BIOLOGY

\mw Ign®
Blm-c-Ønse
[m\y-Ihpw sImgp∏pw
D]m-]-Nb {]h¿Ø-\-߃
s°mSphn¬ Im¿_¨ k¿,
UtbmIvsskUpw Pehpw Std. X At∏mƒ \mw
Poh-imkv{Xw
Du¿Php-am-Ipsa∂pw Cu Ign-°p∂
Du¿P-amWv \mw Poh¬ `£-W-Ønse
{]h¿Ø\߃°pw amwky-Øn\v
hf¿®bv°pw D]-tbm-Kn F¥mWv kw`-
-°p-∂-sX∂pw \n߃ hn-°p∂Xv?
°-dn-bm-at√m ...

AΩp-hns‚ kwibw {i≤n-®nt√? \¬In-bn-´p≈ hnh-c-Ww hni-I-e\w sNbvXv

\n߃°pw Cu kwibw tXm∂n-bn-´pt≠m? CtX-∏‰n \nK-a-\-߃ cq]-s∏-SpØn kb≥kv
Ub-dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq.
Blm-c-Ønse amwky-Øn\v F¥m-bn-cn°pw
kw`-hn-°p∂Xv?

bqdnb \n¿amWw
amwky-Øns‚ hnL-S\
- - -^-eam-bn Aan-t\m -Bkn-Up-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p. icoc \n¿amW{]h¿Ø-
\-߃°m-h-iy-amb ]pXnb amwky-߃, F≥ssk-ap-Iƒ XpSßn hnhn[ ]Zm¿Y-ß-fpsS
kwt«-j-W-Øn-\mbn Cu Aant\m Bkn-Up-Iƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Cu- -{]-h¿Ø-\w \S-
°p-tºmƒ ]e Dt]m¬]∂ßfpw cq]-s∏-Sp∂p≠v. Ch-bn¬ ]eXpw ico-c-Øn\v tZmjI-c-
amb ]mgvhkvXp°-fmWv. Cßs\ cq]-s∏-Sp∂ {][m-\-s∏´ Hcp ]mgvhkvXp-hmWv Atam-Wnb.
Atam-Wnb ico-c-Øn\v Gsd lm\n-I-c-amWv. tImißfn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp∂ Atam-Wnb Ahn-sS-

52
 BIOLOGY

\n∂pw c‡-Øn-te°v hym]n-°p-Ibpw c‡w AXns\ Ic-fn¬ FØn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Ic-

fn¬ sh®v CXv F≥ssk-apI-fpsS klm-b-Øm¬ Im¿_¨ UtbmIvsskUv, Pew F∂n-h-
bp-ambn IqSn-t®¿∂v bqdnb F∂- ]-Zm¿Y-ambn am‰-s∏-Sp-∂p.

NH3+ CO2+H2O →bqdnb

bqdn-bm-ssk-°nƒ F∂dnb-s∏-Sp∂ Cu {]h¿Ø\w Nm{In-I-ambn ]e -L-´-ß-fmbmWv \S-

°p-∂Xv. bqdnb Xmc-X-tay\ hnjmwiw Ipd-hp-≈Xpw sh≈-Øn¬ \∂mbn ebn-°p-∂-Xp-amb
Hcp ]Zm¿YamWv. Ic-fn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp∂ bqdnb c‡-Øn-te°v am-‰s∏-Sp∂p. c‡-Øn¬ \n∂pw
bqdnb ]pd-¥-≈-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv aq{X-Øn-eq-sS-bm-Wv.

bqdn- b - t ]m- s e- X s∂ D]m- ] - N - b - { ]- h ¿Ø- \ - ]co-£Ww

ßfpsS Dt]m¬]- ∂ - ß - f mbn cq]- s ∏- S p- ∂
5ml aq{X-Øn-te-°v, c≠p-aq∂p Xp≈n ^nt\m-
Im¿_¨ UtbmIv s sk- U v , Pew XpS- ß n-
^vXe- n≥ tN¿°pI. \ndw-am‰w \nco-£n-°pI.
bhbpw ico- c - Ø n¬ A[nI- c n°p- ∂ Xv AXnte°v bqdn- t bkv (urease) F∂
B¥ckaÿnXnsb tZmj- I - c - a mbn_m[n F≥sskw tN¿°pI. ho≠pap≠mIp∂
°pw. Cßs\ kw`- h n- ° m- X n- c n- ° m≥ Ch- \ndw-am‰w \nco-£n-°p-I.
sbms° ico-c-Øn¬ \n∂v \o°w sNøs∏tS-
≠-Xmh-iy-amWv. Im¿_¨ UtbmIvssk-Upw Bkq-{XWw
Pehpw Fß- s \- b mWv ico- c - Ø n¬ \n∂v e£yw
\o°w sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv? CXn\v klm-bn-°p∂ ........................................................................................
Ah-b-h-߃ GsXm-s°-sb∂v enÃv sNøq.
Bhiy-amb kma-{Kn-Iƒ
$ Xz°v ........................................................................................
$ ................................................................................ {]h¿Ø-\-{Iaw
$ ........................................................................................
ico-c-Ønse apJy hnk¿Py-h-kvXp-hmb aq{X- \nco-£Ww
Øn¬ {][m-\-ambpw Pehpw bqdn-bbpw eh- ........................................................................................
W-ß-fp-amWv AS-ßn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. \nKa\w
aq{X- Ø nse bqdn- b - b psS km∂n≤yw ]cn- ........................................................................................
tim[n®-dn-bm≥ Hcp ]co-£Ww Bkq-{XWw ........................................................................................
sNbvXmtem. kqN\
NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ hnh-cWw D]-tbm- ^nt\m-^vX-en≥ + bqdnb → ]m¬\ndw
K-s∏-SpØn Iq´p-Im-cp-ambn tN¿∂v Hcp ]co-
bqdnb + bqdn-tbkv → Nph∏p\ndw
£Ww Bkq- { XWw sNbv X v \S- ∏ n- e m°n
c‡-Øn¬ \n∂pw Fß-s\-bmWv aq{Xw cq]-
Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ tcJ
s∏-Sp-∂Xv? CXn\v klm-bn-°p∂ Ah-b-h-
s∏Sp-Øq.
taXmWv?

53
 BIOLOGY

\¬In-bn-´p≈ hnh-c-Whpw Nn{Xhpw (4.1) hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Cu Ah-b-h-Øns‚ LS\,

ÿm\w, hep∏w, F∂n-h-sb-∏‰n Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°q.
....................................................................................................................................................................

hr°-Iƒ (Kidneys)
c‡sØ ip≤o-I-cn®v amen-\y-ß-sf aq{X-cq]-Øn¬ ]pdØphnSp∂ Ah-b-hß-fmWv hr°-
Iƒ. Hcp tPmSn hr°-I-fmWv a\p-jy-\n¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. DZ-cm-i-b-Øns‚ ]n≥h-i-Øp≈
amwk-t]-in-\n-c-I-fpsS Acn-In-¬, \s´-√ns‚ Ccp-h-i-Øp-ambn´mWv Ch ImWs∏Sp-∂-Xv. ]b¿a-
Wn-bpsS BIr-Xn-bnep≈ hr°-Iƒ°v GXm≠v 11cm \of-hpw, 5cm hoXn-bpw, 3cm I\hpamWv
D-≈Xv. GXm≠v 150 {Kmw `mchpw ISpwNph∏v \nd-hp-ap≈ Hmtcm hr°bpw Dd∏pw am¿Zh-hp-
ap≈ Hcp Bh-c-W-Øm¬ aqS-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p. lrZ-b-Øn¬ \n∂v D∂-X-a¿Z-Øn-ep≈ c‡w
hr°m-[a\n- hgn hr°-I-fn-se-Øp-Ibpw hr°m-knch-gn- Xn-cn-sI-t∏m-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. CØ-
c-Øn¬ Hcp an\n-´n¬ GI-tZiw 1100ml c‡w hr°-I-fn-eqsS IS∂pt]mIp-∂p≠v.
bqdnb, eh-W-߃, Bh-iy-Øne[n-I-ambn ico-c-ØnseØp∂ acp-∂p-Iƒ, hn‰m-an-\p-Iƒ, ico-
c-Øn\p tZmjI-c-amb a‰p ]Zm¿Y-߃ F∂n-h-sb√mw c‡-Øn¬ \n∂pw Acn-®pam‰p∂Xv
hr°-Ifm-Wv.

Huc-km-ibw

A{Un-\¬ {KŸn

hr°

\s´√v
DZcm-ibw
aq{X-hmln

aq{X-mibw
aq{X-\mfn

Nn{Xw ˛ 4.1. hr°-Ifpw A\p-_-‘-`m-K-ßfpw

hr°-Iƒ c‡-Øn¬ \n∂pw amen-\y-߃ Acn-®pam‰p∂-sX-ß-s\-sb-∂-dn-bm≥ Ah-bpsS B¥-

c-L-S\ a\- n-em-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. \¬In-bn-´p≈ Nn{Xw (4.2) hni-I-e\w sNbvXv H∏w tN¿Øn-
´p≈ ]Z-kq-cy≥ ]q¿Øn-bm°n ¢mkn¬ AhXcn∏n-°q.

54
 BIOLOGY

tIm¿´Ivkv hr°m-[a\n
e£-°W- °
- n\v AXn-kq£va Acn- hr°-bn-te°v c‡w FØn-
∏-Iƒ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ _mly`mKw °p∂ Ipg¬
hr°mknc
saUp√ hr°-bn¬ \n∂pw c‡w ]pd-
Acn-∏-I-fpsS \o≠ Ipg-ep-Iƒ tØ°v hln-°p∂ Ipg¬
ImW-s∏-Sp∂ B¥c`mKw s]¬hnkv
Acn-∏-I-fn¬ \n∂pw aq{Xw
Hgp-In-sb-Øp∂ `mKw
]nc-anUv aq{X-hmln
kq£va Acn-∏-I-fpsS hr°-bn¬ \n∂pw aq{Xw aq{Xm-
tiJ-cW\mfn-Iƒ Xpd-°p∂ `mKw i-b-Øn-te-s°-Øn-°p∂ Ipg¬
Nn{Xw ˛ 4.2. hr°-bpsS s\Sp-I-bp≈ tOZ-w

[¿a߃ ÿm\w, hen-∏w, BIrXn

$ $

hr°-Iƒ

B¥-c-L-S-\, _‘n-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂ {][m\

{][m\ `mK-߃ c‡-°p-g-ep-Iƒ, Ah-bpsS [¿aw

$ $

Hmtcm hr°-bp-sSbpw Dƒh-iØv GXm≠v 12 e£-tØmfw kq£va Acn-∏-Iƒ D≠v. Ch-bmWv

s\t{^m-Wp-Iƒ (nephrons). s\t{^m-Wp-I-fmWv hr°-I-fpsS Poh-[¿a-]-c-amb ASn-ÿm\ LS-
I-߃. hr°-bv°p-≈n¬ s\t{^m-Wp-Iƒ Fß-s\-bmWv {Iao-I-cn-®n-´p-≈-sX∂v \¬In-bn-´p≈
Nn{Xw (4.3.) hni-I-e\w sNbvXv \nK-a\w cq]-s∏-Sp-Øq.

Nn{Xw ˛ 4.3. hr°-bn¬ s\t{^mWpI-fpsS {Iao-I-cWw s\t{^m¨

55
 BIOLOGY

kq£va Acn-°¬ Fßs\?

Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn°mw hr°-Iƒ c‡-Øn-ep≈ hnk¿Py-ßsf Acn®p am‰p-∂-Xv? CXv km[y-am-
°p∂ A\p-Iq-e-\-߃ Fs¥m-s°-bm-bn-cn-°mw? \¬In-bn-´p≈ Nn{X߃ (4.4, 4.5.) kqN-I-
߃ D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn hni-I-e\w sNøq.

t•ma-dp-ekv (Glomerulus) t_mam≥kv Im]vkyqƒ

(Bowmans Capsule)
hr°m-[-a\n hr°bv-°p-≈n¬ h®v
AXn-kq-£va-ß-fmb temanII- t•ma-dp-e-kn\v Np‰p-ambn
fmbn amdp-∂p. \q¬sI-´pt]mse Cc´`nØn-bp≈ Hcp I∏v
ImW-s∏-Sp∂ CXns\ t•madpekv t]mep≈ Bh-c-W-amWv
F∂v ]dbp∂p. Ch-bpsS `nØn- t_mam≥kv Im]vkyqƒ.
bn¬ AXn-kq-£vaß - f
- mb kpjnc- kq£v a Acn- ° - e ns‚
ß-fp-≠v. AXn-\m¬ kq£va Acn- ^e-ambp≠m-Ip∂ t•ma-
°¬ \S-°p∂p. dp-e¿ ^n¬t{S‰v tiJ-cn-
°m≥ klm-bn-°p-∂p.
hr°m\fnI
t_mam≥kv Im]vkyq-fn-s\bpw tiJ-cW-\mfn
tiJ- c W\mfn- s bbpw _‘n- (Collecting Duct)
∏n°p∂ Ipg-¬. AhiyhkvXp-° s\t{^m- W n¬ \n∂v
fpsS ]p\- c mKn- c Whpw Nne aq{Xw aq{Xw tiJ-cn-°p-∂p. CXv
amen\y-ß-fpsS ]pd-¥-≈epw \S- s]¬hn- k n- t e°v Xpd-
°p-∂p. Nn{Xw ˛ 4.4. s\t{^m-Wns‚ LS\ °p∂p.

A^-d‚ v shk¬
C^-d‚ v shk¬

t•ma-dp-em¿ ^n¬t{S‰v
Pew, •qt°mkv, Aant\m Bkn-Up-Iƒ, tkmUnbw,
s]m´m-knbw, Im’yw Atbm-Wp-Iƒ, hn‰m-an\pIƒ,
bqdn-b, bqdnIv BknUv, {Inbm-‰n-\n≥ XpS-ßn-bh
Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.

Nn{Xw ˛ 4.5. kq£va Acn-°¬

56
 BIOLOGY

kqN-Iß
- ƒ t•ma-dp-em¿ ^n¬t{S-‰v hr°m\fn-I-bn-eqsS Hgp-
Ip∂ thf- b n¬ Cu LS- I - ß ƒ AXns‚
¬ A^d‚ v s hkepw C^d‚ v s hkepw
XΩn¬ hen∏- h y- X ymkw Dt≠m? Cu hyXykvX `mK-ß-fn¬ h®v ]p\-cm-Kn-cWw
hen∏hyXymkw c‡- { ]- h m- l sØ sNø-s∏-Sp-∂p. CtXm-sSm∏w ico-c-Øn-\m-h-iy-
Fßs\ kzm[o-\n°pw? an-√mØ Nne ]Zm¿Y-߃ c‡-Øn¬ \n∂pw
t•ma-dp-em¿ ^n¬t{S-‰nte°v ]pd-¥-≈-s∏-Sp-
¬ A^d‚ v shk¬ t_mam≥kv Im]vkyq-fn- Ibpw sNøp-∂p-≠v. GI-tZiw 126 an√nen‰¿
\p-≈n¬ AXn-kq-£va-ß-fmb teman-I-I-
t•ma-dp-em¿ ^n¬t{S‰v ]p\-cm-Kn-cWw sNø-s∏-
fmbn amdn- b n- c n- ° p- ∂ XpsIm≠p≈
Spw. tijn-°p-∂- -XmWv aq{X-am-Ip-∂-Xv. CXv -
{]tbmP\w F¥v?
tiJ-c-W-\mfn hgn aq{X-hm-ln- (ureter) bnse-
¬ A^-d‚ vshken-s\bpw C^-d‚ v shken- Øp-∂p. XpS¿∂v DZ-cm-i-b-Øns‚ ASn-h-i-
s\bpw At]-£n®v t•ma-dp-e-kn¬ c‡-k- Øp≈ aq{Xm- i - b - Ø n- ¬ (urinary bladder)
Ω¿Z-Øn\v Fs¥-¶nepw hyXymkw D≠m- Xm¬°m-en-I-ambn kw`-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. aq{Xm-
bn-cn-°ptam? Ds≠-¶n¬ F¥m-Wv ImcWw? ibw \nd-bp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v aq{X-i-¶-bp-≠m-
¬ temanIm`nØn-I-fn¬ AXn-kq-£va-ß-fmb hp-Ibpw aq{Xw aq{X-\mfn (urethra) hgn ]pd-¥-
kpjn-c-ßfpsS Bh-iy-I-X-sb¥v? ≈pIbpw sNøp∂p.
kq£va Acn-°-ens‚ Nn{Xhpw t•ma-dp-em¿ aq{X-Ønse LS-I-߃
^n¬t{S-‰n-e-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ LS-I-ßfpw \nco-
aq{X-Øn¬ Pew, bqdnb XpS-ßn-bh AS-ßn-
£n-®-t√m.
bn-´p-s≠∂v Adn-bma-t√m. at‰-sXms° LS-I-
$ Fs¥ms° LS-I-ß-fmWv t•ma-dp-em¿ ß-fmWv aq{X-Øn-ep-≈Xv?
^n¬t{S‰n¬ D≈Xv?
Pew 96%
$ F¥p- s Im- ≠ m- b n- c n°mw t•ma- d p- e m¿
^n¬t{S-‰n¬ Nph∂ c‡m-Wp-°fpw amwky- bqdnb 2%

}
hpw C√m-ØXv? eh-W-ßfpw a‰v ]Zm¿Yßfpw
t•ma-dp-em¿ ^n¬t{S‰ns‚ LS\ a\- n-em-°n- NaCl, KCl, {Inbm-‰n-\n≥,
b-t√m. Hcp an\p-´n¬ GI-tZiw 127 an√nen‰¿ bqdnIv Bkn-Uv, 2%
t•ma-dp-em¿ ^n¬t{S‰v cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. cq]-s∏- t^mkv^-dkv, Im’yw
Sp∂ apgp-h≥ t•ma-dp-em¿ ^n¬t{S‰pw aq{X-ambn F∂n-h-bpsS eh-W-߃
amdn-bm¬ Hcp hy‡n Hcp Znhkw GXm≠v XpSßn-b-h.
180 en‰¿ aq{Xw ]pd-¥-t≈-≠n-h-cpw. Cßs\
kw`-hn-°p-∂pt≠m? Hcp hy‡n Hcp Znhkw lotam-t•m-_ns‚ hnL-S\
- ^
- e
- a
- m-bp-≠m-Ip∂
icm-icn F{X aq{Xw ]pd-¥-≈p-∂p-≠mIpw? bqtdmt{Imw F∂ h¿W-I-amWv aq{X-Øn\v
\nß-fpsS Dulw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq. Cfw a™-\ndw sImSp-°p-∂-Xv.

......................................................................................... a\p-jy≥ Hcp Znhkw icm-icn 1.5 en‰¿ aq{Xw

apgp-h≥ t•ma-dp-em¿ ^n¬t{S‰pw aq{X-ambn amdp- hnk¿Pn- ° p- ∂ p- s ≠∂v a\-   n- e m- ° n- b - t √m.
∂n-s√∂v hy‡ambn-t√. _m°n-h-cp∂ t•ma- Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\a-\p-k-cn®v Cu Af-
dp-em¿ ^n¬t{S-‰n\v F¥mWv kw`-hn-°p∂Xv? hn¬ am‰-ap-≠mIp-∂pt≠m? Ds≠-¶n¬ F¥m-
bn-cn°pw ImcWw?
Pehpw •qt°m- k p- a pƒs∏- s S- t•ma- d p- e m¿
^n¬t{S-‰n¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ ]e LS-I- .........................................................................................
ßfpw ico-c-Øn\v AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. \¬In-bn-´p≈ Nn{Xo-I-cWw 4.1. \nco-£n®v

57
 BIOLOGY

aq{X-Øns‚ Afhv hyXym-k-s∏-Sp∂ kml-N-cy-ßfpw AXv km[y-am-Ip∂ am¿K-ßfpw hni-I-

e\w sNbvXv \nK-a\w cq]-s∏-SpØq.
....................................................................................................................................................................
ADH s‚ {khw
ag-°mew/ aq{X-Øns‚
Ipd-bp∂p
XWp∏pImew Afhv IqSp∂p

aq{X-Øns‚
th\¬-°mew ADH s‚ {khw
IqSp∂p Afhv Ipdbp∂p

Nn{XoIcWw 4.1.
hr°-Iƒ XI-cm-dn-em-bm¬
\ΩpsS sX‰mb Btcm-Ky-io-e-ßfpw Pohn-X-ssi-enbpw henb tXmXn¬ hr°-I-fpsS Btcm-
KysØ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p. ]e Imc-W-߃ sIm≠v hr°Iƒ XI-cm-dn-em-hp-Ibpw Poh≥Xs∂
A]-IS- Ø
- n-em-hp-Ibpw sNbvtX-°mw. NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ]´n-I 4.1. se hnh-cß
- ƒ hmbn®pw
IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \SØnbpw hr°-tcm-K-߃, Ah-bpsS e£-W-߃, Imc-Wß-ƒ,
F∂nh Dƒs∏-Sp∂ Hcp eLp-teJ Xbm-dm-°q.

tcmKw {][m-\-tcm-K-e-£Ww ImcWw

s\ss{^-‰nkv Ie- ß n- b Xpw ISpw- \ n- d - t Øm- S p- kvs{S]vt‰mtIm°kv tcmKm-Wp-
(Nephritis) IqSnbXpamb aq{Xw, ]pdwthZ- _m[, aq{Xm-i-b-Øn-eq-sS-bp≈
\bpw ]\n-bpw, apJØpw IW-¶m- AWp-_m[, kzbw {]Xn-tcm[
enepw ]mZ-Ønepw \o¿ho-°w. sshI-ey-߃ F∂n-h.

hr°-amµyw (Chronic hnf¿®, ico-c-`mcw Ipd-bp-I, Xe- ]eXcw hr°- t cm- K - ß - ƒ ,

renal failure) I-d-°w, O¿±n XpS-ßn-b-h. {]ta- l w, c‡mXnkΩ¿Zw,
bqdn-bbpw a‰p hnk¿Py-h-kvXp- s\ss{^-‰nkv F∂n-h.
°fpw Acn-®p-am-‰-s∏-SmsX c‡-
Øn¬ Xs∂ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p,

aq{X-Øn¬ I√v ASn-h-b-‰n¬ thZ-\, aq{X-X-S- w, Im’yw HmIvk-te‰v, Im’yw

(Kidney stone) ]pdw-th-Z-\, Xe-I-d-°w, O¿±n. t^mkv - t ^‰v F∂nh Xcn- I -
fmbn aq{X-hm-ln-bnepw hr°-I-
fnepw ASn-™p-Iq-Sp-∂p.
]´nI 4.1.

hr°-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø\w XI-cm-dn-emb Hcp c‡-Ønse amen-\y-߃ Acn-®p-am‰n c‡w

hy‡n- b psS Poh≥ \ne- \ n¿Øm≥ Fs¥- ip≤o-I-cn-°p∂ {]{In-bbm-Wn-Xv. c≠v hr°-
¶nepw am¿K-apt≠m? Ifpw {]h¿Ø\cln-X-am-Ip∂ Ah-ÿ-bn-
Ubm-en-knkv F∂v tI´n-´nt√? F¥mWv Ubm- emWv Ubm-en-kn-kv \S-Øp-∂Xv. \¬In-bn-
en-knkv? ´p≈ Nn{Xo-I-cWw (4.2.) \nco£n®v Ubm-en-
knkns‚ L´-߃ Is≠Øn kb≥kv Ub-
k¶o¿W-amb b{¥-kw-hn-[m\w D]-tbm-Kn®v
dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-SpØq.

58
 BIOLOGY

3. Ir{Xna hr° (c‡w Acn®v

2. c‡w I´-]n-Sn°mXncn-°m-\mbn sl∏m-cn≥ hnk¿Py-߃ th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂p)
F∂ cmk-hkvXp tN¿°p∂p

1. [a-\n-I-fn¬ \n∂pw hnk¿Py-h-kvXp-°fpsS

Af-hp-Iq-Snb c‡w tiJ-cn-°p-∂p

Ub-sse-
knwKv
^vfqbnUv
4. ip≤o-I-cn® c‡w XncnsI
knc-I-fn-te°v IS-Øn-hn-Sp∂p

Nn{XoIcWw 4.2. Ubm-en-knkv

hr° am‰n-h-bv°¬
Hcp {]mY-anI Btcm-Ky-tI-{µ-Øns‚ Nph-cn¬ ]Xn-®n-cn-°p∂ t]mÃdns‚ D≈-S°amWv NphsS
sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂Xv. CXv {]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn hr°-Zm-\-Øns‚ {]m[m-\y-sØ-°p-dn®pw ]cn-an-
Xn-Isf°pdn®pw N¿®-\-SØn hnh-c-߃ kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-SpØq. hr°Zm-\-Øns‚
IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ßfpw Nn{X-ßfpw tiJ-cn®v _p≈-‰n≥ t_m¿Un¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-°q.

hr°Iƒ Zm\w sNøq........ Poh≥ ]¶p hbv°q..........

$ Hcn-°epw NnIn-’n®p t`Z-am-°m≥ Ign-bmØ Xc-Øn¬ c≠p hr°-Ifpw {]h¿Ø-\ -
cln-X-am-Ip-∂ Ah-ÿ-bn-emWv hr°-Iƒ am‰n hbvt°≠n hcp-∂-Xv.
$ ]q¿Æ Btcm-Ky-hm-\m-bn-cns° A]-I-S-Øntem at‰m s]´v ac-W-s∏-´p-t]m-Ip-∂-bmfpsS-
tbm (Deceased donor) ]q¿Æ Btcm-Ky-hm-\m-b HcmfpsStbm (Living donor) hr°-
Iƒ Zm\w sNøm-hp-∂-XmWv.
$ GXp KW-Øn¬s]´ ZmXm-hm-bmepw, ZmXm-hn-s‚bpw kzoI¿Øm-hn-s‚bpw c‡-{Kq-∏p-
Iƒ ]c-kv]cw s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww.
$ ZmXm-hn¬ \n∂pw {]h¿Ø\-\n-c-X-amb Hcp hr°-bm-Wv kzoI¿Øm-hn-tebv°v am‰n
hbv°p-∂-Xv. kzoI¿Øm-hns‚ icocw Cu hr°sb ]q¿Æ-ambpw kzoI-cn-°p-tºmƒ
am{Xta hr° am‰nhbv°¬ hnPb-I-c-am-Ip-∂p-≈q.

59
 BIOLOGY

ico-c-Ønse a‰p hnk¿P-\m-h-b-h-߃

ico-c-Øn-ep- -≠m-Ip∂ hnk¿Py-h-kvXp-°sf ]pd-¥-≈p∂ a‰v Ah-b-h-ß-fmWv izmk-tIm-iw,
Icƒ, Xz°v F∂n-h F∂v ]Tn-®n-´p-≠-t√m. GsXms° hnk¿Py-h-kvXp-°-fmWv Ch ]pd-¥-≈p-
∂-Xv? Fß-s\-bmWv Ch {]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv? NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ Nn{X-ßfpw (4.6˛4.8) Ip-
dn∏pw hni-I-e\w sNbvXv ]´nI 4.2. ]q¿Øn-bm-°q.

D]m- ] - N - b - { ]- h ¿Ø- \ - ß - c‡-Øn-se-Øp-∂ an°

fpsS ^-e-ambn cq]-s∏-Sp∂ hnjh- k vXp- ° - s fbpw
Im¿_¨ UtbmIv s sk \n¿hocy-am°n B¥-c-k-
Uns\ tiJ- c n®v \ocmhn a- ÿ nXn \ne- \ n¿Øp∂
tbmsSm∏w ico- c - Ø n¬ amen-\y-kw-kvI-c-W-im-e.
\n∂v ]pd¥≈p∂p. Icƒ t\cn´v hnk¿Py-h-
kvXp- ° sf ]pd¥≈p- Nn{Xw 4.7
Nn{Xw 4.6
∂n√. Icƒ
izmk-tImiw

hnk¿P\m-h-bh߃

Xz°n-ep≈ tkzZ-{K-Ÿn-I-ƒ Pew,

bqdnb, bqdnIv BknUv XpS-ßnb
hnk¿Py- ß ƒ hnb¿∏n- e qsS
]pd¥≈- p ∂p. hnb¿∏n¬ 99%
Pehpw 1% eh-W-ß-fp-amWv AS-
ßn-bn-´p-≈-Xv.

Nn{Xw 4.8 Xz°v

Ah-bhw hnk¿PyhkvXp-°ƒ ]pd-¥-≈p∂ hn[w

]´nI 4.2.
a\p-jy-s\-t∏mse Xs∂ a‰p Pohn-I-fnepw D]m-]-N-b-{]-h¿Ø\^e-ambp≠m-Ip∂ amen-\y-߃
\o°wsNøm-\p≈ kwhn-[m-\-߃ D≠v. F∂m¬ Ah Pohn-°p∂ kml-N-cy-ß-fpsS {]tXy-I-
X-Iƒ°-\p-k-cn®v Ah-bpsS LS-\- hyXy-kvX-ß-fmWv. \¬In-bn-´p≈ hnh-cWØns‚ hni-I-e-
\-Øn-eqsS a‰p Pohn-I-fpsS hnk¿P-\m-h-b-h-߃, hnk¿Pyh-kvXp, hnk¿P-\-am¿Kw F∂nh
Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv kmayhyXym-k-ßfpw AXns‚ {][m\ ImcWhpw Is≠Øn kb≥kv Ub-
dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq.

60
 BIOLOGY

hnk¿P\w a‰v Pohn-I-fn¬

kt¶m-Nt- ^\w Aao_
GI-tImi Pohn-bmb Aao-_bv°v hnk¿P-\m-h-b-h-߃ C√. F∂m¬
Cu [¿aw \nd- t h- ‰ m≥ klm- b n- ° p- ∂ Xv kt¶mNt^\- ß - f mWv
(contractile vacuoles). ico-cØ
- n¬ A[n-Ia
- m-sb-Øp∂ Pehpw kt¶m-Nt- ^\-
Nn{Xw 4.9 ߃ ]pd-¥-≈p-∂p.

aÆnc s\{^o-Unb
s\{^o-Un-b-I-fmWv (nephredia) BWv aÆn-c-bnse
hnk¿P-\m-h-b-h-߃. Ch ico-c- A-d-bn¬ \n∂pw
Nn{Xw 4.10
Pew, ss\t{Sm-P-\nI hnk¿Py-h-kvXp-°ƒ F∂nh
th¿Xn-cn®v ico-tcm-]-cn-X-e-Øn-ep≈ kpjn-cw-hgn
]pd-¥≈p∂p.

jUv]Z
- ß
- ƒ
jUv]-Z-ß-fnse hnk¿P-\m-h-b-h-ß-ƒ am¬]o-Pn-
b≥ \fn-I-Iƒ (malpighian tubules) F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
ico-c- A-d-bn¬ \nd-™p-\n¬°p∂ ico-c-{Z-h-Øn¬
kzX-{¥-ambn hym]n®p InS-°p-∂ Cu t\cnb Ipg-
ep-Iƒ A∂-]Y - Ø
- n-te°v Xpd-°p-∂p. am¬]o-Pn-b≥
\fn-I-Iƒ ico-c-{Z-h-Øn¬ \n∂v amen-\y-ßsf
Nn{Xw 4.11 th¿Xn-cn®v A∂-]-Y-Øn¬ FØn-°p-∂p. AhnsS
am¬]o-Pn-b≥ \fn-II
- ƒ
\n∂v ]pd-¥-≈p∂p.

a’yw
a’y-ß-fpsS {][m\ hnk¿Py-hkvXphmb Atam-Wn-b- hr°-
I-fn-eqsS t\cn´v Pe-Øn-te°v hnk¿Pn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Nn{Xw 4.12

Xhf
hr°-I-fmWv Xh-f-I-fnsebpw hnk¿P-\m-h-b-h-߃. ]q¿W-ambpw sh≈-
Øn-e-[n-h-kn-°p∂ hm¬am-{In-I-fn¬ Atam-Wn-b-bmWv hnk¿Py-h-kvXp.
F∂m¬ cq]m-¥-cWw kw`-hn®v Xh-f-bmbn amdp-tºmƒ Atam-Wn-bbv°v
Nn{Xw
Nn{Xw4.13
4.13 ]Icw bqdnb hnk¿Py-h-kvXp-hm-bn-Øo-cp-∂p.

]£n-Ifpw Dc-K-ßfpw
Jc-cq-]-Øn-tem Ipg-ºp-cq-]-Øntem ImW-s∏-
Sp- ∂ Xpw sh≈- Ø n¬ ebn- ° m- Ø Xpamb
bqdnIv BknUv BWv ]£n-I-fp-sSbpw Dc-K-
ß-fp-sSbpw hnk¿Py-hkvXp. CXv hnk¿P-\-
Nn{Xw 4.14 Øn-eqsS-bp≈ Pe-\jvSw ]c-am-h[n Ipd- Nn{Xw 4.15
bv°m≥ klm-bn-°p-∂p. hr°-I-fmWv Ch-bp-
sSbpw hnk¿P-\m-h-b-h-߃.

61
 BIOLOGY

kky-߃ hnk¿Pn-°p-∂pt≠m?
tNmZyw {i≤n-®n-t√? NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ hnh-c-W-w hmbn®v Np‰p-]m-Spap≈ kky-ßsf
kkq£vaw \nco-£n®v Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ Iq´p-Im-cp-ambn N¿®-sNbvXv ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn∏n°q.

hnk¿P\w kky-ß-fn¬
D]m-]N- b
- {- ]-h¿Ø-\ß
- f
- psS ^e-ambn cq]-s∏-Sp∂ hnk¿Py-hk - vXp-°ƒ ]pd-¥≈- m-\p≈ am¿K-
߃ kky-ß-fn-ep-ap-≠v. kky-ß-fn¬ P¥p-°-sf-t∏mse ~Hcp {]tXyI hnk¿P-\-hy-hÿ
\ne-hn¬ C√. kky-ß-fn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp∂ hnk¿Py-ß-fpsS Afhpw P¥p-°sf At]-£n®v
hfsc Ipd-hmWv. P¥p-°-fp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ kky-ß-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\-\n-cX Ipd-
hm-bX
- mWv CXn\v Hcp {][m\ Imc-Wa - mbn ]d-bs- ∏-Sp-∂X
- v. {]Im-ik- w-t«-jW
- Ø
- ns‚ Dt]m¬∏-
∂-ambp≠mIp∂ HmIvkn-P≥ Bh-iy-Øn-e-[n-I-ap-≈Xv sÃmam-‰-bn-eqsS ]pd-¥-≈p-∂p. tImi-
iz-k-\-Øns‚ ^e-am-bp-≠m-Ip∂ Im¿_¨ UtbmIvsskUpw (CO2) sÃmam-‰-bn-eqsS Xs∂-
bmWv ]pdØphnSp-∂-Xv.
kky-߃ aÆn¬ \n∂v Bh-iy-Øn-e-[nIw Pew hen-s®-Sp-°m-dp-≠v. Cu A[nI Pew sÃmam-
‰-bn-eq-sSbpw sslUm-tØm-Un-eq-sSbpw ]pd-Øp-I-f-bp-∂p. ]p¬h¿Kkky-ß-fn¬ Pew ]pd-
¥-≈m-\mbn Ce-If - psS A{K-Øn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ kpjn-cß - fmWv sslUm-tØm-Up-Iƒ. sÃmam-
‰-bn-eqsS _mjv]-ambpw sslUmtØm-Un-eqsS sNdpXp≈n-I-fm-bp-amWv Pew ]pd-Øp-hnSp-
∂Xv. Nne hnk¿Py-h-kvXp-°sf tImi-t^-\-Øn¬ kky-߃ kq£n-°m-dp-≠v.
Nne hnk¿Py-h-kvXp-°ƒ kky-Im-WvU-Øns‚ a[y-Øn-ep≈ {]mbwsN∂ sskew Ipg-ep-I-
fn¬ h∂-Sn-bp-∂p. {ItaW ImX¬ (heart wood) cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn¬ Cu {]h¿Ø-\-Øn\p {][m-\-
]¶p-≠v.
kky-ßfnse hnk¿Py-h-kvXp-°ƒ ]pd-¥-≈m\p≈ as‰mcp {][m-\-am¿KamWv Ce sImgn-
b¬. Ce-Iƒ hf¿®-sbØn sImgn-bm-dm-Ip-tºmƒXs∂ kky-߃ Bh-iy-amb LS-I-ßsf
Ah-bn¬ \n∂v Xncn-s®-Sp-°p-∂p. ]n∂oSv sImgn-bp∂ Ce-bn¬ hnk¿Py-h-kvXp-°ƒ am{X-am-
bn-cn°pw IqSp-X-embn D≠m-Ip-I.

B¥-c-k-a-ÿnXn \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn Pohn-I-ƒ B¥-c-]-cn-kcw aen-\-ap-‡-ambn kwc£n-

°p-∂p F∂v a\- n-em-°n-b-t√m. Aß-s\-sb-¶n¬ {]Ir-Xn-bp-sSbpw AXnse FÆn-bm-sem-Sp-
ßmØ Pohn-h¿K-ß-fp-sSbpw kpÿn-Xn-°mbn \ΩpsS _mly-]-cn-k-chpw kwc-£n-t°-≠-Xt√?
Nn{Xw 4.16. \nco-£n-°q.

Nn{Xw 4.16.

62
 BIOLOGY

CØcw amen-\y-°q-ºm-c-߃ \nß-fpsS {i≤- $ D®-`-£-W-Øns‚ Ah-in-jvS-ßfpw, Ce-

bn¬s∏-´n-´pt≠m? Ifpw.
CXv Fs¥ms° {]Xym-Lm-X-ß-fp-≠m-°mw. $
enÃv sNøq.
$
$
CØcw aen-\o-I-c-W-߃ C√m-Xm-t°-≠-X-
$ t√? Fßs\ C√m-Xm-°m≥ Ign-bpw? Hcp {Kq∏v
CXp-t]mse \nß-fpsS kvIqƒ ]cn-kcw aen- {]h¿Ø- \ - Ø n- e qsS CØcw amen- \ y- ° q-
\- a m- I p- ∂ pt≠m? aen- \ - a m- I p- ∂ p- s ≠- ¶ n¬ ºmc߃ C√m-Xm-°p-∂X - n\v Bh-iy-amb I¿a-
GsXms° coXn-bn-emWv aen-\s - ∏-Sp-∂X - v. enÃv ]-≤Xn cq]-s∏-Sp-Øq. ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-
sNøq. tijw s]mXp-\-∑bv-°mbn Iq´mbn \S-∏n-em-
°q. kaq-l-Øn\v amXr-I-bm-Iq.....

63
 BIOLOGY

XpS¿{]-h¿Ø-\ß
- ƒ
1. Nn{Xw \nco-£n-°q.
A B

a. A bpw B bpw s\t{^m-Wns‚ GXp `mK-am-sW∂v AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

b. A bpsSbpw B bpsSbpw LS-\-bn¬ F¥v hyXym-k-amWv kw`-hn-®n-´p-≈Xv?

c. CXv hr°-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\sØ Fßs\ _m[n-°pw?

2. hr°-tcm-K-ß-sf-°p-dn®v kPn≥ Xbm-dm-°nb eLpteJ-bpsS Ah-km\ `mK-amWv NphsS
sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

....... \ΩpsS BtcmKyioe-ßfpw Pohn-X-ssi-enbpw henb tXmXn¬ hr°-I-

fpsS Btcm-KysØ kzm[o-\n-°p∂p. F∂m¬ ]e Imc-W-߃ sIm≠v hr°-Iƒ
XI-cm-dn-em-hp-Ibpw Poh≥ Xs∂ A]-I-S-Øn-em-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-≠v. Bh-iy-amb
ap≥I-cp-X-ep-Iƒ FSp-Øm¬ Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc hr°-Isf Btcm-Ky-]q¿W-ambn kwc-
£n-°m≥ Ign-bpw........

GsX-¶nepw \mev ap≥I-cp-X-ep-Iƒ \n¿tZ-in®v eLp-teJ ]q¿Øn-bm-°q.

3. amen\y \n¿am¿P\ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS `mK-ambn \nß-fpsS kvIqfnse ]cn-ÿnXn ¢∫v
kwL-Sn-∏n-°p∂ t_m[-h¬°-cWdmen°v c≠v ap{Zm-hm-Iy-߃ Xbmdm-°q.

64