2 B-lm-cØ

- ns‚ cmk-am-‰ßƒ
slm...
lmbv,
Fs¥m-cp-sh-bnev
F¥v ckw
Np´p-s]m-≈p-∂p.
\√ shbnev
t]mcm-Ø-Xn\v
hni∏pw

Nn{Xo-I-cWw \nco-£n-®-t√m. shbn-en-s\- Blmc]Zm¿Y-ßf - nse (Nn-{Xw. 2.1) {][m\

∏‰n I¿jI\pw kky-Øn\pw hyXykvX t]mj- I - L - S - I - ß ƒ GsXm- s °- s b∂v
A`n-{]mbw D≠m-bXv F¥psIm≠mImw? Is≠-Øn ]´nI (2.1) ]q¿Øn-bm°q.
kqcy-{]-Im-iw D]-tbm-Kn®m-Wt√m kky-
߃ Blm-cw \n¿an-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬
P¥p-°ƒ°v AXn\p Ign-bn-√. Aßs\-sb-
¶n¬ FhnsS \n∂mWv Ah¿°v Blmcw
e`n-°p-∂Xv?
Blm-c-Øn-\mbn P¥p-°ƒ kky-ßsf
B{i- b n- ° p- ∂ p. kky- ß ƒ {]Im- i -
kwt«jWw aptJ\ Xbm- d m- ° p∂ Nn{X-w- ˛ 2.1
hnhn-[-Xcw Blmc]Zm¿Y-߃
`£Ww P¥p- ° ƒ F¥ns\ms°-
th≠nbmWv {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv? apJy
Blmc-]-Zm¿Yw
$ Du¿PØn\pth≠n t]mj-I-L-S-I-߃
$ tNmdv A∂Pw
$ ]cn-∏p-Idn
Du¿tPm¬]m- Z - \ - Ø n\pw ico- c - h - f - ¿ ®- s\øv
bv ° psams°bmbn \mw kzoI- c n- ° p∂
ao≥Idn
`£W-]-Zm¿Y-ß-fn¬ hyXykvX t]mj-I-
L-S-I-߃ D≠m-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v \n߃ Ahn-b¬
]Tn- ® n- ´ p- ≠ - t √m. NphsS \¬In- b n- ´ p≈ ]´n-I ˛ 2.1

Poh-imkv{Xw
13
`£-W-Øn-e-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ Cu t]mj-I-LS-I-ßsf icocw Fß-s\-bmWv hyXykvX
Bh-iy-߃°mbn {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv? NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ hnh-c-Ww hni-
I-e\w sNbvXv Blm-c-Øn-e-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ hyXykvX t]mj-I-L-S-I-߃, Ah-bpsS
Dd-hn-Sw, [¿aw, eLp-L-S-I߃ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°q.

t]mj-Iß
- ƒ F¥v? F¥n\v?
Poh¬{]h¿Ø-\-߃ kpK-a-ambn \S-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb t]mj-I-߃
AS-ßnb ]Zm¿Y-ß-sf-bmWv \mw `£-W-ambn IW-°m-°p-∂-Xv. `£-W-
Øn¬ {][m-\-ambpw Bdp LS-I-ß-fm-Wp-≠m-tI-≠-Xv.
1. [m\yIw 3. sImgp∏v 5. [mXp-°ƒ
2. amwkyw 4. hn‰m-an-\p-Iƒ 6. Pew

[m\yIw (carbohydrate)
Im¿_Wpw ssl{U-P\pw HmIvkn-P\pw Hcp {]tXyI A\p-]m-X-Øn-ep≈
cmk-kwbp-‡amWv [m\y-Iw. imco-cnI {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ°pw hf¿®bv°pw
Bh-iy-amb Du¿P-Øns‚ {][m\ Dd-hn-S-amWv [m\y-Iw. Acn, a‰p
[m\y߃, Ing-ßp-h¿K-߃, ]g-h¿K-߃ F∂nh [m\y-IØ - ns‚ {][m\
t{kmX- p-If
- m-Wv. [m\yIw {][m-\a- mbpw A∂-Pw, sk√p-tem-kv, ss•t°m-
P≥ XpS-ßnb t]mfn-km-°ssd-Up-IfmbmWv (polysaccharides - 10 ¬ IqSp-
X¬ •qt°mkv X∑m-{X-Iƒ tN¿∂-Xv) `£WØn¬ kw`-cn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-
∂-Xv. •qt°m-kv, {^IvtSm-kv, Kme-IvtSmkv F∂n-h-bmWv t]mfn-km-°-ssd-
Up-I-fn¬ \n∂v hnL-Sn-∏n-°m-hp∂ G‰hpw sNdnb X∑m-{XIƒ. Chsb
tamtWm-km-°-ssd-Up-Iƒ (monosaccharides)F∂p ]d-bpw. c≠p tamtWm-
km-°-ssd-Up-Iƒ tN¿∂v ssUkm-°ssdUpIƒ (disaccharides) D≠m-
Ip∂p. Nne `£-W-]-Zm¿Y-ß-fn¬ [m\yIw ssUkm-°-ssd-Up-I-fm-bmWv
ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. DZm: ]men¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ emIvtSmkv (lactose), Icn-
ºn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ kqt{Imkv (sucrose) XpS-ßnbh.

amwkyw (protein)
eLp-L-SI-ß-fmb Aant\m Bkn-Up-Iƒ (amino acids) IqSn-t®¿∂mWv
amwkyw cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. GI-tZiw Ccp-]-tXmfw Aant\m Bkn-Up-Iƒ
amwkyßfn¬ ImWs∏Sp∂p-≠v. Ah-bn-se√mw Im¿_¨, ssl{U-P≥,
HmIvkn-P≥, ss\{S-P≥ F∂o aqe-Iß- ƒ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Nne Aant\m
Bkn-Up-If-n¬ kƒ^¿ IqSn Dƒs∏-´n-´p-≠v. {][m-\-ambpw icoc Ie-I-
fpsS \n¿amWØn\mWv amwkyw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂-Xv. ]b-dp-h¿K-߃,
a’yw, amwkw, ]mev F∂nh amwky-Øns‚ {][m\ t{kmX- p-IfmWv.

Poh-imkv{Xw
14
sImgp∏v (lipid)
Im¿_¨, ssl{U-P≥, HmIvkn-P≥ F∂o aqe-I-߃ tN¿∂mWv sImgp-∏v
D≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. FÆ-, s\øv, shÆ XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv sImgp-∏ns‚ {][m\ t{kmX-
 p-Iƒ. sImgp∏v {][m-\-ambpw Du¿tPm-¬]m-Z-\-Øn-\mWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.
[m\y-I-Ønepw amwky-Ønepw AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xns‚ Cc-´n-tbmfw Du¿Pw
sImgp-∏n¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Bh-iy-Øn-e-[nIambn ico-c-ØnseØp∂
sImgp∏v {][m-\-ambpw N¿a-Øn-\-Sn-bn¬ kw`-cn-°s∏Sp-∂p. A-Xn-\m¬ sImgp∏v
Hcp kw`r-Xm-lm-c-ambpw IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. ^m‰n Bkn-Upw •nk-tdmfpamWv
sImgp∏ns‚ eLp-LSI߃.

hn‰man-\p-Iƒ (vitamins)
hn‰m-an-\p-Iƒ Im¿_-WnI kwbp-‡ß-fm-Wv. kky-߃°v an°-hmdpw F√m
hn‰m-an-\p-Ifpw \n¿an-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw. F∂m¬ a\pjyico-cØ - n¬ Nne hn‰m-an-
\p-Iƒ am{Xsa \n¿an-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≈q. _m°n-bp≈h `£-W-Øn-eqsS e`n-t°-
≠-Xp-≠v. hn‰m-an-\p-I-fn¬ \n∂v Du¿Pw D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. hn‰m-an-\p-Iƒ
Poh¬{]-h¿Ø-\-ßsf \nb-{¥n-°pIbpw klm-bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ LS-I-
ß-fmbn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. hn‰m-an-\p-Isf Ah-bpsS tebXz-a-\p-k-cn®v c≠mbn
-Xn-cn-®n-´p-≠v. sImgp-∏n-¬ ebn-°p-∂-hbpw -Pe-Øn¬ ebn-°p∂-h-bpw. A, D, E, K
F∂o hn‰m-an-\p-I-ƒ sImgp-∏n-¬ ebn°p-∂hbmWv. B tImwπIvkv hn‰m-an-\p-I-
fpw C bpamWv Pe-Øn-¬ ebn°p-∂-h. Blm-c-Øn¬ hn‰m-an-\p-I-fpsS Afhv
Bhiy-Øn¬ Ipd-™mepw IqSn-bmepw AXv -tcm-K-߃°v Imc-W-amImw.

[mXp-°ƒ (minerals)
hn‰m-an-\p-I-sf-t∏mse Poh¬{]h¿Ø-\-ßsf klm-bn-°p-Ibpw \nb-{¥n-°p-
Ibpw sNøp∂ t]mjILS-I-ß-fmWv [mXp-°ƒ. Ca, P, Na, K XpS-ßnb [mXp-
°ƒ Xmc-X-tay\ IqSn-b -Afhn¬ ssZ\w-Zn\ Poh¬{]h¿Ø-\-߃°v Bh-
iy-ap-≠v. F∂m¬ Cu, Zn, Fe, I, Mg XpS-ßn-bh Ipd-™ Af-hn¬ aXn-bm-Ipw.
`£-WØ - n¬ [mXp°-fpsS Afhv Bh-iy-Øn¬ IqSn-bmepw Ipd-™mepw AXp
tcmK-߃°v Imc-W-am-tb°mw.

Pew (water)
Pew ico-cØ - nse Hcp {][m-\s
- ∏´ AIm¿_-WnI LS-Ia - m-Wv. a\p-jy-ic
- oc`mc-
Øns‚ GI-tZiw 70% Pe-am-Wv. Blm-c-Øn-t\m-sSm-∏hpw A√m-sXbpw IpSn-
°p∂ Pehpw D]m-]-Nb {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fneqsS tImi-ß-fn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp∂ Pe-
hp-am-Wv ico-c-Ønse Pe-Øns‚ {][m-\ -t{km-X v. aew, aq{Xw, hnb¿∏v F∂n-
h-bn-eq-sS-bmWv {][m-\-ambpw ico-c-Øn¬ \n∂p Pew \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ico-c-
Øn¬ \n∂v ssZ\w-Zn\w \jvSs - ∏-Sp-Ibpw kzoI-cn-°pIbpw sNøp∂ Pe-Øns‚
Afhv Xpey-am-Ip-tºm-gmWv Hcp hy‡n-bpsS ico-c-Ønse Pew Xpe-\m-h-ÿ-
bn-se-Øp-∂Xv. imco-cnI{]h¿Ø-\-ß-ƒ kpK-a-ambn \S-°p-∂Xn\v Cu Xpe-\m-
hÿ AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv.

Poh-imkv{Xw
15
t]mj-IL
- S- I
- ß
- sf°pdn®v \n߃ cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb [mc-WI
- f
- psS ASn-ÿm-\Ø
- n¬ NphsS
\¬In-bn-cn°p∂ Nn{XoI-cWw (2.1) ]q¿Øn-bm-°q.
Pew $ A∂Pw, sk√p-tem-kv, ss•t°m- [m\yIw
P≥ XpS-ßnb t]mfn-km-°-ssd-
$ Up-I-fmbn ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.
$ •qt°m-kv, {^IvtSm-kv, Kme-IvtSmkv F∂n-h-
$
bmWv eLpLS-I-߃.
$ $ Acn, a‰p-[m-\y-߃, Ing-ßp-h¿K-߃ F∂n-
h-bmWv {][m\ t{kmX v.
$ Du¿tPm¬]m-Z\w.
$ [mXp-°ƒ $ sImgp∏v
$ `£Ww $
$ $

$ hn‰m-an-\p-Iƒ $ amwkyw
$ $
$ $

Nn{XoI-cWw ˛ 2.1

`£- W - Ø n- e - S - ß n- b n- c n- ° p∂
hyXykvX t]mj- I - L - S - I - Dan-\o¿
ßsf°p-dn®pw Ah-bpsS [¿a- {KŸn
sØ- ° p- d n®pw a\-   n- e m- ° n- ?
bt√m. Fß-s\-bmWv `£W
]Zm¿-Yß- f - n¬ \n∂v ta¬∏-d™ ?
LS-I-߃ ico-c-Øn\v {]tbm-
P-\s
- ∏-Sp-∂h - n-[Ø
- n¬ amdp-∂Xv?
\mw Ign- ° p∂ Blm- c - Ø n\v
F¥mWv kw`-hn-°p-∂Xv?
`£-W-Øns‚ k©mcw
\mw Ign-°p∂ Blmcw IS-∂p-
t]m-Ip∂ ]mX-bpsS hnhn[ `mK- ? ?
ß- s f- ° p- d n®v \n߃°- d n- ]nØm-ibw
bmat√m? Nn{Xw (2.2) \nco-£n- Bt·-b{- KŸn
]Izm-ibw
®v `mK-߃ Xncn-®-dn™v AS-bm-
f- s ∏- S pØq. Nn{Xw D]- t bm-
Ks∏SpØn Blmcw A∂-]-Y-
Øn-se GsX√mw `mK-ß-fn-eqsS
? ?
IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂p-sh∂v
Is≠Øn kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬
{Ia-ambn tcJ-s∏-SpØq.
?
Nn{X-w- ˛ 2.2. a\p-jys‚ A∂-]-Yw- ˛- hnhn[ `mK-߃
Poh-imkv{Xw
16
Zl-\w ˛ bm{¥nI-hpw cmkn-Ihpw
\mw Ign-°p∂ Blmcw A∂-]Y - Ø- n-eqsS
IS- ∂ pt]m- h p- I bpw A∂- ] - Y - Ø ns‚
hyXykvX `mK-ß-fn¬h®v hnL-Sn®v eLp-
-L-S-Iß-fmbn amdp-Ibpw sNøp∂ {]{In-
b-bmWv Zl-\w (digestion). CXn¬ bm{¥n-
Ihpw cmkn- I - h p- a mb {]h¿Ø- \ - ß ƒ
Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. Blmcw Nh-®-c-bv°-s∏-Sp-
∂Xpw Bam-i-b-Øn¬ h®v aYn-°-s∏-Sp-
∂Xpw bm{¥nI Zl-\-am-Wv. bm{¥nI Zl-
\w-aqew Blmcw sNdp-I-Wß-fm-Ip-Ibpw
Zl-\-c-k-ß-fp-ambn tN¿∂v Ipgºpcq]-Øn-
em-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. X∑qew Zl-\-c-k-
ß- f nse F≥sskapIƒ°v (enzymes)
Blm-c-hpambn thK-Øn¬ cmk-{]-h¿Ø-
\-Øn-te¿s∏-Sm≥ Ign-bp-∂p. Zl\ck-ß-
hmbnse Zl-t\m-]m-[n-Iƒ
a\pjys‚ hmbn¬ 32 ]√p-I-fpw \m°pw
aq∂p tPmUn Dan-\o¿{K-Ÿn-If - p-ap-≠v. Hmtcm
]√pw XmSn-sb-√pIfnep≈ Ipgn-If - n-emWv Dd-
∏n-®n-´p-≈-Xv (Nn{Xw 2.3). a\p-jys‚ P\-\-
tijw BZyw apf-bv°p∂ ]√p-Isf ]m¬∏-
√p-I-ƒ F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. GXm≠v 10˛12 hb-
t msS Ch- sImgn-™p-t]mIpIbpw ]Icw
ÿnc-Z-¥-߃ apf-bv°p-Ibpw sNøpw. a\p-
jy\v 32 ÿncZ¥ßƒ BWv D≈Xv. Ch-
bn¬ \mseÆw {]mb]q¿Øn- b m- b -
Xn\ptijw am{Xta apfbv ° p- I - b p≈q.
Chsb hnth-IZ- ¥ - ƒ (wisdom teeth) F∂p
- ß
]d-bp-∂p. ]√p-Iƒ \mev hyXykvX Xc-Øn-
ep≠v (Nn-{Xw.2.4).
Dfn-∏√v (incisor) `£-W-]-Zm¿Y-߃ ISn®p Blmcw Nh-®c
tImº√v
N¿h-WIw
A{KN¿hWIw Dfn-∏√v \m°n- e p≈ kzmZpapIp- f - ß - f mWv
Nn{X-w- ˛ 2.4
fnse F≥sskapIƒ D-]-tbm-Kn®v t]mj-
I-L-S-I-ßsf BKn-c-W-tbm-Ky-amb eLp-
L- S - I - ß - f m°n am‰p∂ {]{Inb- b mWv
cmknI Zl-\w.
A∂-]-Y-Øn-eqsS \oßp∂ `£-WØn\v
hnhn-[-`m-K-ß-fn¬ h®v Fs¥ms° am‰-
ßfmWv kw`-hn-°p-∂sX∂v t\m°mw.
BlmcØn\v hmbn¬ h®v F¥v kw`-hn-
°p∂p? `£-W-]-Zm¿Y-ßsf sNdp-I-Wß-
fm-°p-hm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ GsXms° Ah-
b-hß
- f- mWv hmbv°IØp- ImW-s∏-Sp-∂Xv?
NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ hnh-c-Ww N¿®m-
kq-N-I-߃ D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn hniI-e\w
sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm°n kb≥kv Ub-
dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq.
Dfn-∏√v XmSn-sb-√nse
Ipgn-Iƒ
tImº√v
A{KN¿hWIw
N
- ¿
- hWIw
Nn{X-w- ˛ 2.3
hnhn-[-Xcw ]√p-Iƒ
apdn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw tImº√v (canine) `£-
Ww ISn®p Iodp-∂-Xn-\pw A{KN¿h-W-
I-hpw (premolar) N¿hW-Ihpw (molar)
- b
- v°p∂-Xn\pw klm-bn-
°p-∂p. ico-cØnse G‰hpw ISp-∏a - p≈
h-kX v p-hmb C-\m-a¬ (enamel) sIm≠p≈
Bh-cWw ]√n\v IqSp-X¬ ImTn\yw
\¬Ip-∂p. \m°v Blm-cw Nh-®c - b
- v°p-
hm\pw cpNn Xncn- ® dnbp∂- X n\pw
Blmcw hngp-ßm\pw klm-bn-°p-∂p.
hyXykvX cpNn-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-hm≥
klm-bn-°p-∂-Xv.
Poh-imkv{Xw
17
kqN-I-߃
 hmbn¬ bm{¥n-I-Z-l\w \S-°p-hm≥
\m°pw ]√pw Fßs\ klm-bn-°p∂p?
 Ip´n-If
- psSbpw apXn¿∂-hc
- p-sSbpw ]√p-
Iƒ XΩn¬ FÆ- Ø n¬ hyXym- k -
apt≠m?
 a\p-jys‚ hmbn¬ F{X-Xcw ]√p-I-fp-
≠v? Ah-bpsS [¿a-sa¥v?
 ]√p-I-fpsS F¥v khn-ti-j-X-bmWv
Blm-c-]-Zm¿Y-ßsf sNdp-I-W-ß-fm-
°p-hm≥ klm-bn-°p-∂-Xv?
 Blmcw \∂mbn Nh- ® - c - b v ° Ww
F∂v ]d-bp-∂-sX-¥p-sIm≠v?
hmbn¬ h®v Blm-cØ
- n\v bm{¥n-IZ- l
- \w
am{XamtWm \S-°p-∂Xv? Hcp eLp-]-co-
£Ww sNbvXp -t\m-°n-bmtem?
Hcp Dcpf tNmdv Idn-I-sfm∂pw IqSmsX
\∂m-bn- N-h-®-c-bv°q. cpNn-bn¬ F¥p am‰-
am-W-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂Xv?
hmbn¬ `£Ww FØp-tºmƒ Dan-\o¿{K-
Ÿn-If- n¬ (salivary glands) \n∂v IqSp-X¬ Dan-
\o¿ (saliva) {k-hn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Dan-\o¿ `£-
W-hp-ambn IqSn-°-e¿∂v Nh-®-cbv°¬
kpK-a-am-°p-∂p. IqSmsX Dan-\o-cn-e-S-ßn-bn-
cn-°p∂ F≥ssk-ap-Iƒ Zl-\Ø - n\v klm-
bn-°p-∂p. Dan-\o-cn\v as‰-s¥-¶nepw [¿a-
apt≠m?
NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ Nn{Xhpw (2.5)
]´nI (2.2 ) bpw \nco-£n-°q.
\n߃ sNbvX ]co-£-Whpw ]´n-Ibpw
{]tbm- P - \ s∏- S pØn hmbn¬ Blm- c -
Øns\¥pam- ‰ - a mWv kw`- h n--° p∂sX∂v
Dan-\o-cnse LS-I߃
t«jvaw (mucus)
F≥ssk-ap-Iƒ
ksse-hdn- Aan-tekv
(salivary amylase)
ssetkmsskw
Poh-imkv{Xw
18
Dan-\o¿
{K-Ÿn-Iƒ
Nn{X-w- ˛ 2.5
Dan-\o¿{K-Ÿn-Iƒ
Is≠Øn kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-
Sp-Øq. ksse-hdn Aan-tekv A∂-PsØ
hnL-Sn-∏n-°p∂psh∂v sXfn-bn-°p-∂ ]co-
£Ww So®-dpsS klm-b-tØmsS sNbvXp
t\m°q.
Blmcw A∂-]-Y-Øn-eqsS
hmbn¬ \n∂v `£Ww A∂-\m-f-Øn-eqsS
(oesophagus) Bam-i-b-Øn-te°pw ]n∂oSv
sNdp-Ip-S-en-te°pw \oßp-∂p.
A∂-\m-fhpw sNdp-Ip-Sepw Ipg¬ cq]-Øn-
em-Wt√m ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Ch-bn-eqsS
Fß-s\-bmWv `£Ww IS∂pt]mIp-∂-
sX∂v t\m°mw.
Nn{Xw (2.6) \nco-£n-°q. A∂-\m-f-Øn-eq-
sSbpw sNdp-Ip-S-en-eq-sSbpw `£Ww kpK-
a- a mbn IS- ∂ p- t ]m- I p--∂ Xv Fß- s \- b m-
sW∂v Iq´p- I m- c p- a mbn N¿®- s Nbv X v
Is≠Øq.
[¿aw -
$ `£-WsØ A∂-\mf-ØneqsS kpK-a-ambn IS-Øn-hn-Sp∂p.
$ A∂-PsØ `mKn-Ia- mbn amƒtSm-km°n (ssUkm-°s- sdUv)
am‰p-∂p.
$ `£WØn¬ kq£v-amWp-°-fp-s≠-¶n¬ \in-∏n°p∂p.
]´nI ˛ 2.2
 A∂-\m-fØ
- ns‚ `nØn- t]io-k-t¶m-N-hn-Im-k- kabw th≠n-h-cpw. Bam-i-b-Øns‚ \nc-
bnse khn-tij t]in- ß-fpsS XcwKw Dcp-fsb
Iƒ Dcp-fbv°p ]n∂n- apt∂m´p X≈p-∂p. ¥-c-N-e\w `£-WsØ \∂mbn Ac-bv°p-
embn Npcp-ßp-∂p. Ibpw Ii°n- t ®¿°pIbpw sNøp- ∂ p.
CXpw bm{¥n-I- Zl-\-Øn\v DZm-l-c-W-am-
Wv. IrXy-amb CS-th-f-Iƒ ]men®p thWw
`£Ww Ign-°m≥ F∂v ]d-bp-∂Xv F¥p-
sIm-≠m-sW∂v a\- n-embt√m.
Zl\w Bam-i-b-Øn¬
Bam-ibw shdp-samcp kw`-c-Wm-h-bhw
am{X-amtWm?
NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ Nn{X-hpw (2.7)
]´n-Ibpw (2.3) \nco-£n-®v Bam-i-b-Øn¬
h®v `£-WØ - n\v Fs¥√mw am‰-߃ kw`-
hn-°p-∂p-sh∂v Is≠Øn kb≥kv Ub-
dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq.

Nn{X-w- ˛ 2.6 A∂-\mfw

s]cn-Ãmƒknkv
Cßs\ Xcw-K-cq-]-Øn-ep≈ Ne-\Øns‚
^e-ambn A∂-\m-f-Øn-eq-sSbpw sNdp-Ip-
S- e n- e q- s Sbpw `£Ww IS- ∂ p- t ]m- I p∂
{]{In-bsb s]cn-Ãmƒknkv (peristalsis)
F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. GXm≠v F´v sk°‚n
\p≈n¬ `£Ww Bam-i-b-Øn-se-Øp∂p.
Bam-ibw Cw•ojv A£cw j BIr-Xn-bn-
ep≈ Hcp k©n-bm-Wv. \mw Ign-°p∂ ]Izm-ibw
Blm-cw kw`-cn-°s∏Sp-∂Xv Bam-i-b- Bam-ib
- {- K-Ÿn-Iƒ
Ønem-Wv. Bam-i-b-Øn¬ h®p≈ Zl-\- Nn{X-w- ˛ 2.7
{]-{In-b°v GXm≠v \me©p aWn-°q¿ Bam-ibw

{KŸn Zl-\-ckw LS-I-߃ [¿aw

$ Bam- i - b - ` n- Ø nsb F≥sskap- I - f psS
t«jvaw
{]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ \n∂v c£n-°p-∂p.
(mucus)
Bam-ib Bam-i-b-ckw s]]vkn≥ $ amwkysØ `mKn-I-ambn eLp-L-S-I-ß-fmb
{KŸn-Iƒ (gastric juice) (F≥sskw) s]]vt‰m-Wp-I-fm-°n- (peptones) am-‰p-∂p.
(gastric
glands)
sslt{Um $ `£-W-Ønse AWp-°sf \in-∏n-°p-∂p.
t¢mdnIv
BknUv $ Bam-i-b-Øn¬ \S-°p∂ Zl-\-{]-{In-b°v
A\p-tbm-Py-ambn pH {Ia-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
]´nI ˛ 2.3

Poh-imkv{Xw
19
Zl\w sNdp-Ip-S-en¬ b- s b- ° p- d n®v Hcp Ip- d n∏v Xbm- d m°n
Bam-i-b-Øn¬h®v `mKn-I-amb Zl-\-{]- kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq.
{Inb°p hnt[-b-amb `£Ww sNdpIpS- kqN-I-߃
ens‚ XpS- ° - ` m- K - a mb ]Izm- i - b - Ø n¬ $ Zl-\-{]-{In-b-bn¬ Ic-fns‚ ]¶v.
(duodenum) F-Øp∂p. ]Izm-i-b-Øn-\p-ap-I-
$ Zl-\-^-e-ambn sNdp-Ip-S-en¬ cq]-s∏-
fn¬ Bam-i-b-Øns‚ he-Xp-h-iØv, Ub-
Sp∂ eLp-L-S-I-߃.
{^-Øns‚ ASn-h-i-Ømbn Icƒ ImW-s∏-
Sp-∂p. a\p-jy-i-co-cØnse G‰hpw henb sNdp-Ip-S-en¬h®v Zl-\-{]-{Inb ]q¿Øn-bm-
{KŸn-bmWv Icƒ. a\p-jy-i-co-c-Ønse Ip∂psh∂v a\- n-em-°n-b-t√m. eLp-t]m-
]p\-cp-¬]Øn (regeneration) tijn-bp≈ j-IL- S- I - ß- ƒ BKn-cWw sNø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw
GI Ah-bhhpw Icƒ Xs∂. Ic-fn¬ Zl-\m-hi - n-jvSß
- ƒ h≥Ip-Se - n-seØp-Ibpw
\n∂pw Zl-\sØ klm-bn-°p∂ ]nØ- sNøp-∂p. AhnsSh®v Zl-\m-h-in-jvS-ß-
ckw (bile) {khn- ° - s ∏- S p- I bpw AXv fn¬ \n∂v Pemwiw BKn-cWw sNø-s∏-´v
Xm¬°m-en-I-ambn ]nØm-i-b-Øn¬ (gall hnk¿Pyhkv X p°- f mbnØocp- ∂ p. CXv
bladder) tiJ- c n- ° - s ∏- S p- I bpw sNøp- ∂ p.
Xm¬°m-en-I-ambn aem-i-b-Øn¬ tiJ-cn-
]nØ-ck - hpw Bt·-b{- K-Ÿn-bn¬ (pancreas) °- s ∏- S p- I bpw ae- Z zm- c - Ø n- e qsS ]pd- ¥ -
\n∂pw {khn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Bt·-b-c-khpw ≈s∏Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
(pancreatic juice) ]Izmib-Øn-seØn Blm- \mw km[m-cW Ign-°p∂ I™nbpw ]bdpw
c-hp-ambn IqSn-°-e-cp∂p. ]∏-Shpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ `£-W-Øn¬ AS-
NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ]´n-I (2.4) kqN- ßnbn-cn-°p∂ t]mj-I-LSI߃ enÃv
I-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v hni-I-e\w sNbvXv sNøq. A∂-]Y-Øns‚ GsXms° `mK-ß-
sNdpIp-S-en¬ h®p \S°p∂ Zl-\-{]-{In- fn¬h®v Ch Fßs\ Zln-°p∂psh∂pw

{KŸnIƒ Zl-\-ckw [¿aw

Icƒ ]nØ-ckw $ Bam-ib- Ø
- n¬ \n∂pw hcp∂ Aæ-Xzap≈ `£-
WsØ £mc-kz-`m-h-ap-≈-Xm-°p-∂p.
$ sImgp-∏ns\ sNdp-I-W-ß-fm-°m≥ klm-bn-
°p∂p.
Bt·-b-{KŸn Bt·-b-ckw
$ ]m≥{In-bm-‰nIv $ A∂-PsØ amƒtSm-km-°p∂p.
F≥ssk-ap-Iƒ

Aan-tekv
$ {Sn]vkn≥ $ amwkysØ s]]v s s‰- U p- I - f m°n (peptides)
am‰p∂p.
$ ]m≥{In-bm-‰nIv $ sImgp-∏ns\ ^m‰n- B-kn-Upw •nk-tdm-fp-am-°n-
ent∏kv am‰p∂p.

sNdp-Ip-S-ense B{¥-ckw (intestinal juice)

F≥ssk-ap-Iƒ

{KŸn-Iƒ $ s]]v‰n-tUkv $ s]]vss‰-Up-Isf Aan-t\m- B-kn-Up-I-fm-°p-

(intestinal glands) (peptidase) ∂p.
$ ssUkm-°ssdtUkv $ amƒtSm-kn-s\-bpw a‰v ssUkm-°ssdUpI-
(disaccharidase) sfbpw •qt°m-kv, {^IvtSm-kv, Kme-IvtSmkv
F∂o tamtWmkm°ssd-Up-Ifm°n am‰p∂p.
]´n-I-˛2.4

Poh-imkv{Xw
20
Zl-\-^-e-am-bp-≠m-Ip∂ eLp-L-S-I-߃ GsXm-s°-bm-sW∂pw Is≠Øn NphsS sImSp-
Øn-cn-°p∂ ]´nI (2.5) ]q¿Øn-bm°n kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq.

Zl-\-ÿm\w Zl-\-{KŸn Zl-\-ckw F≥sskw \S-°p∂ {]h¿Ø\w

hmbv

Bam-ibw

sNdpIp-S¬

]´n-I-˛2.5

]c-º-cm-K-X-`£Whpw ^mÃv^pUpw t]mjWw a‰p Pohn-I-fn¬

icn-bmb Btcm-Ky-Øn\pw hf¿®bv°pw
IrXy-amb Af-hn¬ t]mj-I-L-S-I-ß-f-S-
ßnb `£Ww Bh-iy-am-Wv. Cu Bh-iyw
\nd-th-‰m≥ \ΩpsS ]mc-º-cy-`-£-W-ioe-
߃ sIm≠p km[y-am-Int√? AtXm B[p-
\nI `£-Wß - fpw `£-Wc - o-Xn-Ifpw \ap°v
Hgn®pIqSm-\m-hm-Ø-XmtWm? \nß-fpsS
A`n-{]mbw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq. A`n-{]m-b-ß-
fpsS ASn- ÿ m- \ - Ø n¬ ¢mkn¬ Hcp
kwhmZw kwL-Sn-∏n-°q.
kq£vaPohn-If - mb _mIvSo-cn-b- apX¬ a\p-
jy≥hsc-bp≈ Poh-Pm-e-ß-fn¬ Blm-c-
Ønepw Blmck-ºm-Z-\Ønepw Zl-\-{]-
{In-b-bnepw Hcp-]mSv kam-\-X-Ifpw hyXym-
k-ßfpw ImWmw. NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-
°p∂ -Po-hn-I-fpsS Blm-c-coXnbpw Zl-\-
{]-{In-bb
- nse khn-ti-jX- I
- fpw hni-Ie
- \w
sNøq. kmay-hy-Xym-k-߃ Xncn®dn™v
kb≥kv Ubdn-bn¬ Ipdn-°q.

Aao_
B¬KIƒ, _mIvSo- c n- b - , sNdnb
t{]mt´mtkmh F∂n-hb - mWv Aao-_b - psS
I]-S-]m-Zw {][m\ `£- W w. I]- S - ] m- Z - ß fpsS
(pseudopodia) klm- b - t Øm- s S- b mWv
`£-W-t^\w Aao_ Blm-c-k-ºm-Z\w \S-Øp-∂-Xv.
tImi-{ZhyØn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ `£-W-
Nn{X-w- ˛ 2.8. Aao_ t^\Øn¬ (food vacuole) h®mWv Zl\w
\S-°p-∂Xv. A∂-P-w, sImgp-∏v, amwkyw
F∂n-hsb Zln-∏n-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp∂ F≥ssk-ap-Iƒ Ch-bn-ep-≠v. A-
Xn-\m¬ Aao-_-bnse Zl\w tImim-¥cnIZl-\-w (intracellular digestion)
BWv. t]mj-I-߃ `£-W-t^\Øn\p Np‰-pap≈ tImi-{Z-hy-Øn-te°v
BKn-cWw sNø-s∏-Sp-∂p. Zl-\m-h-in-jvS-߃ ico-tcm-]-cn-X-e-Øn-eqsS
]pd-¥-≈s∏Sp-∂p.

Poh-imkv{Xw
21
 ssl{U
sh≈-Øn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ sNdp jUv]-Z-߃, {]mWn-I-
fpsS em¿h-Iƒ F∂n-hb - mWv {][m\ `£-Ww. A-Xn-\m¬
ssl{Usb Hcp amwk-`p-°m-bmWv IW-°m-°p-∂X - v. sS‚-
°nfpIƒ (tentacles) D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv {][m-\-ambpw Blm-
sS‚-°nƒ c-kº - m-Z\w \S-Øp-∂X - v. sS‚-°nƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v ]nSn-°p∂
Ccsb hmbn-eqsS AI-tØbv-s°-Sp-°p-∂p. hmtbmSv
tN¿∂ `mKØp h®v amwkysØ Zln-∏n-°p∂ Nne
F≥sskapI-fpw t«jvah - pw Blm-csØ s]mXnbp-Ibpw
Nn{X-w- ˛ 2.9 `mKnIambn Zln∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. `mKnI-ambn Zln®
ssl{U
`£Ww `£-W-t^\Øn¬ {]th-in-°p-∂p. AhnsS h®v
Zl\w ]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-∂p. AXn-\m¬ ssl{U-bnse Zl-\-
{]- { Inb `mKn- I - a mbn tImim- ¥ - c nIZ- l - \ hpw `mKnI- a mbn tImi-
_mlyZl\hpw (extracellular digestion) BWv. icocw kt¶m-Nn-∏n-®psIm≠v
Zl-\m-h-in-jvS-߃ hmbn-eqsS ]pd-¥-≈p∂q.

\mS-hnc
a\p-jys‚ sNdp-Ip-S-en¬ ImWp∂ Hcp B¥-
c-]-cmZw (endoparasite) BWv \mS-hn-c. B¥-c-
]-cmZw BbXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ ]q¿W-amb Hcp
A∂-]Yw \mS-hn-c-bv°n-√. a\p-jys‚ sNdp-
Ip-S-en¬ \n∂v eLp-t]m-j-I-L-S-I-ßsf ico-
tcm-]-cn-X-e-Øn-eqsS t\cn´v hen-s®-Sp-°p-I-
Nn{X-w- ˛ 2.10. \mS-hnc bmWv \mS-hnc sNøp-∂-Xv. a‰p Pohn-I-fn¬
ImWp-∂-Xp-t]mse F≥ssk-apIƒ D]-tbm-
K-s∏-SpØns°m≠p≈ cmknI Zl-\-{]-{Inb \mS-hn-c-bn¬ Cs√-∂mWv
Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.

Poh-imkv{Xw
22