‡K D×…wZ w`‡q e`i“Ïxb DgiI †Kv‡bv gš—e¨ K‡ibwb| ms¯‥w… Z hw` †Kv_vI
m¤ú~Y© ag©wfwËK nq, Zv wK cÖMwZkxj eyw×Rxexi c¶ †_‡K †Kv‡bv gš—e¨‡hvM¨
cwiw¯’wZ bq? cvVK, mvC‡`i D×…wZwU j¶¨ Ki“b; mv¤úªwZKKv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki
evg eyw×Rxex‡`iI †`Lv †M‡Q GLvbKvi ag©xq †g․jev`‡K mvgªvR¨ev‡`i wei“‡×
m½Z/¯^vfvweK ÔcÖwZwµqvÕ wn‡m‡e e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z; G eyw×Rxexiv wK evgcš’x bv
Bmjvgcš’x bv †fZ‡i-†fZ‡i †g․jev`x? mvC‡`i iPbvi D×…wZ :
Last and most important, the Islamic revival in the Arab World
largely occurs in countries where democracy had been abrogated by
virtue of the priorities of the national security state. Here Israel
plays a very important role. This is often forgotten. The presence of
Israel, a theocratic, military state, a Sparta that is imposed upon the
region--I'm not talking just about the Palestinians, where sanctity it
destroys, its country, its land, it's been in occupation for over
twenty five years--but also its invasions, its incursions in Lebanon,
in Jordan, in Syria, in Tunisia. It has overflown Saudi Arabia many
times. This sense of Israel and the United States as victimizing at
will the Arab heart-land has forced people to go back to nourishing
roots in the native culture, which is Islamic. (Pen and the Sword, P.
86) (f‚wgKv)|
Zzjbxq GK hyw³-web¨v‡mi mvnv‡h¨ evsjv‡`‡ki kvmK‡Mvôx Ges Zv‡`i mg_©Kiv
fviZ RyRiy ARynvZ †`wL‡q GLvbKvi mvgwiK kvmb, mv¤úª`vwqK/†g․jev`x
RbgvbwmKZv, BZ¨vw`‡K hyw³wm×/mvdvB Kivi AccÖqvm cvb| G‡¶‡Î wKDev,
wf‡Zbvg wKsev Ab¨ m`„k cwiw¯’wZi `„óvš— Zviv g‡b iv‡Lb bv, jy‡Kv‡Z
Pvb\†hLv‡b MYZš¿, ag©wbi‡c¶ RvZxqZvev`, mgvRZš¿, BZ¨vw` Av`‡k©i c‡_
mvgªvR¨ev` wKsev AvÂwjK civkw³‡K cÖwZ‡iva Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Avgv‡`i Av‡jvP¨ eBwU‡Z msKwjZ A‡bKv‡bK iPbvi g‡a¨ g‣ZK¨ Ges
gZv‣bK¨\`yB-B i‡q‡Q| GLv‡b mvC‡`i ¶gZv-Ávb ZË¡, Iwi‡q›UvwjRg eBwU,
BZ¨vw`i Ici gvÎvwaK-AbycvZvwaK †Rvi cov‡Z H ZË¡-Abyhvqx LyuR‡Z wM‡qB
wfbœ †Kv‡bv ¶gZv‡K‡›`ªi Aw¯—Z¡ Ges Zv‡K `„pZifv‡e wbg©v‡Yi cÖqvm m¤ú‡K©
AuvP-Abygvb Kiv hvq| G nq‡Zv G-msKj‡bi cÖKíKvi‡`i g~j AwfcÖvq| wKš—z,
cvkvcvwk bvbv iPbv _vKvq Ges wePvi-we‡k­l‡Yi GKwU cwi‡ek †_‡K A‡bK
wKQyi Ici †K․wYK-Zxh©K Av‡jv c‡o| wmivRyj Bmjvg †P․ayix, e`i“Ïxb Dgi,
cÖg‡y Li †jLv †_‡K Zv c‡o dinv` gRnv‡ii cÖeÜwUi IciI\m¤úv`‡Ki g‡Zv
wZwbI mvC`‡K g~jZ †Kvb& w`‡K †ei K‡i wb‡Z †P‡q‡Qb, †Kv‡bv AvÂwjK
wefvR‡bi ZË¡Kvi wn‡m‡e mvC` KZUv e¨vcKfv‡e mg_©b‡hvM¨, bv-wK mvC`
wb‡RB cieZ©x‡Z cybwe©‡ePbv Ges ms‡kvab K‡i wb‡qwQ‡jb wb‡Ri cÖv_wgK
Ae¯’vb? BZ¨vw`| Zv Qvov, e`i“wÏb Dgi †hLv‡b ÔgymjgvbcÖavbÕ †`k¸‡jvi
mvgªvR¨ev`-we‡ivax jovB‡qi wKQy •ewkó¨ m¤ú‡K© e‡j‡Qb, †hgb ÔcÖMwZkxj I
MYZvwš¿K Av‡›`vj‡bi kw³kvjx Dcw¯’wZi AfveÕ, dinv` gRnvi †m‡¶‡Î
ÔBmjvgÕ‡K ïayB fzj wbg©vY Ges weK…ZKi‡Yi wkKvi Ges ALÊ Ges wePvi-
we‡k­l‡Yvש GKwU cÖc wn‡m‡e nvwRi K‡i‡Qb| evgcš’x‡`i AvPi‡Y †hgb
A‡bK mgq g‡b nq †h Ø›`¡ZË¡ Zv‡`i †ejvq mZ¨ ev wµqvkxj bq, †Kv‡bv
ag©cš’x ev AÂjcš’xI eywS `vwe Ki‡Z cv‡ib †h †mLvb †_‡K †Kv‡bv Ávb
Ôwbg©vYÕ ev Áv‡bi weK…wZKiY N‡Uwb, †hb ¶gZv-Ávb ZË¡ GKwU GKgyLx ev
AvswkK cÖwµqvi ZË¡| c„w_ex‡Z KwZcq a‡g©i cÖPvi †h eû AvÂwjK ms¯‥…wZ I
mf¨Zvi R‡b¨ aŸsmvÍK n‡q D‡VwQj, mvC`mn eû wek¦L¨vZ eyw×Rxex †m-Awf‡hvM
K‡i‡Qb| mvC‡`i e³‡e¨i †K․wYKZv Ges fvimvg¨nxbZv wb‡q Aek¨ Avgiv
c~‡e©B e‡jwQ| GRvR Avng` †MvUv cwiw¯’wZwU m¤ú‡K© e‡j‡Qb wbæiƒc :
GwUI mij NUbv †h †h-ai‡bi AvZ¨wš—KxKi‡Yi cÖwµqvcÖYvjx (essatialsing
procedure) †K mvC` ïayB Ôcwðg-Gi mv‡_ mshy³ K‡ib, Zv †Kv‡bvµ‡gB
†Kv‡bv BD‡ivcx‡qi †Kv‡bv •ewkó¨ bq; †h-†Kv‡bv msL¨K gymwjg wbqwgZfv‡e
cÖvP¨ Ges cwð‡gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Uv‡bb, Bmjvgx (Islamicate) Ges Lªxóxq,
Ges hLb AvqvZzj-v †Lvwgbx GUv K‡iwQ‡jb, cÖvP¨ev`x Ae¯’vb †_‡K Zv wZwb
mvgvb¨B K‡iwQ‡jb| Ges Aek¨B fvi‡Zi eû-†Mvôxi †¶‡Î cwðgv e¯—zev‡`i
wecix‡Z wn›`y Ava¨vÍev`‡K `uvo Kiv‡bvUv GKwU mvaviY AvPiY,...| `my¨, ï`ª
Ges bvix‡K cÖwZwbqZ wKfv‡e wec¾bK, wbK…óK…Z Aci evbv‡bv n‡”Q\†h
ZxeªZv wb‡q\Zv Øviv AvnZ bv n‡q gnvfviZ wKsev ag©kv¯¿ cvV KivUvI m¤¢e
bq| G †Kv‡bv ZK©Ø‡›`¡i e¨vcviI Avevi bq| Avwg hv Bw½Z Ki‡Z Pvw”Q Zv
n‡”Q †kªYx, wj½, b„ZvwË¡K‡MvôxZ¡ (ethnicaly) Ges ag©, ..., †Mvovwg, BZ¨vw`i
m‡½ hy³ mKj ai‡bi cÖwµqv HwZnvwmKfv‡e Ges `yf©vM¨µ‡g mKj
gvbemgv‡R wµqvkxj wQj\BD‡ivcxq Ges A-BD‡ivcxq| GB Kzms¯‥vi¸‡jvi
BD‡ivcxq iƒcmg~n‡K hv BwZnv‡m Zv‡`i we‡kl kw³ hywM‡qwQj, A¸b&wZ-j¶
gvby‡li R‡b¨ Zvi wech©qKi djmn Ges hv BD‡ivc‡Kw›`ªK c~Y-© cÖKvwkZ
eY©ev‡`i AvKv‡i Av`k©MZfv‡e cÖKvk †c‡qwQj, Zv †Kv‡bv ... Av”QbœZv Ges
 6
wg‡_¨i Avš—HwZnvwmK cÖwµqv\wWm‡Kv‡m©i GjvKvq †Kv‡bv Abb¨ kw³i
mgv‡ek\bq, eis †ek mywbw`©ófv‡e, Dcwb‡ekev`x cyuwRev‡`i ¶gZv, hv ZLb
Ab¨ ai‡bi ¶gZvi D™¢e NUvq| hw`I MZ `yÕkZvãx e¨vcx wWm‡Kv‡m©i
GjvKvq eªvþY¨ev`x Ges Bmjvgx D”P‡U·PyqvwjwUi ga¨Kvi m¤úK©, GB me
†U·PyqvwjwU m¤ú‡K© cÖvP¨ev`x Ávb, Ges cwðgv Ges Acwðgv †`k¸‡jv‡K
Zv‡`i AvaywbK cybi“rcv`b me©vwaK ms‡e`x-Øw›`¡KZv,\GB wbweoZv‡K Zvi
Askmg~‡n fvM Kivi R‡b¨| [GRvR Avng`, Bb w_Iwi, 1992, c„. 183-84]
G‡¶‡Î mvC‡`i Iwi‡q›UvwjRg Ges hviv Zv‡K AbymiY K‡i †Kv‡bv GKK GKwU
ag© ev A‡ji c¶ †_‡K welqwU Dcw¯’Z Ges e¨vL¨v Ki‡Qb, GLbI, Zvi
AwZe„nr ¶wZ AZ¨š— mnR‡eva¨| GRvR Avng` Iwi‡q›UvwjRg-‡K e‡jwQ‡jb
ÒGKwU Mfxifv‡e åvš— eBÓ [Bb w_Iwi, c„. 161]| mvC‡`i †jLv‡jwLi AZ¨š—
¯úó Ges eû¯—i mgv‡jvPbv I e¨vL¨vI wZwb K‡i‡Qb\hv‡K h‡_ó gvbweKI
ej‡Z n‡e| dinv` gRnvi m¤¢ve¨ GRvR-cV‡bi ciI hLb, Ges mvC` ¯^qs
wKQy Ae¯’v-cwieZ©‡bi ciI hLb, Iwi‡q›UvwjRg-GB w¯’i _v‡Kb, ZLb Zvi
D‡Ïk¨ Kx? dinv` gRnv‡ii Kv‡Q gv·© ïay bb, mvC`I wbwgË gvÎ| GRvR
Avng` †Kv‡bv a‡g©i wfwˇZ M„nxZ I cwiPvwjZ Kg©KvʇK †gv‡UB Aby‡gv`b
K‡ibwb, wj‡L‡Qb\ÓBVgj© Orientalism I need not say more, and Covering
Islam is undoubtedly Said's most forgettable book, so defensive is it
about Islamicist kinds of politics and Khmeiniite kinds of
criminalities (only after the sentencing of Salman Rushdie did Said
begin to take public note of the terror which had by then enveloped
tens of thousands within Iran." [GRvR Avng`, Bb w_Iwi, 192, c„. 198]
Covering AªdUe-GiwZb eQi c‡i cÖKvwkZ GWIqvW© mvC‡`i eB The World,
The Text and the Dia©aW-Gi GKwU cÖe‡Üi bvg "Secular Dia©aWaªeÓ| The
Edward Said ․YUXYi-G G-cÖe‡Üi msw¶ß cwiwPwZ‡Z ejv n‡”Q wbæiƒc, Gi
†fZ‡ii D×…wZ¸‡jv "Secular Criticism" cÖeÜ †_‡K †bIqv :
ag©wbi‡c¶ mgv‡jvPbv ej‡Z msMwVZ a‡g©i Avmj mZ¨ cÖKwUZ Kivi R‡b¨
cÖwZwôZ GKwU mgv‡jvPbv c×wZ †evSv DwPr n‡e bv| eis, Zv mvwnZ¨
mgv‡jvPbv wb‡RB wKfv‡e mvgvwRK ev¯—eZvi m‡½ hy³, Zvi ai‡bi Ici
GKwU avivweeiYx\hy³ Zv wKfv‡e gvbweK AwfÁZv, KZ…©Z¡ Ges ¶gZvi
m‡½| mvC` wj‡L‡Qb, Òmgv‡jvPbv Avi GB D‡`¨v‡Mi m‡½ mn‡hvwMZv wKsev
Zv‡K D‡c¶v Kivi fvb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| G‡Zv w¯’Zve¯’v‡K mvdvB Kiv wKsev
cy‡ivwnZ‡`i mn‡hvMx‡`i Ges gZvÜ-Awawe`¨vwekvi`‡`i m‡½ †hvM †`qvi
R‡b¨ mgv‡jvPbvi Abykxjb Ki‡Q bv|Ó KZ…©Z¡ Ges gZvÜZvi mKj KvVv‡gvi
Òcy‡ivwnZ-ai‡bi eY©m¤úª`v‡qiÓ wei“‡× GB Ae¯’vbB, mvC` hv‡K (BZvjxq
gv·©ev`x Av‡š—vwbI MÖvgwmi KvQ †_‡K FY wb‡q) e‡j‡Qb\Òmgv‡jvPbvg~jK
†PZbvÓ, Òag©wbi‡c¶ mgv‡jvPbvÓ‡K mÁvwqZ K‡i|
Òag©wbi‡c¶ mgv‡jvPbvÕ cÖeÜwU ïay mvC‡`i wb‡Ri mgv‡jvPbv cÖK‡íi Ici
AvÍm‡PZbfv‡e cÖwZdjb NUvq bv| G cÖeÜ mvaviYfv‡e mvwnwZ¨K cvwʇZ¨i
f‚wgKv‡K AbymÜvb Ges mvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPK‡`i g‡a¨ e×g©vb we‡klÁ‡Z¡i
D™¢e‡K e¨vL¨v K‡i, wiM¨vbev‡`i mn‡hvMx DÌv‡bi m‡½-m‡½ GKwU b~Zb
wk¶vqZwbK (academic) mvwnwZ¨K wk‡íi (industry) (mvwnZ¨ZË¡) gy‡LvgywL
D™¢e‡K|
AvaywbK BwZnvm, eyw×Rxex Ges mgv‡jvPKMY hv‡K wbg©vY K‡i‡Q, NUbv Ges
mgvRmg~‡ni †mB wek¦‡K ÒD‡c¶v K‡i mvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPK‡`i c×wZi g‡a¨
Xz‡K covUvÓ AwZ mn‡RB Zv‡K Pjgvb mvs¯‥…wZK ag©fve‡K †Rvi`vi Kivq
wb‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| GB `y‡e©va¨ †ckv`vwiZ¡‡K mvC` Òag©wbi‡c¶ mgv‡jvPbvÓi
Abykxj‡bi wei“‡× ïay bq, Zv‡K cÖwZ¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb Zvi Òcvw_©eZvÓi
cÖZ¨‡qi wei“‡×I, G n‡”Q GKwU ¯^xK…wZ †h eyw×e„wËK KvR me©`v GB
c„w_ex‡ZB w¯’Z, Òms¯‥…wZ Ges e¨e¯’vÓi ga¨eZ©x †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b| [c„. 21-19]
GWIqvW© mvC‡`i iPbvKg© wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z w` GWIqvW© mvC` wiWvi-eB‡qi
Òag©wbi‡c¶ mgv‡jvPbvÓ cÖe‡Üi msw¶ß cwiwPwZi GB e³e¨ Ges mvC‡`iB
Ab¨ A‡bK iPbvi Ges Zvi g„Zz¨-Dcj‡¶¨ iwPZ dinv` gRnvimn AviI
A‡b‡Ki cÖe‡Üi g‡bvfv‡ei ga¨Kvi cv_©K¨, `~iZ¡, Am½wZ m¤ú‡K© Avwg
cvVK‡K fve‡Z ej‡ev| G¸‡jv GZ eûmsL¨K Ges ¯úó, †h Zv wb‡q GLv‡b
Av‡jvPbv †hgb m¤¢e bq, Zvi cÖ‡qvRbI †ewk †bB| gI`y`x Ges ÒgZvÜ
Awawe`¨vÓi `~iZ¡ K‡Zv `~i? dinv` gRnviI Zuvi cÖe‡Ü fvi‡Zi `v½vcxwoZ
ÔGKevj Avng`Õ Gi cÖm½wU †i‡L Ges ÔBmjvgÕ‡K,-KZ`~i wM‡q‡Qb? gv·©
m¤ú‡K© Iwi‡q›UvwjRg-Gi w_wmm wZwb gvb¨ iv‡Lb, Avi mvC` m¤ú‡K© gv·©ev`x
GRv‡Ri mgv‡jvPbv‡K K‡ib LvwiR| me wgwj‡q Zuvi wVK ZvjwU‡K wPb‡Z wK
†Kv‡bv Amywe‡a nq?
dinv` gRnv‡ii cÖe‡Üi †kl ev‡K¨ ejv n‡q‡Q Òfve, ms¯‥…wZ I ivRbxwZi
PP©v wK K‡i Kiv hvq †mB cvV wb‡qwQ|Ó GB ÔfveÕ wK mvC‡`i Ò†mKz¨jvi
wµwUwmRgÓ cÖe‡Üi Òcvw_©eZvÓ Ges gv‡·©i e¯—zev‡`i m‡½ m½wZc~Y©? bvwK, Zv
ag©, fveev` BZ¨vw`i †mB cyi‡bv ÔfveÕB? Iwi‡q›UvwjRg-Gi mvC‡`i m‡½ wM‡q
GLbI wZwb cÖvP¨ I cvðv‡Z¨i ga¨Kvi BwZnvm‡Rvov wefvRb‡K gv_vq
iv‡Lb\G‡K Ôduv`Õ fv‡eb bv, Avi HwZnvwmK D™¢em~‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki ag©wbi‡c¶
evOvwj RvZxqZvev` Ges BmjvgxKi‡Yi Avovj evsjv‡`kx RvZxqZvev‡`i Ø›`¡‡K
e‡jb Ôduv`Õ! †evSv hvq, fve, ag© Z_v BmjvgB n‡”Q Zvi g~j G‡RÛvg, evwK me
n‡”Q Ávb I fvlvi †Ljvq-†Zv‡o GKvKvi-Kiv me cv`vbx| GBfv‡e A‡bK
Ávb‡K e¨envi Kiv Ges weK…Z Kivi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ K‡ZvUv, A_©vr Gi Ôwbg©vYÕ-
PwiÎ m¤ú‡K© g~j¨evb M‡elYv fwel¨‡Z G-Kvi‡YB n‡e bv †h, G AZ¨š— ¯úó
Ges cÖKU me e¨vcvi|
Øvw›`¡K e¯—zev‡`i wbqgvbyhvqx fviZe‡l© mvgªvR¨ev` BwZnv‡mi Am‡PZb hš¿
wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q; m‡PZb AwfcÖv‡qi wei“‡× wM‡q e„wUk kvmK‡`i •Zwi
†ijjvBb fviZe‡l© A‡bKv‡bK RvwZ MV‡b Ges RvZxqZvev` weKv‡k mvnvh¨
K‡i‡Q| Av‡jvP¨ m¼jbMÖ‡š’i m¤úv`K Ges cwiKíbvKvix‡`i m‡PZb
 7
AwfcÖv‡qi wei“‡× ev evB‡i nq‡Zv GiI GKBiKg wKQy dj n‡e| m¤úv`K‡K
†mR‡b¨ wK Rvbv‡ev? ab¨ev`? mvC‡`i ch©v‡qi L¨vwZi AwaKvix Ab¨
eyw×Rxex‡`i g„Zz¨‡Z evsjv‡`‡k KL‡bv GZ †jLv wKsev Giƒc ¯§viKMÖš’ †Zv
cÖKvwkZ nqwb| m¤úv`K‡K ab¨ev` Rvbv‡ev †h Avgv‡`i Av‡jvP¨ MÖ‡š’ wZwb cÖvß
mKj iPbv‡KB nq‡Zv mg‡eZ K‡i‡Qb, e`i“Ïxb Dg‡ii Kjg †_‡K Gi R‡b¨
Ôf‚wgKvÕ msMÖn K‡i wb‡q‡Qb| Ges Giƒc Av‡iv f‚wgKv nq‡Zv Zuvi i‡q‡Q|
mvgwMÖK I †kl dj bvbvgyLx n‡q‡Q, n‡e| G-MÖ‡š’ GKvwaK †jLv m¼wjZ n‡q‡Q,
Ggb †jLK GKvwaK| Zb¥‡a¨ GKRb, dvnwg`-Di-ingvb-Gi `y‡Uv †jLvB
AvMÖ‡nvÏxcK| Zb¥‡a¨ eB‡q Zuvi wØZxq †jLvwU‡K †ewk AvMÖ‡nvÏxcK ej‡ev ïay
G-Kvi‡Y †h Iwi‡q›UvwjRg eBwU m¤ú‡K© Ab¨iKg, nq‡Zv Lye Mfxi-RwUj bq,
GKwU cvV wZwb nvwRi K‡i‡Qb, evsjv‡`‡k mvC` Ges Iwi‡q›UvwjRg-m¤úwK©Z
GKgyLx cÖej D”Q¦v‡mi cwi‡e‡ki †fZ‡i †_‡KB| (m¤úv`K Aek¨ †jLK‡`i
†Kv‡bv cwiPq Dcw¯’Z K‡ibwb|) e`i“Ïxb Dgi wKsev wmivRyj Bmjvg †P․ayix
†hiƒc mvC‡`i Iwi‡q›UvwjRg eB‡qi g~j wPš—vQ‡Ki m‡½ ZË¡wfwËK wfbœgZ
Dcw¯’Z K‡i‡Qb, dvnwg`-Gi wVK †miƒc †Kv‡bv cvV bq| wKš—z, wZwbI Zuvi
†jLvcov, Ávb I Z‡_¨i fvÊvi †_‡K wb‡q Ges Zv Rvwb‡q wKQyUv m`„k GKwU
Ae¯’v‡b †cu․Qvb| cÖ_‡gB wZwb †h cÖkwœ U †Zv‡jb Zv n‡”Q : ÒmvC‡`i
Iwi‡q›UvwjR‡gi mv‡_ mvgªvR¨ev`‡K mgvš—ivj I mgv_©K wn‡m‡e †`Lv‡bvi g‡a¨
KZUv ¸i“Zi duvKI i‡q‡Q|Ó [c„. 222] c‡i bvbv Ávb I Z_¨ mn‡hv‡M
dvnwg`-Di-ingvb hv ej‡Z †P‡q‡Qb, Zv n‡”Q cwð‡gi A‡bK cÖvP¨‡eËv
mvC‡`i m½vbyhvqx ÔcÖvP¨we`Õ ev ÔIwi‡q›Uvwj÷Õ wQ‡jb bv| dvnwg`-Di-ingv‡bi
cÖvmw½K Ges ¸i“Z¡c~Y© wKQy e³e¨ Avgiv GLv‡b mvwR‡q w`w”Q, G‡Z cvVK Zuvi
ÔGWIqvW© mvC`Õi Iwi‡q›UvwjRg wfbœ cvVÕ cÖeÜwU m¤ú‡K© cÖZ¨¶ wKQy aviYv
cv‡eb:
1.
Avgiv A‡bK cÖvP¨we‡`i K_v ej‡Z cvwi hv‡`i Rxebe¨vcx mvabv, cÖvP¨fvlvi
Dci AwaKvi, we‡kl K‡i ga¨hy‡Mi gymwjg cwÊZ‡`i A‡bK nvwi‡q hvIqv I
iPbvejxi cybtm¤úv`bvi †¶‡Î Zv‡`i Ae`vb wK Iwi‡q›UvwjR‡gi
mvgªvR¨ev`x j‡¶¨i cy‡iv mg_©b K‡i?Ó [c„. 222]
2.
wKš—z GUvI Avgv‡`i g‡b ivLv `iKvi cwð‡gi GB Kzkªx †Pnvivi cv‡k
†mLvbKvi GKwU gvbweK †PnvivI Av‡Q| A‡bK ïfeyw×m¤úbœ gvbyl †mLv‡b
Av‡Qb hviv GB K‡c©v‡iU †bZ…‡Z¡i wek¦e¨vcx nvbvnvwb I aŸs‡mi ivRbxwZ
cQ›` K‡ib bv| ...| Iwi‡q›UvwjRg c‡o cvðv‡Z¨i †h Qwe Avgv‡`i mvg‡b
AvfvwmZ n‡q I‡V, †mLv‡b Gme kvwš—Kvgx gvby‡li ¯’vb †Kv_vq? Giv †Zv
`ywbqvi Zver kvwš—Kvgx gvby‡li cwiev‡ii Aš—fz©³ hviv weev`-wem¤^v‡`i
evB‡i wfbœ GKwU RMr •Zwi Ki‡Z Pvb| [c„. 224]
dvnwg`-Di-ingv‡bi Ab¨ wKQy gZ I g‡bvfve Ab¨ ai‡bi Ges cÖk‡œ hvM¨, wKš—z
Zuvi GB ch©‡e¶Y¸‡jv, Zrm‡Ë¡I, ¸i“Z¡c~Y©\Iwi‡q›UvwjRg eB‡qi mv`v-
Kv‡jvixwZi wefvRb‡K Zv A¯^xKvi K‡i, ÔbvÕ e‡j|
m¤úv`K †ebRxb Lvb eB‡q me©‡kl m¼jb K‡i‡Qb ÔGWIqvW© Wwe-D mvC‡`i
mv¶vrKviÕ| G-As‡ki mv¶vrKvi¸‡jv‡Z, ÔmvC‡`i †jLvÕ As‡ki †Kv‡bv-†Kv‡bv
†jLvq †hgb, evsjv‡`‡ki A‡bK mvC`-Drmvnxi R‡b¨ AcÖZ¨vwkZ A‡bK gZ
Ges e³e¨ cvIqv hv‡e| evsjv‡`‡k A‡bK Ôwec-exÕ Ges ÔcÖvÁÕ mvC`-Drmvnx‡K
†`Lv †M‡Q GMv‡iv †m‡Þ¤^‡ii wegvb-nvgjvKvix‡`i gy‡L mvgªvR¨ev`-we‡ivax
ivR‣bwZK-A_©‣bwZK Kg©m~wPi K_vevZ©v ewm‡q w`‡Z, wKsev Zv‡`i H nvgjv‡K
mvC‡`i iPbvK‡g©i m‡½ Zzjbxq Ges †M․ieRbK ej‡Z| †m‡¶‡Î Ôw` †cÖv‡MÖwmf
cwÎKvi mv‡_ GWIqvW© mvC‡`i K‡_vcK_bÕ mv¶vrKviwUi GKwU ch©v‡q hLb
mvC`‡K cÖkœ Kiv nq : Òmš¿vmev‡`i Gme Aš—wb©wnZ KviY †Kvb¸‡jv?Ó, mvC‡`i
†`qv ZLbKvi DËiwU wQj `xN©,\GLv‡b Av‡iv GKevi mvC`‡K †`Lv hvq Avie
we‡k¦ Ôag©‡K e¨enviÕ-Gi cwiw¯’wZ‡K GKwU gvÎ w`K †_‡K †`‡L, G‡K e¨vL¨v
Z_v mvdvB Ki‡Z; †hb Zzjbxq cwiw¯’wZ‡Z c„w_ex‡Z Ab¨ †Kv‡bv gZv`‡k©i
wfwˇZ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cÖwZ‡iva iwPZ nqwb, n‡”Q bv| mvC` e‡j‡Qb :
Gev‡i Avgiv ZvKvB Avie we‡k¦i me‡P‡q †e`bv`vqK NUbvejxi w`‡K|
Avie kvmKiv Av¶wiK A‡_©B RbwcÖqZvnxb| †`‡ki RbM‡Yi B”Qvi wei“‡×
Zviv Zv‡`i Ici †P‡c e‡m Av‡Q hy³iv‡óªi mg_©b wb‡q| mwnsmZv Pvwj‡q
Rbmg_©bnxb bxwZ MÖnY K‡i Giv ¶gZvq wU‡K Av‡Q| Gi d‡j we‡kl K‡i
hviv ag©‡K e¨envi K‡i, GLv‡b Bmjvg‡K, Zv‡`i mvg‡b hy³iv‡óªi wei“‡×
ag©hy‡×i WvK †`Iqvi my‡hvM •Zwi n‡q‡Q Ges Zviv ej‡Q †h †hfv‡eB †nvK
hy³ivóª‡K ch©`¯
y — Ki‡Z n‡e| [377]
wKš—z, wKQyUv GKB my‡i GwM‡q mvC`, Gici, GZ`m‡Ë¡I, GMv‡iv †m‡Þ¤^‡ii
nvgjvKvix‡`i wb›`v K‡i‡Qb, D×…wZ :
cwinv‡mi e¨vcvi n‡jv Imvgv web jv‡`bmn gyRvwnw`b‡`i A‡b‡KB Avm‡j
•Zwi n‡q‡Q 1980-Gi `k‡Ki cÖ_g fv‡M AvdMvwb¯—vb †_‡K †mvwf‡qZ
evwnbx‡K nVv‡bvi cÖ‡Póvi Ask wn‡m‡e, hy³iv‡óªi cÖkª‡q| Ck¦iwenxb
Kgy¨wbR‡gi wei“‡× Bmjvg‡K cÖ‡ivwPZ Ki‡Z cvi‡j †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb av°v
Lv‡e GB D‡Ïk¨ †_‡K| hy³iv‡óªi GB Pvj mdjI n‡qwQj, 1985 mv‡j
gyRvwnw`b‡`i GKwU `j IqvwksU‡b Av‡m Ges ZrKvjxb gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W›U
†ivbvì wiM¨vb Ôgyw³‡hv×vÕ wn‡m‡e m‡¤^vab K‡i Zv‡`i ¯^vMZ Rvbvq| Giv
†Kv‡bvfv‡eB Bmjv‡gi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i bv| Giv Bgvg wKsev †kL bq| Giv
n‡jv Bmjvg‡K i¶vi bv‡g ¯^c‡Ö Yvw`Z ag©‡hv×v| †m․w` es‡kv™¢yZ Imvgv web
jv‡`b wb‡R‡K GKRb †`k‡cÖwgK wn‡m‡e `vwe K‡i, KviY, †m․w` Avi‡e
hy³iv‡óªi •mb¨ i‡q‡Q| bex †gvnv¤§‡`i Rb¥f‚wg wn‡m‡e H GjvKvwU
gymjgvb‡`i Kv‡Q AZ¨š— cweÎ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| G‡`i g‡a¨ Av‡iKwU †eva
 8
†ek cÖej, †mUv n‡jv Avgiv †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb‡K civwRZ K‡iwQ, myZivs
Avgiv hy³ivóª‡KI civwRZ Ki‡Z cvi‡ev| AbgbxqZv I ag©xq Db¥v`bv
†_‡K m„ó GB g‡bvfve G‡`i g‡a¨ ¶wZ I AvNvZ Kivi myZxeª AvKv„¶vi Rb¥
w`‡q‡Q| †mLv‡b wbiciva I mswk-óZvnxb gvbyl‡K Avjv`v K‡i †`Lvi my‡hvM
†bB e‡j wbDBq‡K© G ai‡bi NUbv NUv‡bv n‡q‡Q| GB g‡bvfve‡K eyS‡Z
n‡e Ges Aek¨B G‡K Ae‡njv Kiv hv‡e bv| [c„. 377]
GB †MvUv e³‡e¨i g‡a¨I †Kv‡bv cwiw¯’wZi ga¨Kvi Bmjvg Ges gymwjg
Rb‡Mvôxi Ask‡K wbw®…q, †LvKb Ges †mB A‡_© wb‡`©vl fvev I ejvi GKwU
gvivÍK Ges •ewkó¨m~PK (characteristic) Ae¯’vb i‡q‡Q| †hgb, †hb †mvwf‡qZ
BDwbq‡bi wei“‡× e¨eüZ nIqvi †ejvq ÔgyRvwnw`bÕ‡`i †Kv‡bv wbR¯^, m‡PZb
wm×vš— wQj bv, hy³ivóª Zv‡`i Ô•ZwiÕ K‡i‡Q| gvÎ K‡qK eQi c~‡e© hviv
mvgªvR¨ev‡`i Øviv meUv cÖ‡ivwPZ n‡qwQj, mvgªvR¨ev‡`i c‡¶ Ôgyw³‡hv×vÕ n‡q‡Q,
mvC` e‡j‡Qb, Zv‡`i ÔAbgbxqZv I ag©xq Db¥v`bvÕ‡K eyS‡Z n‡e ...Ae‡njv
Kiv hv‡e bv|Ó A™¢~Z bq wK? mvC` Gi c‡i G‡`i‡K †hfv‡e ÔcÖwZwbwaZ¡Õnxb
e‡jb Ges wecixZfv‡e, wb‡R‡`i m¤ú‡K© G‡`i `vwe¸‡jv‡K D‡j­L Ki‡Z hvb,
Zv‡ZI Zuvi wb‡Ri Avi †Kv‡bv ¯úó Ges mywbw`©ó Ae¯’vb †ewk Aewkó _v‡K bv|
ZviciI Avwg Zuvi Avi GKwU DËi m¤ú‡K© D‡j­L Kie, †hLv‡b wZwb ÔMvRvq
RNb¨Zg cwiw¯’wZi gv‡S emevmKvixÕ wdwjw¯—wb Zi“Y Ges GMv‡iv †m‡Þ¤^‡ii
wegvb AvµgYKvix‡`i ga¨Kvi cv_©K¨‡K we‡k­lY K‡i‡Qb :
H Zi“YwU BmivBwj‡`i wf‡o wg‡k wM‡q kix‡i †eu‡a ivLv †evgvi we‡ùviY
NUv‡”Q| Avwg KL‡bvB G ai‡bi NUbv‡K mg_©b †`B bv| Z‡e H NUbv †_‡K
GUv Aš—Z †evSv hvq...wb‡Ri Rxeb m¤ú‡K© exZkª× nIqv Zvi Rb¨ LyeB
¯^vfvweK Ges G Kvi‡Y gwiqv n‡q †m G ai‡bi Pig wm×vš— wb‡”Q| ... Avwg
G ai‡bi ZrciZvi mv‡_ GKgZ bv n‡jI Aš—Z †mUv †evSvi †Póv Kwi|
wKš—z hviv wek¦evwYR¨‡K‡›`ª nvgjv Pvwj‡q‡Q Zv‡`i K_v Avjv`v| Giv H
ai‡bi †Kv‡bv cwiw¯’wZi gy‡LvgywL nqwb Ges Giv ew¯—evmx `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi
Ask bq| Giv G‡m‡Q ga¨eZ©x †kªYx †_‡K, Bs‡iwR ejvi g‡Zv wk¶v Giv
†c‡q‡Q, Giv wegvb Pvjbv cÖwk¶Y †K‡›`ª hvIqvi, hy³iv‡óª Avmvi Ges
†d¬vwiWvq emevm Kivi mvg_©¨ iv‡L| [c„. 378]|
A‡bKLvwb Qvo w`‡qI Avwg mvC‡`i Dc‡iv×…Z K_v¸‡jv Dcw¯’Z Kijvg GR‡b¨
†h GB Av‡jvPbvwU wjL‡Z-wjL‡Z wPš—v mvgwqKxi mš¿vm-welqK msL¨v nv‡Z
G‡m‡Q, Ges †mLv‡b mvC`, †`wi`v, †nevigvm, †ebRvwgb, cÖg‡y Li m~‡Î mš¿vm
m¤ú‡K© †jLv n‡q‡Q| mivmwi mvC`‡K wb‡q Aek¨ †ewk mgq _v‡Kbwb GKRb
cÖeÜKvi, P‡j †M‡Qb GKevj Avn‡g`-G, wKš—z Zvi Av‡M mvC`‡K e¨envi K‡i
e‡j‡Qb cvðv‡Z¨ Bmjvg wKfv‡e fzj Ges Ab¨vq e¨vL¨v wKsev cÖPv‡ii wkKvi
n‡q‡Q| Avwg GKUz Av‡MB `y-GKwU bvwZ`xN© D×…wZ †`Iqv‡Z cvVK mvC‡`i
cÖvmw½K Ae¯’vb m¤ú‡K© A‡bK fv‡jv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb, D×…wZ w`‡qwQ Aek¨
†ebwRb Lvb m¤úvw`Z eBwU †_‡KB| GUvI †evSv hv‡e †h mvC` GMv‡iv
†m‡Þ¤^‡ii mš¿vm‡K Aby‡gv`b K‡ibwb| wdwjw¯—wb Zi“‡Yi AvÍNvwZ mš¿v‡mi
mv‡_I mvC` ÔGKgZÕ bb, Z‡e wZwb G‡K Ô†evSvi †PóvÕ K‡ib| cvVK Gev‡i
evsjv‡`‡ki mvC`cš’xiv wPš—v mvgwqKxi mš¿vm-msL¨vq hv‡`i c¶vej¤^b Kvh©Z
K‡i‡Qb, Zv‡`i m¤ú‡K© mvC‡`i Ae¯’vb Abygvb ïay bq, wbwðZ eyS‡Z cvi‡eb|
A_P, Giv mvC`‡K e¨envi K‡i‡Qb fv‡jvfv‡eB Ges Aejxjvq| Avwg Aek¨
AveviI GK_v eje †h mvC` wb‡RB Zvi GB `yM©wZi R‡b¨ AvswkK `vqx|
evwKUv n‡”Q evsjv‡`k iv‡óªi Ges ivóª¶gZvi fvev`wk©K PwiÎ, †kªYxPwiÎ| GB
ivóª †hgb GLv‡b A‡bK BwZnvm Ges Ab¨vb¨ Ávb Ôwbg©vYÕ K‡i‡Q, weK…Z K‡i‡Q,
Zvi BmjvgxKiY K‡i‡Q, mvC`-welqK ÁvbI †h GLv‡b Ôwbg©vYÕ n‡e, Av‡iK
cÖ¯’ BmjvgxK…Z n‡e, Zv‡Z we¯§‡qi wKQy †bB| †h-cwðg m¤ú‡K© mvC‡`i XvjvI
Awf‡hvM, †mLvb †_‡K n¨vevigvm‡K, †ebRvwgb‡K wb‡q G‡m, †`wi`vi g‡Zv
wWm‡Kvwm©qvb‡K G‡bI, GLv‡b ag©hy× Pj‡e| cwinvm GB †h G‡¶‡Î mvC‡`i
Iwi‡q›UvwjRg Z‡Ë¡i c~e©-cwðg wefvRb‡K g‡b ivLv nqwb| Giƒc ¯^we‡iva ¸i“
mvC‡`iI †h KZ †m-m¤ú‡K© GRvR Avng` wj‡L‡Qb; Avgiv Zvi m‡im
wkl¨‡`i †¶‡ÎI Zv †`LwQ| P~ovš— wePv‡i fveev‡`i c¶fz³ nIqv‡Z †`wi`vi
`yM©wZ‡Z Avgvi `ytL †bB, hv Av‡Q n¨vevigv‡mi †ejvq| hv-B †nvK, m¤úv`K
†ebwRb Lvb‡K G-†ejv ab¨ev` RvbvB, Zuvi msKwjZ GKwU mv¶vrKv‡ii m~‡Î
G-ch©v‡qi K_v¸‡jv ejv †Mj|
GLv‡b `ª“Z GKwU K_v e‡j †djv `iKvi| evsjv‡`‡k Ges Ab¨ÎI, GgbwK
mvC‡`i iPbv‡ZI wKQy bgybv-cÖeYZv †`Lv †M‡Q\Avgiv D`vniY w`‡qwQ\hv n‡”Q
Bmjvg Ges gymjgvb‡`i AvPiY‡K mgv‡jvPbvg~jK wePvi-we‡ePbvi evB‡i
ivLvi, Kvh©Z ¯^Ztwm× g‡b Kivi, †NvlYv Kivi| †hgb, Avie we‡k¦ ms¯‥…wZi
†kKo †h ag©xq, G-e¨vcv‡i mvC` Ges e`i“Ïxb Dgi\ `yRbB gš—e¨nxb,
wbwe©Kvi| G-†hb ag©wbi‡c¶ eyw×Rxex‡`i c¶ †_‡KI Aby‡gv`b‡hvM¨ GKwU
Ae¯’v| GB wbwe©Pvi I hyw³nxb g‡bvfve Ges Ae¯’v‡bi m‡½ AvMÖvmx
mvgªvR¨ev‡`i ejcÖ‡qv‡Mi bxwZi Kvh©Z †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ †bB| ev¯—eZv I Aci‡K
A¯^xKvi Kivi GB `yB AZ¨š— m`„k g‡bvfv‡ei g‡a¨ KvD‡K †e‡Q †bIqviI
†bB| Giv G‡K-Aci‡K D‡j­L I ARynvZ K‡i Kvh©wmw× K‡i gvÎ| h_vµ‡g
†kvlY-mnvqK Ges †kvlK e¨e¯’v wn‡m‡e ag© Ges mvgªvR¨ev‡`i ¯^vfvweK
wgÎZvi aviYvwU †hgb mnR‡eva¨, Zvi BwZnvmI avivevwnK Ges `xN©| eZ©gvb
cwiw¯’wZUvI †h ev‡bvqvU Ges bvUz‡K msNv‡Zi\GKUz wPš—v K‡i †`L‡jB Zv
†evSv hvq| g~jZ †kªYx‡kvlY I m¤ú`-jyɇbi R‡b¨ `gb-wbcxob I AvMÖvm‡bi
†h eZ©gvb cwiw¯’wZ, †mLv‡b Bmjvg Z_v a‡g©i cÖkUœ v‡K eo K‡i Dcw¯’Z Kiv
†kvlK-jyÉbKvix wKsev Zvi c¶fz³ Kv‡iv c‡¶B m¤¢e| mvgwqKfv‡e wech©¯—
†kªYxmsMÖv‡gi A_©vr mgvRZvwš¿K Av‡›`vj‡bi eZ©gvb wek¦cwiw¯’wZ‡Z GgbUv NUv
Lye ¯^vfvweKI; f‚‡qv Ges cÖZviK Ø›`¡-msNv‡Zi GKwU ¶wZKi cwi‡e‡k †hb
†kªYxmsMÖvg Ges mgvR-cwieZ©‡bi Kvh©Ki cÖqvm Avi †Zgbfv‡e `vbv †e‡a
 9
DV‡Z bv cv‡i| Ab¨_vq, eZ©gv‡bi cÖvq Zver evPbKvi (discoursians) Ges
ZË¡KviMY (theorists) wg‡j I bvbv hyw³we¯—vi K‡i gv·© Ges gv·©ev`‡K bm¨vr
Ki‡Z GKwÎZ n‡Zb bv! G-e¨vcv‡i GWIqvW© mvC‡`i Ae¯’vbI hyMcr AZ¨š—
•ewkó¨m~PK Ges `yej © , bvRyK; wmivRyj Bmjvg †P․ayix Ges e`i“Ïxb Dgi Zv
e‡j‡Qb|
hvB †nvK| wPš—v mvgwqKxi mš¿vm-msL¨vi cÖm½ †ZvjvUv wk‡ei MxZ bq G-
Kvi‡YI †h †mLv‡b Avgvi c~‡e©vwj­wLZ cÖeÜKvi, mwjgyj-vn Lvb, Avgv‡`i
Av‡jvP¨ eB GWIqvW© Wwe-D mvC` : Avwek¦ we‡e‡Ki Kɯ^i m¤ú‡K©I D‡j­L
K‡i‡Qb Ges GKwU Avc-yZ Ae¯’vq; wZwb wj‡L‡Qb, ÒGWIqvW© mvqx` wK gvwK©b
hy³ivóª wK evwK `ywbqv meLv‡b mgvb m¤§vb †c‡Zb| evsjv‡`‡kI †c‡q‡Qb| Iui
ev`-G‡š—Kvj XvKvq cÖKvwkZ evsjv ¯§viKMÖš’wU wZb gv‡mi g‡a¨ `yBevi Qvcv‡Z
n‡q‡Q|Ó [c„. 14] BZ¨vw`| evsjv‡`‡ki mv¤úªwZK mš¿v‡mi LvwbKUv e¨vL¨v,
AwaKvskUv mg_©b Ki‡Z G‡m‡Q wPš—v-i GB †h msL¨vwU, Zv‡Z mvC` ¯^qs ïay
bq, evsjv‡`‡k Zvi †h-¯§viKMÖš’ wb‡q Avgiv Av‡jvPbv KiwQ, †mwUI GB †h
†mvrmvn D‡j­L †cj, mvC` †eva Kwi Zv‡Z eo n‡jb bv| bvbv welq wb‡q Zuvi
†h wewPÎ, Mfxi, e¨vcK cwiwai †jLv‡jwL, Zvi Aeg~j¨vqb wn‡m‡eB GK Kv‡j
GUv we‡ewPZ n‡e\G k¼v nq| Z‡e mvC‡`i iPbviB GKvsk †hgb Gi †¶Î
•Zwi K‡i‡Q, †Zgwb, AveviI ewj, evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU ¶gZv‡K‡›`ªi GwU wbR¯^
cÖKí, evowZ GKcÖ¯’ mvC`-Ôwbg©vYÕ| wPš—v-i cÖeÜKv‡ii GB cÖeÜwUi Dc‡iv×…Z
AskwU m¤ú‡K© wØZxq GKwU K_vI ej‡Z PvB| GLv‡b cÖeÜKv‡ii gb¯—Ë¡wU j¶
Ki‡j cvVK †`L‡eb †h mš¿vm m¤ú‡K© wb‡Ri Ae¯’vb‡K cvV‡Ki wk‡ivavh© K‡i
Zzj‡Z mvC`‡KI wZwb mgv‡jvPbv-Dש †Kv_vq †cu․‡Q w`‡q‡Qb| mvC` m¤ú‡K©
†jLv GRvR Avng‡`i cÖeÜwU wbðq wZwb c‡o‡Qb| Ôm¤§vbÕ eRvq †i‡LB Aek¨
GRvR †mLv‡b mvC`‡K h‡_ó Zz‡jvay‡bv K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e, Avwg j¶¨ Ki‡Z ewj
mvC` Ges mswk-ó welqvw` m¤ú‡K© cÖeÜKv‡ii P~ovš— ev cig (absolute)
g‡bvfvewU‡K| Ôme©Kv‡ji me©‡kªôÕ, BZ¨vKvi aviYvi gZb mvC` m¤ú‡K© Ô†miv
eyw×RxexÕi aviYvI G-cÖe‡ÜB i‡q‡Q| mvgªvR¨ev‡`i w`K †_‡KI g‡bvfveUv
_v‡K P~ovš— ev me©MÖvmxB\ Ònq Avgvi m‡½, bq mš¿vmev‡`iÓ! ¶gZv wKsev
¶gZv-e¨e¯’vgvÎB †miv, GKK Ges mgMÖ n‡q AvÍi¶v Ki‡Z Pvq| fvexKv‡ji
MYZš¿vqb G-cÖeYZv †_‡K Avgv‡`i KLb i¶v Ki‡e, Rvwb bv| Ø›`¡ZË¡ ej‡e
†h Ø›`¡iZ †Kv‡bv c‡¶i meUv `vq †hgb _v‡K bv, †Zgwb Avevi GI bq †h †KD
†avqv Zzjmx, meUv Acvcwe×| BwZnv‡mi cÖwµqvq, HwZnvwmK kw³¸‡jvi
Ø›`¡msNv‡Zi †Kv‡bv ch©v‡q GKwU ag© †hgb †UªW BDwbqbmyjf, A_©vr, cwi®‥vi
kªwgKeÜz f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i, †Zgwb Zvi wecixZ, wKsev ga¨eZ©x
A‡bKv‡bK f‚wgKvI| mgvR I BwZnv‡mi Ask wKsev kw³ wn‡m‡e †`L‡Z hw`
ivwR _vwK, Zv n‡j †Kv‡bv wKQy‡K Av`k©vwqZ Kiv hv‡e bv, m¤¢vebv¸‡jv‡K †Lvjv
ivL‡Z n‡e, wePvix g‡bvfve‡KI Ae¨vnZ| ms¯‥vi ev cwieZ©‡bi ga¨ w`‡q bv
wM‡q ag©¸‡jv Zvi g~j¨, Av‡e`b a‡i ivL‡Z bv cvivi mvaviY mZ¨ wK †Kv‡bv
Kv‡iv †ejvq wg‡_¨ n‡q hv‡e? G‡¶‡Î eo ag©¸‡jvi BwZnvm, `vwe Ges cÖ¯—zwZ
wK i‡q‡Q e‡j mvaviYfv‡e Rvbv hvq? cÖvß AbgbxqZv ev AcÖ¯—zwZi g‡bvfv‡ei
†¶‡Î Kvi wK KiYxq i‡q‡Q? †K wK Ki‡Q? nZ¨vKvÊ, mvgwiK kvmb, BZ¨vw`i
ga¨ w`‡q evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb‡K hviv wewfbœ cwigv‡Y BmjvgxKiY K‡i‡Q,
Zv‡`i †m-Kg©KvʇKI wK Ab¨ wKQy ej‡Z n‡e? G¸‡jv wK Ôevsjv‡`kxÕKiY?
†Kb GK_v ejwQ? G‡¶‡Î Ôevsjv‡`kxÕKiY, BZ¨vw` wK mvC`-Kw_Z wg‡_¨
cwi‡ekb wKsev misrepresentation wKsev Ávb Ôwbg©vYÕ bq? †Kvb& ¶gZvi c¶
†_‡K Zv n‡j Zv evsjv‡`ke¨vcx, BwZnvme¨vcx NUv‡bv n‡q‡Q| †Kvb& ¯^v‡_©?
†ebwRb Lvb hLb Bmjvgx wPš—vwe` Aveyj Avjv gI`y`x‡K e‡jb ÔfviZxq wPš—
vwe`Õ, ZLbI wK N‡U? mvC`-¯§viKMÖ‡š’i c‡¶ G wK Kg cwinvm?
wØRvwZZË¡I wQj ag©xq m¤úª`vq‡K RvwZ wn‡m‡e Ôwbg©vYÕ Kiv (wPš—v
mvgwqKxi ÒG‡WvqvW© mvqx`, Bmjvg I mš¿vmev`Ó cÖe‡ÜI Ôwn›`y RvwZÕ kãwU
e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|) Gi AvIZvq Av‡iv A‡bK Ávb Ôwbg©vYÕ Kiv n‡q‡Q, gvq
RvZxq cwiPq; e`i“Ïxb Dgi ZLb evOvjx RvZxqZvev‡`i Av‡›`vjb‡K
e‡jwQ‡jb evOvwji N‡i †div| mK‡jB Rv‡bb wKfv‡e ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡k evOvwji
†mB N‡i-†div‡K Am¤ú~Y© ivLv n‡q‡Q; Z‡e ZLb Avi †Lvjv‡gjv wØRvwZZË¡
nvwRi bv K‡i e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q evsjv‡`kx RvZxqZvev‡`i †gavex AvovjwU‡K,
Ôwbg©vYÕ Kiv n‡q‡Q A‡bK Ávb| †mR‡b¨ Gi g~j cÖe³v‡K Avgv‡`i mwVK
RvZxq cwiPq wba©vi‡Yi K…wZZ¡ cÖ`v‡bI Aek¨ wcwQ‡q _vwKwb Avgiv| ivóªxq
g~jbxwZi cwieZ©b, msweavb ms‡kvabmn, BmjvwgKi‡Yi †MvUv Kg©KvʇKB
evsjv‡`kx RvZxqZvev`mn Ávb wbg©v‡Yi bvbv cÖK‡íi AvIZvq cwiPvjbv Kiv
nq| gyw³hy‡×i bZzb BwZnvmmn A‡bK Ávb Ôwbg©vYÕ Kiv n‡q‡Q; evsjv‡`‡ki
hyeK, Zi“Y, wK‡kvi eq‡mi A¸bwZ gvbyl‡K wb‡¶c Kiv n‡q‡Q wg_¨v Ges
weåvwš—i Ave‡Z©| gyw³hy‡×i Awbqš¿Y‡hvM¨ NUbvwUi R‡b¨ ïay †K․kj Ki‡Z
n‡”Q; Ab¨_vq, cvwK¯—vb Avg‡ji g‡ZvB GUv GKwU †MvUv †`k I mgvRe¨vcx
ZrciZv| evsjvfvlvi k㸇jvi evbvb Ôwbg©vYÕI GLb Gi AvIZvq G‡m †M‡Q|
GB Dchy³ Dcj‡¶¨ Avwg ZvB wg‡kj dz‡Kv, GWIqvW© mvC`, cÖg‡y Li ZË¡ Ges
Iwi‡q›UvwjRg eB‡qi M‡elYvi (mvC‡`i wPwýZ fzj I AvwZkh¨‡K ev` w`‡q)
Av`‡j evsjv‡`‡ki Ávb wbg©v‡Yi, wKsev ejv hvK, kvmK‡kªYxi †fZi †_‡K Ávb
I fvev`k© wbg©v‡Yi, Ges †mLv‡b bvbv ¶gZv‡K e¨envi cÖ‡Póvi GKwU Kvh©Ki
M‡elYvi cÖ¯—ve KiwQ| GB M‡elYv †MvUv Dcgnv‡`k ch©v‡qI Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
¶gZvi hveZxq †K›`ªB †Zv Giƒc M‡elYvi Dchy³ †¶Î| ïay cÖvP¨ev`‡K wb‡q
†Kb n‡e, evsjv‡`kx RvZxqZvev`, ALÊ fviZxqZv wKsev wn›`yZ¡ Ges Gfv‡e
GwM‡q Ávb Ôwbg©vYÕ-Gi hveZxq Kg©KvÊ wb‡q M‡elYv †nvK| ¶gZv‡K›`ª¸‡jv‡K
wPwýZ Kiv hvK| Av‡jvP¨ eB‡q †Lv›`Kvi Avkivd †nv‡m‡bi cÖeÜ ÒGWIqvW©
mvC` : GKRb eywׇhv×vi cÖwZK…wZÓ c‡oI mvC`‡K BmjvgxKi‡Yi AvÂwjK
 10
Z_v Avš—Rv© wZK cwiw¯’wZwU m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvq| A_©vr, Bmjvg-cÖfvweZ †MvUv
GjvKvq cÖvq GKB cwiw¯’wZi m„wó n‡q‡Q, ïay evsjv‡`‡k bq| †Lv›`Kvi Avkivd
†nv‡mb wj‡L‡Qb :
mvC` mwnsmZvq wek¦vm Ki‡Zb bv; DMÖ Bmjvgx †g․jev‡`i mg_©K nIqviI
cÖkœ Av‡m bv| wKš—z, Avqiwb nj, GB Avie wLª÷vb gvbeZvev`x †`k‡cÖwgK
gvbylwU‡K GK ch©v‡q gymwjg RvZxqZvev‡`i g‡`© gyRvwn` e‡j fve‡Z ïi“
K‡i Avie we‡k¦i gvbyl| Awi‡q›UvwjRg (1977) cÖKvwkZ nIqvi cici wKQy
NUbv mvC‡`i G‡nb Bmjvgvqb‡K Z¡ivwb¦Z K‡i‡Q| [c„. 95]
G-avivq GwM‡q †Lv›`Kvi Avkªvd †nv‡mb me‡k‡l hv wj‡L‡Qb, Zv‡K Aek¨
Avwg ey‡S DV‡Z cvwiwb| wZwb wj‡L‡Qb, ÒmvC` Zvi GB Avqiwb-m¼zj f‚wgKvwU
†g‡bI wb‡q‡Qb|Ó BZ¨vw`| G wK mvC‡`i wb‡Ri ΓwUi cÖwZ †Kv‡bv cwinvmc~Y©
Bw½Z?
Avgvi cÖwZkª“wZ wQj ivRbxwZi wKQy eo wel‡q wd‡i Avmvi| evsjv‡`‡k
GWIqvW© Wwe-D mvC`-welqK GKgyLx D”Q¦v‡mi iKgmKg †`‡L Ges gZvg‡Zi
GKwU fvimvg¨ cÖwZôvi R‡b¨, wKQyUv eva¨ n‡qB, Av‡iv wKQy cÖm‡½i GB
AeZviYv| LyeB `yt‡Li e¨vcvi †h mvC` m¤ú‡K© G-Av‡jvPbvq Avgvi c‡¶
wKQyUv GK aviv‡ZB †ek †ewk wjL‡Z n‡”Q|
ZLb K_v nw”Qj wbwe©Pvifv‡e †MvUv BwZnvmKv‡j c~e©-cwðg‡K wef³-
wefvwRZ ejvi Zvrch© wK `uvovq? GLv‡b wbwe©Pvifv‡e ej‡Z †evSvw”Q wefvR‡bi
ev¯—e wfwˇK †Zv ch©vß cwigv‡Y wb‡`©k Kiv nqwb\MZ K‡qK kZvãxi †¶‡Î hv
Dcwb‡ekev`-mvgªvR¨ev‡`i g‡Zv ¯úó I Ab¯^xKvh© me e¨vcvi| evwK, AZxZZi
mg‡q Zv wK? Ges GB wbwe©Pvi ev Ach©vß wePvi wK mswk-ó c¶¸‡jv‡K my¯,’ myôz
wePvi-we‡ePbvi AZ¨š— cÖ‡qvRbxq I g~j¨evb ¯—iwU‡Z Avi _vK‡Z †`q? wePvi-
we‡ePbvi †h․w³K RvqMvwU‡Z `uvov‡Z bv-cvivi wK †Kv‡bv ¶wZ i‡q‡Q? ZË¡,
evPb, `k©b, Ges G‡`i wewfbœ bvgx cÖ‡YZv‡`i mv¶vr mvC`-m~‡Î Avgiv A‡b‡K
†ek †c‡qwQ, mvC` wb‡RI †ek eo ZË¡Kvi| wKš—z, Gm‡ei bvg ï‡bB, Gme
wb‡q Av‡jvPbv c‡oB AvUvk †`qvi †Zv `iKvi †bB| ZË¡, `k©b Ges ZË¡Kvi,
`vk©wbK wK, †K †Kvb w`‡K `uvwo‡q‡Q, `uvwo‡q‡Qb, ZvI µgk ¯úó n‡Z
cv‡i\hw` †m-m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡`i AvMÖn _v‡K| †ek cyi‡bv cÖk,œ Zey Ki‡Z n‡”Q :
fve, BZ¨vw`‡Z gvby‡li †cU f‡i, bv-wK e¯—z, Lv`¨ e¯—z, cwi‡aq e¯—zi `iKvi nq?
Ges †m‡¶‡Î gvby‡li c¶fz³ KvD‡K †g․wjK Ges cÖv_wgK (basic and
primary) fve‡Z n‡e wK e¯—z‡K, bv fve‡K? e¯—z ev ev¯—e c„w_ex m¤ú‡K© Áv‡bi
cÖkwœ U †mLv‡b KZUzKz ¸i“Z¡c~Y©? GLv‡bB Av‡m Ab¨ cÖkœ : Kv‡iv m¤ú‡K© Kv‡iv
ej‡Z ev cwi‡ekb Ki‡Z (communication, representation BZ¨vw`) cvivUv
KZUv m¤¢e? cÖvK-Dcwb‡ekev`x `~i AZx‡ZI cwðg hw` cÖvP¨‡K Ôwbg©vYÕ K‡i
_v‡K, fzj fv‡e cwi‡ekb (misrepersentation) K‡i _v‡K, †hUv `vwe Kiv
n‡”Q, Zv‡K wK Zv n‡j Ávb-AR©b, cÖKvk, cwi‡ekb, BZ¨vw`‡Z gvbweK
A¶gZvi mvnv‡h¨B e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z n‡e? Avi, Áv‡bi AR©b ev cÖKvk hw` m¤¢e bv-
B nq, Z‡e gvby‡li `y`©kv †NvPv‡bvi cÖqv‡mi fwel¨r wK? Zv wK Zv n‡j
A‡j․wKK Kv‡iv f‚wgKv, Ges Zv‡Z Avgv‡`i wek¦vm ivLvi e¨vcvi, Ava¨vwÍKZv-
wfwËK cÖqv‡mi? bv-wK, Ávb, ÁvbwfwËK cwiKíbv I Kg©Kv‡Êi?
Iwi‡q›UvwjRg-G GWIqvW© mvC‡`i Ae¯’vb Zv n‡j †kl ch©š— KZ`~i Ges †Kvb
w`‡K hvq? G-m¤ú‡K© GRvR Avng` wKQy `vk©wbK Ges gZv`k©‡K hy³ K‡i wK
e‡j‡Qb?
mvC` Kvh©Z hv Ki‡Qb, Zv n‡”Q GB bxr‡mev`x aviYvi KvQvKvwQ hvIqv †h,
†Kv‡bv mZ¨ cwi‡ekb (representation) m¤¢e bq; KviY, mKj gvbylx
†hvMv‡hvM (communication) me©`v mZ¨‡K weK…Z K‡i ... mvC` †h †gv¶g
cÖkœwU †Zv‡jb, Zv n‡”Q : ÔcÖK…Z cÖkœ n‡”Q †Kv‡bvwKQyi mZ¨ cwi‡ekb m¤¢e wK
bv|Õ Ab¨ K_vq, mZ¨-fvlY (Statement) Kiv wK m¤¢e? bxr‡mev`xmn Ggb
cÖfvekvjx HwZn¨mg~n i‡q‡Q, hv GB m¤¢vebv‡K bvKP K‡i| wfbœ cÖfvekvjx
HwZn¨I i‡q‡Q, gv·©ev`xmn, hviv e‡j‡Q, nu¨v, mZ¨-fvlY (statement)
m¤¢e| GB †gv¶g cÖ‡kœ mvC‡`i بv_©K e³e¨ D”PvwiZ n‡q‡Q hv‡Z ejv
n‡q‡Q GKwU mywbw`©ó cÖYqb (formulation) A_©vr GKwU cwi‡ekbv
(representation) Ges wg‡_¨ cwi‡ekbvi (misrepresentation) g‡a¨ e¨eavb
AZ¨š— cvZjv (©`af)| Avgvi g‡b nq GUv e¨w³MZ fvlY bq, eis welq †_‡K
welqvš—‡i MgYKvix (discursive) fvlY| Avwg cÖK…Zc‡¶ wb‡`©k Ki‡ev †h
GB e³e¨ mivmwi bxr‡mev`x `vk©wbK HwZ‡n¨i AvIZvfz³, Ges GWIqvW©
mvC`, whwb GLv‡b cÖvP¨ev‡`i BwZnvm †jLvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Qb, wb‡R‡K hy³
K‡i‡Qb bZzb ai‡bi BwZnvm-iPbvi m‡½, hv Kg‡ewk GB mg‡q Dcw¯’Z
nw”Qj, hv cÖv‡qvwMK (empirical) BwZnvmwe‡`i cÖvß wb`k©b Ges e¨vL¨vi
M„nxZ aib m¤ú‡K© mvaviY wRÁvmvKiY Ges mskq cÖKvk‡K Qvwo‡q hvq;
Ges cÖkœKi‡Yi bxr‡mev`x RM‡Z XzK‡Q ïay cwRwUwf÷ wbg©vYmg~n bq, eis
†Lv` m‡Z¨i mZ¨Zv, hvi d‡j c„w_exe¨vcx GK wecyj cwiwai BwZnvmwe`‡K
D`vniY¯^iƒc, fviZxq wKQy mveAëvb©we`‡K\Zv †V‡j †`‡e ÔmZ¨ kãwU‡K
D×iY wP‡ýi g‡a¨ ivLv ïi“ Kivi w`‡K| [GRvR Avng`, Bb w_Iwi, c„.
193-94] (Avgvi ¸i“Z¡v‡ivc)|
GKUz GwM‡q GRvR Avng` Av‡iv hv e‡j‡Qb, Zv‡Z wek¦e¨vcx ivRbxwZ Ges
gZv`‡k©i Ø›`¡msNv‡Zi g‡a¨ Iwi‡q›UvwjRg‡K Dcw¯’Z Ki‡Z Avgv‡`i cvVK‡`i
Av‡iv mywe‡a n‡e :
A‡h․w³KZvi Ggb iƒc †h †mB eBwU‡ZB †K›`ªxqfv‡e D‡V Avm‡e, hv AvR
i¨vwWK¨vj †SuvKm¤úbœ ms¯‥…wZi ZË¡Kvi‡`i (cultural theorists) g‡a¨
wbtm‡›`‡n me©vwaK cÖfvem¤úbœ, Avwg wek¦vm Kwi, Avgv‡`i‡K Zv LvwbK¶Y
_vwg‡q †`‡e| wKš—z, Gi †mvrmvn MÖnY Ges AZ¨š— e¨vcK cÖfv‡ei wKQy w`K
ey‡S wb‡Z Zv‡Z mvnvh¨ nIqv DwPr; KviY, GB GK cwiwai cÖYq‡b
(formulations) mvC` KZ©„K mgMÖ cwðgv mf¨Zv‡K Awfhy³KiY, dz‡Kv
KZ©„K cwðgv-Ávb wKsev †`wi`vi Avš—HwZnvwmK xg_gª-‡K Awfhy³Ki‡Yi
 11
g‡ZvB; †hb ¶gZv, †jv‡Mv‡Kw›`ªK wPš—v, wKsev cÖvP¨ev`x evP‡bi evB‡i
†Kv‡bv wKQy, G‡Kev‡i †Kv‡bv wKQyB †bB\ †Kv‡bv †kªYx, †Kv‡bv wj½, GgbwK
BwZnvm; cÖwZ‡iv‡ai †Kv‡bv ¯’vb, gvbweK gyw³i gIRy`K…Z †Kv‡bv cÖKí;
KviY, meB n‡”Q cv_©K¨m¤úbœ cybive„wË, meB weK…wZ\ mywbw`©ófv‡e cwðgv
weK…wZ\ Ges cÖvP¨ev` me©`v GKB _v‡K, eis mg‡qi •iwLK gIRy‡`i m‡½
m‡½ Zv Av‡iv †ewk K‡i _v‡K| GB `„wóc_¸‡jv †`wi`xq, dz‡Kvìxq,
mvC`xq\ `„wóc_¸‡jvi g¨vwbKxqvb wKbvi ¯^qs bxr‡mi c‡¶B Dchy³|
[GRvR Avng`, Bb w_Iwi, c„. 195]
Avwg G-Av‡jvPbvi ïi“‡ZB mvC‡`i cwievi Ges Zv‡Z KvUv‡bv Zuvi Rxeb,
wk¶v cÖwZôvb, wk¶vjvf, BZ¨vw` cÖm½ Zz‡jwQjvg| ev¯—e Rxeb, wbw`©ó wKQy
wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b jä a¨vb-aviYv, BZ¨vw` Zuv‡K †Kvb& `k©b, gZv`k© Ges Z‡Ë¡i
w`‡K wb‡q wM‡qwQj, Ges Gm‡ei mw¤§wjZ dj wK nIqv m¤¢e wQj ejvi †Póvi
K‡iwQ| BjYiVUW`-Gi Mimesis eB‡q BD‡iv‡ci Áv‡bi ev¯—eev` I †h․w³KZvi
m¤ú` I Zvi wbiew”Qbœ avivevwnKZvi m‡M․ie `vwe‡K cÖZ¨vL¨vb Ki‡Z wM‡q
mvC` Zuvi Iwi‡q›UvwjRg-G, ejv nq, GKwU cÖwZ-K¬vwmKB wjL‡jb| †mLv‡b
Avevi cwðg‡K m¤ú~Y© Awfhy³KiY I cÖZ¨vL¨vb| GR‡b¨ wZwb †h-wbqg-we`¨v
hvi KvQ †_‡K msMÖn I e¨envi Ki‡jb, Zvi Av`wk©K djI ïi“i DMÖZv ev
Pigcš’vi m‡½ m½wZc~Y©\ hv nIqvi wQj, Zv-B n‡qwQj| †jv‡K hLb e‡j,
ÔZvi/Avgvi/†Zvgvi †Zv meB LvivcÕ Zv‡Z ZLb me©MÖvn¨ wKsev c~‡e©-Avͯ^xK…Z
†`vlwU‡KI A¯^xKvi Kivi djB d‡j| Ges †mLv‡b wePvi-we‡k­l‡Yi cwi‡ekwUB
aŸsm n‡q hvq| mvC‡`i Iwi‡q›UvwjRg-Gi cÖKvkbv Ges Ab¨ A‡bK ZË¡ I
evPb wg‡j c„w_exe¨vcx ev¯—e cwieZ©b NUv‡bvi msMÖv‡gi †¶‡Î wK N‡UwQj,
AveviI GRvR Avng‡`i we‡k­lY †_‡K Avgiv †m-m¤ú‡K© cvVK‡K Rvbv‡Z PvB
: mvC` nq‡Zv KvQvKvwQ wKQy e‡j‡Qb, e‡j‡Qb G‡K eyw×Rxex‡`i Òc×wZi g‡a¨
†h me©vwaK PgK jvMv‡bv bZzbZ¡ Iwi‡q›UvwjRg‡K Auvfv-Mv`©xq ms¯‥…wZ Z‡Ë¡
Gi AvZ¨vw¯—K gh©v`v G‡b w`‡qwQj, Zv wbqgweÁvbRwbZ : ïay cÖwZwôZ
wk¶vcÖvwZôvwbK welqvw` †_‡K Gi e¨vcK FYMÖnY bq; eis, Av‡iv A‡bK
†ewk †gv¶gfv‡e, Gi mywbw`©ó dz‡Kv-Avevnb; Gi †NvlYv †h GB
Iwi‡q›UvwjRg bv‡gi M‡elYvi j¶¨ wQj GKwU wWm‡Kvm©, Ges Gi cxovcxwo
†h GwU wQj †m A‡_© cwðgv mf¨Zvi MVbg~jK (constitutive)
wWm‡Kvm©\†hgb mgqvbyµwgKfv‡e\GB A‡_© †h G‡K Avgiv cÖvPxbZg
BD‡ivcxq †U·PyqvwjwU‡Z cvB\Ges mf¨ZvMZfv‡eI; KviY, cÖvP¨‡K Zvi
wec¾bK, wbK…óK…Z (inferiorized) Aci wn‡m‡e m½vwqZ K‡iB BD‡ivc
wb‡R‡K m½vwqZ K‡i‡Q| GB bZzb‡Z¡i `y‡Uv mywbw`©ó dj wQj| GKwU wQj
¯úóZB gv·© †_‡K dz‡Kv‡Z P‡j hvIqv, hv †cv÷gWvwb©÷ gyn‚Z©wUi R‡b¨
cwi¯‥vifv‡eB Lye AbyK‚j wQj| mvC‡`i n¯—‡¶‡ci cÖv°vj m¤ú‡K© AKvU¨
mZ¨ n‡”Q BD‡ivcxq cÖfv‡ei wei“‡× AwaKZi cwðgwe‡ivax cÖwZev` QvovI,
Dcwb‡ekev‡`i mvgvwRKfv‡e Av‡jvwKZ Ges ivR‣bwZKfv‡e cÖMwZkxj
mgv‡jvPbvi e„nr msL¨vMwiô Ask Awafz³ wQj nq gv·©ev‡`i wKsev Aš—Z
mvaviY mvs¯‥…wZK mvgªvR¨ev`-we‡ivwaZvi, hv‡K gv·©ev` Ges mvaviYfv‡e
mvg¨ev`x Av‡›`vjb m„wó K‡iwQj| †mB ivR‣bwZK HwZ‡n¨i m‡½ mvC‡`i
`~iZ¡ (break) wQj cÖK…ZB e„nr| eBwU‡Z ¯^qs gv·©‡K Avi GKRb cÖvP¨ev`x
wn‡m‡e evwZj Kiv nq| Ôwn÷wiwmRgÕ-Gi Ai“wPKi mš—vb wn‡m‡e
gv·©ev`‡KI †S‡o †d‡j †`qv nq, Ges g~jZ †mB HwZn¨ †_‡K †h Aš—
`©„wó¸‡jv †ewi‡q G‡mwQj, †m¸‡jv‡K hy³ Kiv nq dz‡Kvìxq wWm‡Kvm© w_Iwi-
i m‡½| [GRvR Avng`, Bb w_Iwi, c„. 177-78]
GB n‡”Q wKQy gvK©mev`x we‡k­lY, g~j¨vqb| †h-gv‡·©i bvwK, dinv` gRnvi
wj‡L‡Qb, ÒGKevj Ges mvC` `yRbB...Avš—wiK Abymvix|Ó [c„. 70]| AZtci,
Kvi c‡i Gu‡`i Kvi wK _v‡K\ Zv cvVK‡K wePvi Ki‡Z n‡e| mgv‡jvPKiv
†`wL‡q‡Qb, mvC‡`i wb‡Ri A‡bK e³e¨ Ges Ae¯’v‡bi c‡i ev wfwˇZI Zuvi
c~‡e©i ev c‡ii A‡bK e³e¨/Ae¯’vb mgm¨vq c‡o, wKsev _v‡K bv| G †hgb Zuvi
†cwUey‡R©vqv †kªYxPwi‡Îi DcRvZ, †Zgwb Z…Zxq we‡k¦v™¢~Z Ges cvðv‡Z¨ Awfevmx
eyw×Rxex‡Mvôxi Kv‡iv c‡¶ LyeB •ewkó¨m~PK wKQy| mvC` eis hLb Zuvi gvZ…fw‚ g
c¨v‡j÷vBb‡K welqe¯—z K‡ib, ZLbB Zuvi iPbvq Av‡eM Ges eyw×e„wË _v‡K
w¯’i, `„p, AKvU¨| GLv‡b D×…Z gv·©ev`x eyw×Rxex GRvR Avng‡`i D×…wZ¸‡jv
†_‡KI mvaviYZi GKwU welq nq‡Zv ¯úó n‡q‡Q| Avi Zv n‡”Q gv·© †_‡K ïi“
Ki‡jI, wKsev Zuv‡K GK-AvaUz i¶v, G-hy‡Mi evPbKviMY KLb †h Zuv‡K bm¨vr
Ki‡Z P‡j †M‡Qb\ †mUv c‡i A‡bK mgq Avi ¯úó _v‡Kwb, _v‡K bv| gv‡·©i
wei“‡× †KD †h‡ZB cv‡ib, mgm¨v †mUv bq| wKš—z, cieZ©x mg‡q Ae¯’vb wKsev
m¤úK©Uv wK `uvov‡jv\ Kv‡iv Z‡Ë¡ mgv‡Ri wec-ex iƒcvš—‡ii c‡¶ wKQy Avi
_vK‡jv wK bv-†mUv †Kb †hb Avi †Lvjmv Kiv nq bv| ZË¡Kvi/evPbKvi‡`i m„ó
•ewkó¨m~PK GK A¯úóZv Ges `y‡e©va¨Zvq GUv N‡U (Ò†mKz¨jvi wµwUwmRgÓ-G
Xz‡K covÓ; wZwb †`wL‡q‡Qb ÒGKwU b~Zb wk¶vqZwbK mvwnwZ¨K wk‡íiÓ D™¢‡ei
`„k¨|) †hgb, †`wi`vi `vwe, wZwb bvwK Zvi ÔAwewbg©vYÓ (deconstruction)
Z‡Ë¡i mvnv‡h¨ gv·©‡KI i¨vwWK¨vjvBR K‡i‡Qb, wKš—z, †mB Awewbg©vY-Gi Aš—
nxb cÖwµqvi †k‡l †Zv †`Lv hvq GK wbwLj bvw¯—‡KB, bm¨vr‡KB| ZLbI cÖkœ
†`Lv hvq ÁvbvR©‡bi m¤¢ve¨Zv wb‡q| Gfv‡eB A‡bKv‡bK wWm‡Kv‡m©i
ivRbxwZ‡Z †hUv Luy‡R cvIqv hvq, Zv Aš—Zc‡¶ gv·©-cÖYxZ wec-ex iƒcvš—‡ii
aviYvmg~‡ni wecixZ wKsev Zv‡`i m‡½ AmvgÄm¨c~Y©|
†ebwRb Lvb m¤úvw`Z eB‡qi Av‡iv wKQy cÖeÜ wb‡q A‡bKv‡bK Av‡jvPbv
n‡Z cv‡i| ¯’vb Ges mgqvfv‡e Zv Kiv †Mj bv| Z‡e †m¸‡jv g~j¨evb, wPš—
vD‡`ªKvix| me©‡kl Avwg eZ©gvb cÖm‡½i m~Î a‡iB Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev mvC‡`i
ÒUªv‡fwjs w_IwiÓ cÖeÜwU wb‡q iwPZ dKi“j Avj‡gi Ab~w`Z cÖeÜÓ ÒZ‡Ë¡i
mxgvbvfv½b Ges GWIqvW© mvC`Ó m¤ú‡K©| eB‡q G-cÖeÜwU e¨wZµgx, mvC`-
welqK A‡bK Z_¨ Ges GLv‡b cÖvß m¼xY© we‡kl †SuvK¸‡jv †_‡K gy³ Zv‡`i
 12
cwi‡ekbvi Rb¨| d‡j, e„nËi mvC` m¤ú‡K© mwVK aviYv cvIqv hvq| Z‡e,
Abyev` Av‡iv mij Ges cÖvÄj n‡j cvVK DcK…Z n‡Zb| mvC‡`i g~j cÖeÜwU
m¤ú‡K© Avgvi aviYv †h Iwi‡q›UvwjRg-Gi Pvi eQi c‡i iwPZ G-cÖeÜ H eB‡q
Zuvi Ae¯’vb‡K wKQyUv cybwe©Pvi Ges ms‡kvab K‡i| G‡ZI mvC‡`i AgxgvswmZ
Ae¯’v (ambivalence) wKsev Aw¯’igwZZ¡ Avi GKevi aiv c‡o| †hLv‡b mvC`
cwð‡gi nv‡Z cÖv‡P¨i wbN©vZ weK…ZKiY Ges wg‡_¨ cwi‡ekbv m¤ú‡K© Zuvi
cÖZ¨q‡K †NvlYv K‡iwQ‡jb, Z‡Ë¡i ågY m¤ú‡K© wZwbB Drmvnx Av‡jvPbvq cÖe„Ë
nb, we‡klZ ZviB GK ch©v‡q wZwb Giƒc †j‡Lb : "There are particularly
interesting cases of ideas and theories that move from one culture to
another, as when so-called Eastern ideas about transcendence were
imported into Europe during the early nineteenth century, or when
certain European ideas about society were translated into traditional
Eastern societies during the later nineteenth century." [`Õ GWIqvW©
mvC` wiWvi, c„. 196]| aviYv ev Z‡Ë¡i åg‡Yi c‡_ wKQy evav-wecwËi K_v
GLv‡bI mvC` e‡jb, wKš—z cÖZ¨vwkZfv‡e Ô¶gZvÕi f‚wgKvi cÖkwœ U †h wZwb Zzj‡Z
Av‡mb bv, †mUvB we¯§qKi| cÖe‡Üi ïi“‡Z mvC` G-e¨vcv‡i hv †j‡Lb, Zv
Av‡iv kZ©nxbfv‡e BwZevPK, Z‡Ë¡i ågY‡K wZwb GgbwK e‡jb GKwU
†hvM¨Zvea©K Ae¯’v (enabling WgfXa©agf)| G‡¶‡ÎB †KD GgbwK
Dcwb‡ekev‡`i Ø›`¡ms¶zä cwiw¯’wZ‡ZI AvBwik RvZxqZvev`x msMÖv‡gi Z_¨ I
Z‡Ë¡i Ges BD‡iv‡ci µwgK‡kªYxi msMÖv‡gi ZË¡ wn‡m‡e gv·©ev‡`i fviZe‡l©i
g‡Zv Dcwb‡e‡k åg‡Yi dj wK N‡UwQj, †mK_v ¯§iY Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
wecixZfv‡e, Dcwb‡ekmg~‡ni mgvR, mf¨Zv, A_©bxwZ-m¤úwK©Z mKj ÁvbI
wQj wK bv ¶gZv KZ©K
„ Ôwbg©vYÕ, ¶gZvi cv‡q wb‡e`b\GI †h-†KD †f‡e †`L‡Z
cv‡ib| hvB †nvK, Avwg mvC`‡K D×…Z Ki‡Z PvB :
Like people and schools of criticism, ideas and theories travel-from
person to person, from situation to situation, from one period to
another, cultural and intellectual life are usually nourished and
often sustained by this circulation of ideas, and whether it takes the
form of acknowledged or unconscious influence, creative borrowing
or wholesale appropriation, the movement of ideas and theories
from one place to another is both a fact of life and a usefully
enabling condition of intellectual activity. [`Õ GWIqvW© mvC` wiWvi, c„.
195-96]
¯’vbvfv‡e mvC‡`i G-cÖeÜ m¤ú‡K© we¯—vwiZ we‡k­lY Kiv hv‡e bv| Z‡e, Avgvi
g~j `y‡Uv g~j¨vqb ms‡¶‡c eje| cÖ_gZ, Avwg Av‡MB hv e‡jwQjvg, wbcxwoZ
Ges hy×iZ c¨v‡j÷vBb †_‡K P‡j wM‡q c¨v‡j÷vB‡bi `yt‡Li R‡b¨B Lye
eofv‡e `vqx gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi me©v‡_©B D”Pwk¶vi cÖwZôv‡b Aa¨vcbvi Rxeb
†e‡Q †bqvi ga¨Kvi eû¯—i I RwUj Uvbvc‡ob †_‡K GWIqvW© mvC` KL‡bvB
gyw³ cvbwb| Z‡e, GKw`KKvi c¨v‡j÷vBb-ms‡hvM Zuv‡K evievi eû mZ¨
Ae‡jvK‡b m¶g K‡i Zz‡j‡Q, gv‡Sgv‡SB hv mvgwqKfv‡e Zuvi `„wói evB‡i P‡j
wM‡qwQj| Gfv‡eB wZwb ZË¡ ev aviYvi åg‡Yi ¯^v¯’¨KiZv Ges i¶vKvwiZv
(nourishing and sustaining role) wd‡i †`L‡Z cvb, e‡jb Zv n‡q I‡V
GKwU Ò†hvM¨Zvea©K cwiw¯’wZÓ ("enabling WgfXa©agfÓ)| "Traveling Theory"
cÖe‡Üi ïi“‡ZB, G‡Kev‡i wecixZ w`‡K ZvwK‡q, mvC` Av‡iv GKwU mvaviY
ch©‡e¶Y nvwRi K‡ib, hvi mZ¨Zv Avgiv mvC‡`i cÖ`Ë ZË¡åg‡Yi `y‡Uv `„óv‡š—i
evB‡i wM‡qI LuyR‡Z cvwi| mvC` ZË¡åg‡Yi eo `y‡Uv `„óvš— w`‡q‡Qb wMIM©
jyKv‡Pi History and Class Consciousness eB‡q Dc¯’vwcZ cuywRev`x
mgv‡Ri me©MÖvmx e¯—ziwZKiY (reification) ZË¡ Ges wg‡kj dz‡Kvi ¶gZv Z‡Ë¡i
mvnv‡h¨\G‡`i åg‡Yi dj wK n‡q‡Q| wKš—z, Av‡M Avgiv mvC‡`i wb‡Ri fvlvq
Z‡Ë¡i wfbœZi ågY Ges Zvi wfbœZi dj-m¤úwK©Z ch©‡e¶YwU Dcw¯’Z Ki‡ev,
Avgv‡`i MZ D×…wZi ci mvC` wbæiƒc wj‡L‡Qb :
Having said that, however, one should go on to specify the kinds of
movement that are possible, in order to ask whether by virtue of
having moved form one place and time to another, an idea or a
theory gains or lose in strength, and whether a theory in one
historical period and national culture becomes altogether different
for another period or situation. [`Õ GWIqvW© mvC` wiWvi, c„. 196]
Iwi‡q›UvwjRg-Gi Ávb-¶gZv AvZuv‡Zi wWm‡Kvm© fxlYfv‡e hvi Kv‡Q †_‡K
†bIqv, †mB wg‡kj dz‡Kvi GB Z‡Ë¡i åg‡Yi welqwU‡K hLb GWIqvW© mvC`
Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z Pvb, ZLb GKwU gRvi Ges P¶zi“b¥xjK KvÛ N‡U| cÖ_‡gB
mvC` ÒmvgvwRK ev¯—eZviÓ GKwU mgm¨v e‡jb, hvi eo cÖeYZv ÒZvwË¡K
AwZmvgwMÖKxKiYÓ ("theoretical gkYi-©g©UdaoU©agfÓ)-Gi w`‡K| GKUz GwM‡q wZwb
Avi GKwU mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© e‡jb : ÒhLb dz‡Kvi wb‡Ri fvlv mvgvbxK…Z
(general) n‡q I‡V (hLb wZwb ¶gZvi we‡k­lY‡K LuywUbvwU †_‡K mgMÖ mgv‡Ri
w`‡K wb‡q hvb) ZLb GB c×wZMZ fv½b (breakthrough) n‡q `uvovq ZvwË¡K
duv` (theoretical ©iUh)| [`Õ GWIqvW© mvC` wiWvi, c„. 213]
mvC‡`i wQj GKwU †f․‡MvwjK GjvKvq (c¨v‡j÷vBb) mywbw`©ó GKwU jovB
ev¯—‡e wR‡Z †bqvi Lye eo `vq, Ges Zvi mv‡_ hy³ bvbv ev¯—e ms‡hvM Ges
we‡ePbv| c¶vš—‡i, wg‡kj dz‡Kv ÒA‣bwZnvwmK Avw½Kev`Ó (ahistorical
ZgieUdaªe)-Gi weKí wn‡m‡e GKRb we‡klÁ eyw×Rxexi c¶ †_‡K KZ¸‡jv
wbh©vZbg~jK e¨e¯’v, GjvKv, wKsev cÖwZôv‡b ¶gZvi wµqvkxjZv‡K we‡k­lY Ges
D‡b¥vPb K‡i †`Lvb| ÔUªv‡fwjs w_IwiÕ cÖe‡Ü dz‡Kvi GB Ae`vb‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i
wb‡q mvC` gš—e¨ K‡ib : ÒwKš—z GmeB The History of IYmjUda©n-‡Z e¨³
dz‡Kvi GB gZ MÖnY Kiv †_‡K wfbœ †h Ô¶gZv i‡q‡Q me©ÎBÕ Ges Giƒc cÖKvÊ
mijxK…Z gZ Avi hv Zvrch© iv‡L|Ó ... cvVK‡K Avwg `Õ GWIqvW© mvC` wiWvi
eB‡qi eZ©gvb Aby‡”Q`wU m¤ú~Y© c‡o †`Lvi †Rvi Aby‡iva bv Rvwb‡q cviwQ bv|
AvcvZZ, ¯’vbvfv‡e, Avwg Gi gvSLv‡bi Ges me‡k‡li `y‡Uv Ask Abyev` K‡i
w`w”Q : (1) Ò†c․jv›URv cÖkœ K‡ib, GUv ejv wK fzj bq †h ¶gZv †Kv_vI
 13
Ô¯’vwcZÕ bq Ges msMÖvg I †kvlY\ hv dz‡Kvi we‡k­l‡Y me©`v Aby‡j­wLZ `y‡Uv
cwifvlv\ KL‡bv N‡U bv?Ó (2) Òdz‡Kvi ¶gZvi cÖZ¨q eû `~i ågY Kivi ci
K‡ZvUv AwZ G‡jv‡g‡jv n‡q c‡o, Zvi GKwU j¶Y n‡”Q n¨vwKs-Gi Dw³ †h
ÒGB Ávb‡K †KD Rv‡b bv; GB ¶gZv †KD •Zwi K‡i bv|Ó dz‡Kv †h gv‡·©i
†Kv‡bv mijgwZ Abymvix bb, †mUv cÖgvY Kivi R‡b¨ G n‡”Q wbwðZ evovevwo|Ó
[`Õ GWIqvW© mvC` wiWvi, c„. 214]
mvC‡`i GKwU mywbw`©ó, c¨v‡j÷vbxq, jovB wR‡Z †bqvi wQj, myZivs dz‡Kvi
Z‡Ë¡i e„Ëve×Zvi Z_v gyw³gyLnxbZvi Zvrch© m¤ú‡K© bv e‡j wZwb cv‡ibwb :
Òmgm¨v n‡”Q dz‡Kvi ZË¡ Gi wb‡Ri Pviw`‡K GKwU e„Ë •Zwi K‡i wb‡q‡Q, GKwU
Abb¨ GjvKv MVb K‡i wb‡qÕ †hLv‡b dz‡Kv wb‡R‡K Ges wb‡Ri m‡½ Ab¨‡`iI
ew›` K‡i †d‡j‡Qb| ...†kl ch©š— †Zv Avkv (Hope) Ges Avkv (`ghY)-Gi g‡a¨
GKwU Abyfe‡hvM¨ e¨eavb i‡q‡Q, wVK hv i‡q‡Q bv` (Logos) Ges kã (lgiX)-Gi
g‡a¨ : Avgiv dz‡Kv‡K GKwUi m‡½ AciwU‡K ¸wj‡q †dj‡Z w`‡Z cvwi bv,
wb‡R‡`i fzj‡Z w`‡Z cvwi bv GI †h KvR, AvKv„¶v, cÖwZ‡iva cÖqvm, wKsev
msNvZ Qvov BwZnvm m„wó nq bv, Ges Gi †Kv‡bvUvB ¶gZvi ¶z`ª †bUIqv‡K©
bxi‡e `ªeY‡hvM¨ bq|Ó mvC` Gici b¨vqwePvi m¤ú‡K© dz‡Kvi GKwU aviYv
D×…Z K‡ib : Òb¨vqwePv‡ii aviYvwU wb‡RB Giƒc hv djZ wewfbœ mgv‡R GKwU
wbw`©ó ivR‣bwZK Ges A_©‣bwZK ¶gZv KZ©K „ D™¢vweZ, Ges K‡g© wb‡qvwRZ
n‡q‡Q H ¶gZvi we‡ivax GKwU nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e|Ó [`¨ GWIqvW© mvC` wiWvi, c„.
215]| Gici mvC` wbæiƒc gš—e¨ K‡ib :
¶gZvi wei“‡× cÖwZ‡iva m¤ú‡K© dz‡Kvi wb‡Ri aviYv‡KB ¸i“‡Z¡i m‡½ MÖn‡Y
Zvi Abxnvi ΓwU GKwU wbLuyZ `„óvš—| hw` ¶gZv wbh©vZb, wbqš¿Y Ges
e¨envi K‡i, Z‡e hv wKQy Zv‡K cÖwZ‡iva K‡i, Zv •bwZKfv‡e ¶gZvi
mgch©v‡qi bq; GwU wbQK Ges wbi‡c¶fv‡e †m ¶gZvi we‡ivax †Kv‡bv A¯¿
bq| cÖwZ‡iva mgvbfv‡e ¶gZvi GKwU cÖwZcvw¶K weKí Ges GKwU
wbf©ikxj KvR (dependent function) bq, Awawe`¨vMZ, Ges †klZ Zz”Q
†Kv‡bv A‡_© Qvov| hw` G‡`i g‡a¨ e¨eavb UvbvUv KwVbI nq, Uvbvi gZb
e¨eavb i‡q‡Q\`„óvš—¯^iƒc, †Pvgw¯‥ †hgb Zv K‡ib hLb e‡jb †h wbh©vwZZ
cÖ‡jZvwi‡qZ‡K wZwb Zvi mg_©b †`‡eb hw` †kªYx wn‡m‡e Zv b¨vqwePvi‡K
K‡i Zvi msMÖv‡gi j¶¨| [`Õ GWIqvW© mvC` wiWvi, c„. 215-16]
mvC` †h Giƒc me K_v e‡j‡Qb, Ae¯’vb wb‡q‡Qb, evsjv‡`‡ki cvVK‡`i wbKU
Zv ¯úó K‡i †Zvjvi cÖqvm †bIqvi R‡b¨ ïay bq, mvC` Ges Zvi †jLv‡jwL‡K
wN‡i KZ eûgyLx ZK©-weZK© Ges RwUj-Mfxi I ÁvbmÂvix Av‡jvPbv-we‡k­l‡Yi
GKwU RM‡Zi Aw¯—Z¡ †h i‡q‡Q, Zvi wKQyUv mÜvb, wKQyUv Avfvm †`Iqvi R‡b¨
Avgiv †ebwRb Lvb m¤úvw`Z eBwU‡Z dKi“j Avj‡gi Ab~w`Z cÖeÜ ÔZ‡Ë¡i
mxgvbvfv½b Ges GWIqvW© mvC`Õ cÖeÜwUi Aš—fwz© ³i D”Pg~j¨ †`wL| GLv‡b
Abycv‡Zi evB‡i Iwi‡q›UvwjRg-Av”QbœZv †bB; eis wU‡gvw_ †eªbvb, †Rg&m&
wK¬‡dvW©, wiPvW© d‡·i g‡Zv mgv‡jvPK wKfv‡e mvC‡`i Iwi‡q›UvwjRg-Gi Ges
Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’vb‡K KZ eûgyLx Ges Zuvi cÖavb †SuvK¸‡jvi †h cwiPq dKi“j
Avjg Dcw¯’Z K‡ib, †mLv‡bI †Kv‡bv Av”QbœZv ev gvÎvwaK¨ †bB| †hgb, ÒGi
ci dz‡Kvi Ávb/¶gZv aviYvq Avkªq wb‡q †j‡Lb mvovRvMv‡bv „iaYf©Udaªe| ...wKš—z
GgbwK G-eB‡ZI †hgbwU Avgiv †`Le, mvC` dz‡Kvi wba©viYev`
(determinism) cÖm~Z wPš—vavivi MwʇZ wb‡R‡K Ave× iv‡Lb bvB| MÖvgwm,
duv‡bv Ges DBwjqvgm&ivI G‡m‡Qb Zuvi cÖfveK n‡q| ...wPš—vi G Kvi“KvR aiv
c‡o civaxbZvi wei“‡× msMÖvg Avi Gi †mbvbx‡`i gnË¡ dzwU‡q †Zvjvi g‡a¨|
cÖgvY cvIqv hvq Culture and Imperialism (1993)-G| ... †`Lv hv‡”Q, wZwb
Ggb me e¨w³i cÖwZ AvKl©Y‡eva K‡ib hviv RvZxqZvev‡`i msKxY© †eov wWwO‡q
e„nËi gvbeZv I †PZbvi ¯^vaxbZvi c‡¶ K_v e‡jb| MÖvgwm, duv‡bv, DBwjqvgm&
Ges Pgw¯‥ Zuv‡`i K‡qKRb|Ó [c„. 56] dKi“j Avj‡gi cÖe‡Üi GK eo g~j¨
wiPvW© d‡·i cÖeÜ 'East of IUaXÕ-Gi m~‡Î wZwb †hLv‡b 1. d‡·i GKwU
Zvrch©c~Y© wm×vš— Rvbvb : ÒcÖvP¨ev`x Avwac‡Z¨i †fZi †_‡K DwÌZ cÖwZ‡iva
VvD‡i mvC‡`i cÖvP¨ev` ZË¡ wnmv‡e Lye †ewk wKQy Ki‡Z cv‡i bvB|Ó Ges 2.
MvÜxi Awnsm Av‡›`vj‡bi Z‡Ë¡i weKv‡k Ôn¨v-ev`x cÖvP¨we`Õ‡`i Ae`vb m¤ú‡K©
mwe¯—v‡i Rvbvb| ÔUªv‡fwjs w_IwiÕ m¤ú‡K© †Rgm wK¬‡dv‡W©i wKQy AvcwËi
gy‡LvgywL dKi“j Avjg †h-hyw³‡Z nb, Zv H cÖeÜ m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡`i g~j¨vq‡bi
GKB my‡i euvav e‡jB g‡b nq :
Avgvi g‡b nq, wK¬‡dvW© mv‡ne GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© welq Avg‡j †bb bvB| A_P
ev` c‡o hvIqv †mB welqwU Ggb †h Zv wQj mvC‡`i AvMÖ‡ni †K‡›`ª| mvC`
GKwU Z‡Ë¡i mxgvbvfvOb wel‡q ZLwb AvMÖn‡eva K‡i‡Qb, hLb H ZË¡wUi
gv‡S c„w_ex‡K cwieZ©b Kivi AvIqvR Av‡Q e‡j wbwðZ n‡Z †c‡i‡Qb|
AviI j¶Yxq, mvC` H mKj ZË¡‡K mivmwi evwZ‡ji LvZvq †d‡j †`b
†h¸wj mxgvbvfvOvi Kv‡j e¯—ziwZi (reified) AvKvi cÖKiY †bq| A_P
wK¬‡dvW© ïay Z‡Ë¡i bvgme©¯^ MgbvMgb wb‡q gv_v Nvwg‡q‡Qb\ we‡`ªvnvÍK kw³i
†Rv‡i Z‡Ë¡i †h c„w_ex‡K cwieZ©b Kivi ¶gZv i‡q‡Q, †m wel‡q iv bv
K‡iB| [c„. 63]|
msKjb/m¤úv`bv m~‡Î bvbv gZ I Ae¯’v‡bi cÖe܇K mg‡eZ K‡i †`Iqvi
R‡b¨ Avgiv †ebwRb Lvb‡K ab¨ev` RvbvB; †Kv‡bv-†Kv‡bv cvVK nq‡Zv GLv‡b
cÖvß bvbv Z_¨, m~Î, UxKv, BZ¨vw` e¨envi K‡iB, wKQy e¨wZµgx iPbv I
Abyev‡`i myev‡`, GWIqvW© Wwe-D mvC‡`i evsjv‡`kx cÖwZK…wZi evB‡i wM‡q Zuvi
GK wfbœZi, e„nËi cwiPq Luy‡R †c‡Z G-eB‡qi wKQy mg_©b †c‡q hv‡eb|
MÖš’cÄx
1. GRvR Avng`| Bb w_Iwi| w`j-x : A·‡dvW© BDwbfvwm©wU †cÖm,
 14
1992|
2. †gv¯—dv †e‡qvDwg Ges G¨vÛªy iweb m¤úvw`Z| `Õ GWIqvW© mvC`
wiWvi| wbD BqK© : wf‡›UR eyKm, 2000|
3. †WwfW †K․‡Rbm& nq m¤úvw`Z| dz‡Kv AÕ wµwUK¨vj wiWvi| wbD BqK©
: †ewmj e­¨vKI‡qj, 1986|