6 hf-cp-∂X

- ns‚ s]mcpƒ
Rm≥ hf¿∂p
hf¿∂p AΩ-tb-°mfpw
hep-Xmbn. Rm≥ ImWp∂
ImewapX¬ AΩ C{Xtb D≈q.
F¥m AtΩ AΩ
hf-cm-ØXv?

Ip´n-bpsS hm°p-Iƒ {i≤n-®nt√? AΩ hf- \nß-fpsS Dulw kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬

cm-ØX - ns‚ ImcWw F¥mhmw? AΩbv°p
t]mj-I-L-S-I-߃ th≠ Af-hn¬ e`n--°p-
∂nt√? Poh\p≈h-sb√mw hf-cp-∂p. hf¿®
]e-X-c-Øn¬ {]I-S-am-hp-∂p-ap≠v. Aß-s\-
- s b- ¶ n¬ hf- ¿ ®- b psS ASn- ÿ m\w
F¥mWv?
Pohn- I - f psS LS- \ m- ] - c hpw Poh- [ ¿a- ] -
chpamb ASn- ÿ m- \ - L - S Iw tImi- a m-
Wt√m. tImiw hf-cp-∂XpsIm≠mtWm
icocw hf-cp-∂Xv? AtXm tImi-ß-fpsS
FÆw IqSp-∂Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v icocw hf-
cpIbmtWm?
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq.
tImi-\n¿an-Xn°pw hf¿®-bv°pw Du¿Phpw
tImi-\n¿amW LS-I-ßfpw Bh-iy-am-
sW∂v \n߃ a\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠v. tImi-
ß-fn¬ kw`-hn-°p∂ am‰-߃ Fß-s\-
bmWv hf¿®-bn-te°v \bn-°p-∂Xv?
hf-cm\pw s]cp-Im\pw
Pohs‚ sN∏p-Iƒ
tImi-ßsf Pohs‚ sN∏p-I-fmbn hnti-
jn∏n®tXm¿°p-∂n-t√? ico-c-h-f¿®-bn¬
tImi-ß-fpsS ]s¶-¥mWv?

Poh-imkv{Xw
58
 tImi-{Zhyw
\yq¢n-bkv
tImi-hn-`P
- \w tImi-hf
- ¿® ho≠pw
tImi-hf
- ¿®
h
- n-`P
- \w
πmkvam-kX
v cw

]p{Xn-Im-tImiw ]q¿Whf¿®-sb-
Ønb tImiw
tImi-{Z-hy-Øns‚ Afhv IqSp-∂p. tImimwK-
ß-fpsS FÆw IqSp-∂p. \yq¢n-b-knse LS- ]p{XnIm ]q¿Whf¿®-sb-Ønb
I-ßf- psS Af-hv h
- ¿[n-°p-∂p. tImi-Øns‚
tImi-߃ tImi߃
hep-∏w IqSp-∂p.
Nn{Xw ˛ 6.1
tImi-h-f¿®bpw hn`-P-\hpw

Nn{Xw (6.1) \nco-£n®v icocw hf-cp∂ sN∏n-\p-≈nse am‰-߃

sXßs\-sb∂ \nK-a\w cq]o-I-cn°q.
tImiw Hcp -\n-›nX hep-∏-Øn-se-Øp-
tºmƒ tImi-hn-`-P\w \S-°p-∂p. hn`-P-\-
Øn-eqsS cq]-s∏-Sp∂ tImi߃ ho≠pw
hf-cp-Ibpw hn`-Pn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. icoc-
h-f¿®-bn¬ tImi-Øn-\p≈ ]¶v t_m[y-
am-bn-t√? hf¿®-sb-∏‰n \n߃ tcJ-s∏-
Sp-Ønb Dul-sØbpw cq]o-I-cn® \nK-a-\-
sØbpw Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv Dul-Øns‚
km[pX hne-bn-cp-Øq.
tImi- ß ƒ hn`- P n°p- t ºmƒ Ah- b v ° p-
≈n¬ Fs¥ms° am‰-ß-fm-bn-cn°pw kw`-
hn-°p-∂Xv? tImi-Øns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-sf-
bmsI \nb-{¥n-°p-∂Xp \yq¢n-b-km-sW-
∂-dn-bm-at√m. Aß-s\-sb-¶n¬ \yq¢n-bkv
Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn°pw tImi-hn-`-P-\-Øn\p
Xbm-sd-Sp-°p-∂Xv? Nn{X-hpw (6.2) hnh-c-
Whpw kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬
hni-I-e\w sNbvXp Ipdn∏v Xbmdm°q.

πmkvam-kXv cw sk≥t{Smtkmw
tImi-{Zhyw
sk≥t{Smtkmw
\yq¢n-bkv
s{Imam-‰n≥ PmenI t{Imatkmw
t{ImatkmamIp∂p Cc-´n-°p∂p

t{Imatkmw
amXr-tImiw
\yq-¢n-bm¿ kvXcw s{Imam-‰nUv
\yq-¢n-tbmekv
s{Imam-‰n≥ PmenI sk≥t{Sm-an-b¿
\yq¢n-tbm-πmkw

\yq¢n-b-kv
Nn{Xw ˛ 6.2 Cc-´n® t{Imatkmw
tImi-hn-`-P-\-Øn-te°v
Poh-imkv{Xw
59
 \yq¢n-b-kv- (Nucleus)˛-sN-∏n-\p-≈nse sN∏v
tImi-Øns‚ \nb-{¥W tI{µ-amWv \yq¢n-b-kv. \yq¢n-b-kns\ Bh-cWw sNbvXv Hcp
Cc´kvXc-ap-≠v. Bh-c-W-Øn-\p-≈n¬ \yq¢n-tbmπmkw (nucleoplasm) F∂ {Zhw AS-ßn-
bn-cn-°p-∂p. AXn-¬ tKmfm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈ \yq¢n-tbmekpw he°ÆnIƒ t]mse sI´p-
]n-W™p InS°p-∂ s{Imam-‰n≥ Pmen-Ibpw (chromatin reticulum) ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. s{Imam-
‰n≥ PmenI t{Ima-tkm-ap-If - mbn amdp-∂t- XmsS tImiw hn`-P\
- Ø
- n\p Xbmdmbn F∂p]d-
bmw. Hmtcm t{Ima-tkm-an-\p-≈nepw Hcp Un.-F≥.-F. (DNA - Deoxyribo nucleic acid) X∑m-{X-
bp-≠v. ]mc-ºcykz`m-h-߃ hln-°p∂ Po\p-Iƒ Un.F≥.-F-bpsS `mK-am-Wv. tImi-hn-
`-P\
- Ø- n\p sXm´p-apºv t{Ima-tkm-ap-Iƒ X\n-∏I¿∏v krjvSn®v Cc-´n°pw. Cu L´Øn¬
t{Ima-tkm-an\v c≠v s{Imam-‰n-Up-Iƒ (chromatids) D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. Hmtcm Pohn-h¿K-
Øns‚bpw t{Imatkmw kwJy ÿnc-am-bn-cn°pw. a\p-jys‚ t{Imatkmw kwJy 46
BWv. {]mbtam tZi-t`-Ztam H∂pw Xs∂ Hcp Pohn-h¿K-Øns‚ t{Imatkmw kwJy-
bn¬ am‰w- h-cp-Øp∂n-√.
kqN-I-߃ kqN-I-߃
 tImi-hn-`P
- \
- Ø
- n\p sXm´p-apºv s{Imam-  amXr-tIm-i-Øn¬ F{X t{Ima-tkm-ap-
‰n≥ Pmen-I-bvs°-¥p- am‰w kw`-hn- Iƒ D≠v? Ahbv°v F-¥p am‰w kw`-
°p∂p? hn-°p-∂p?
 t{Ima- t km- a ns‚ LS\ s{Imam- ‰ n≥  hn`-P-\-L-´-Øn¬ \yq¢n-b-kn¬ \n∂v
Pmen-I-bn¬ \ns∂-ßs\ hyXym-k- A{]- X y- £ - a m- I p∂ `mK- ß ƒ GsX-
s∏´n-cn-°p∂p? √mw?
 t{Ima-tkmapw Po\pw XΩnseßs\  Ioe-X-¥p-°fpsS [¿aw F¥v?
_‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p?  ]p{XnImtImi-Øn¬ F{X- t{Im-a-tkm-
tImi-hn-`-P\w \S-°p-tºmƒ \yq¢n-b-kn-\v- ap-Iƒ D≠mbncn°pw?
Fs¥ms° am‰-߃ D≠m-Ip∂psh∂v ]cn- \yq¢n- b - k ns‚ hn`- P \w ]q¿Øn- b m- s b-
tim-[n°mw. Nn{Xw (6.3) \nco-£n-®v kqN- ¶nepw c≠v tImi-߃ cq]-s∏-´n-´n-s√∂p
I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hni-I-e\w Nn{X-ßf - n¬ \n∂v hy‡-am-Ip-∂nt√? ]p{Xn-
sNbvXp Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°q. Im-tIm-i-߃ kzX-{¥-ambn th¿Xn-cn-b-W-
Ioe-X¥p-°ƒ

Cc- ´ n® t{Ima- \yq¢n-bm¿ kvXchpw \yq¢n- s{Imam- ‰ n- U p- I ƒ \yq¢n-tbm-ekpw t{Ima- t km- a p-

tkmap≈ amXr- tbm-ekpw A{]-Xy-£-am-Ip- th¿]n-cn™v \yq¢n-bm¿ kvX- Iƒ s{Imam-‰n-≥
tImiw ∂p. sk≥t{Smtkmw hn`-Pn®v ]p{XnIm t{Ima- chpw {]Xy-£s- ∏- Pmen-Ibmbn
sk≥{Sn-tbm-fp-Iƒ Ccp{[ph- tkm-ap-I-fmbn Ccp- Sp-∂p. amdp∂p. ]p{Xn
ß-fn-te°v ˛ AhnsS \n∂pw {[p-h-ß-fn-te°pw Im \yq¢n-b-kp-
Ioe-X-¥p-°ƒ cq]wsIm≈p \oßp-∂p. Iƒ cq]- s ∏- S p
∂p. Ioe-X¥p-°ƒ sk≥t{Sm- ∂p.
an- b - d p- a mbn _‘n- ° p∂p.
(Db¿∂-bn\w kky-ß-fn¬
sk≥t{Sm-tkm-ap-Iƒ C√m-sX-
bmWv Ioe-X¥ - p-°ƒ cq]s∏ Nn{Xw ˛ 6.3
Sp-∂X - v). \yq¢n-b-kns‚ hn-`-P-\w ˛ hnhn[L´-߃
Poh-imkv{Xw
60
sa-¶n¬ tImi-{Zhyhn`-P\w IqSn \S-t°- CØcw tImi- h n- ` - P - \ Øn¬ Hcp
≠-Xp-≠v. \yq¢n-b-kns‚ hn`-P\w t]mse- amXrtImi-Øn¬ \n∂v kam-\-amb c≠p
bmtWm tImi-{Z-hy-hn-`-P\w? \¬In-bn-cn- ]p{Xn-Im-tImißfmWv D≠m-Ip-∂Xv. Ah
°p∂ Nn{X-w (6.4) hni-I-e\w sNbvXp \nK- hf¿∂p ho≠pw -hn-`-Pn°p-∂p. ico-c-h-
a-\-߃ cq]o-I-cn-°q. f¿®bv°p Imc-W-am-hp∂ CØcw tImi-
hn-`-P-\sØ {Ia-`wKw (mitosis) F∂p ]d-
bp-∂p. D≈nbpsS thcns‚ A{K-`mKØv
\S°p∂ {Ia`wKw So®dpsS klm- b -
tØmsS \nco£n°q.
a[y`mKØmbn
tImi-Øn\p Np‰pw ]p{XnIm- ico-c-Øn¬ F{X XhW tImi-hn-`-P\w
t\cnb hnShv tImi߃ \S- ∂ mepw tImi- Ø nse t{Imatkmw
cq]-s∏-Sp∂p kwJy-bv°p am‰w D≠m-Ip-∂n-√ F∂-XmWv
{Ia-`w-K-Øns‚ khn-ti-jX. t{Imatkmw
Nn{Xw ˛ 6.4 kwJybv°p am‰w hcmsX {Ia-`w-KØ
- n-eqsS
tImi{Zhy-hn-`-P-\w ˛ P¥p-tIm-i-ß-fn¬ \n›n-X-L´w hsc icocw hf-cp-∂p.
a\p-jys\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw hf¿®bv
P¥p- t Im- i - ß - f n- t e- X p- t ]mse Xs∂-
°p kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb
bmtWm kky-tIm-i-ß-fnepw tImi-{Z-hy-
{]m[m\yw IqSn D≠v. ssii-hw, _meyw,
hn-`P
- \w \S-°p-∂Xv? Nn{Xw (6.5) \nco-£n®v
Iuamcw F∂o L´-߃ a\pjy hf¿®-
\nK-a\w cq]o-I-cn-°q.
bn¬ {]k-‡a - m-Ip-∂Xpw AXp-sIm≠mWv.
Cu L´-ß-fn-eqsS IS∂pt]mIp-tºm-gmWv
Hcp hy‡n°p kz¥w kaq-l-tØmSv CS-
]-gI
- n-s°m≠v Xs‚ hy‡nXzhnIm-kØ - n\v
]p{XnIm-tImi߃ Ah-kcw e`n-°p-∂-Xv.
Iuamcw ˛ khn-ti-j-X-I-fpsS Imew
]p{XnIm \yq¢n-bk
- p-Iƒ°n-Sb
- n¬
tImi-^eIw cq]-s∏-Sp∂p hf¿®-bpsS kp{]-[m\ L´amb Iuam-c-
ØneqsS-bmWp \n߃ IS∂pt]mIp-∂-Xv.
Nn{Xw ˛ 6.5
tImi{Zhy-hn-`-P-\w ˛ kky-tIm-i-ß-fn¬ NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ Nm¿´v ]cn-tim-[n®v
GsXms° khn- t i- j - X - I ƒ \n߃
°p-s≠∂p kzbw Xncn-®-dn-bq.
Cu e£-W-ß-fn¬
]eXpw F\n°p≠-t√m. I-uamc e£-W-߃
F\n°pw
Iuam-camtbm? $ i_vZw amdp-∂p (B¨Ip-´n-I-fn¬).
$ tcma-߃ hf-cp-∂p.
$ kvX\-h-f¿® (s]¨Ip-´n-I-fn¬).
$ FXn¿enw-K-°m-tcmSp IqSp-X¬ Xm¬]cyw tXm∂p-∂p.
$ \nkmcImcy-ßf- n¬t]mepw Bi-¶ - bpw DXvIW
- vT- bpw A\p-`h
- s- ∏-
Sp-∂p.
$ kn\n-am-Xm-c-߃, Imbn-I-Xm-c-߃ X-pSßn-b-hsc Bcm-[n-°p-
Ibpw A\p-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
$ F¥n-t\mSpw {]Xn-I-cn-°m-\p≈ {]h-WX IqSp-∂p.
$ D]-tZiw tIƒ°p-∂Xp aSp-∏p-≠m-°p-∂p.
$ kulr-Z-߃ krjvSn-°p-hm≥ Gsd XmXv]cyw.
$ Aan-Xm-thiw.

Poh-imkv{Xw
61
Iuam-c-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ°p apJy ImcWw imco-cn-I-ambn kw`-hn-°p∂ am‰-ß-fm-
Wv. Cu am‰-ßsf ka-Nn-Ø-X-tbmsS kao-]n-°p-hm≥ \n߃t°mtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw Ign-b-
Ww. Iuam-c-Øns‚ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ kzm`m-hn-I-ambn t\cn-Sp-hm≥ \nß-fpsS amXm-]n-Xm-
°fpw A[ym-]-Icpw \nßsf klm-bn-°pw. Ah-scms° Cu Ime-L´w ]n∂n-´-h-cm-Wv.
\nß-fpsS Pohn-X-Ønse \n m-c-Im-cy-߃t]mepw ho´p-Im-tcmSp Xpd∂p]d-bm≥ aSn-°-
cp-Xv. {]iv\]
- c
- n-lm-cØ
- n\v Ah¿ \nß-tfm-sSm∏w D≠m-Ipw. Hcn-°epw \n߃ H‰-bv°mhn√.
Iuamcw Ign-™m¬ bu∆-\-am-Wv. Iuam-c-{]mbw GI-tZiw 10 apX¬ 19 hbkp hsc-bm-
Wv. ico-c-h-f¿®bn¬ bu∆\w F∂ L´-Øn\v henb {]k-‡n-bn-√. 20 I-fpsS XpS-°-
Øn¬ Xs∂ Hcp hy‡n-bpsS hf¿® \ne-bv°p-∂p. hf¿® \ne®p Ign-™m¬ ]ns∂
\oßp-∂Xp hm¿[-Iy-Øn-te-°m-Wv. F∂m¬ hm¿[Iyw F∂ Ahÿ Hcp hy‡n-bn¬
{]I-S-am-hp-∂-Xn\v ]ns∂bpw Iptdb[nIw h¿j-߃ th≠nhcpw. F¥mWv hm¿[-Iy-
Øn¬ kw`-hn-°p-∂-sX∂p Nn¥n-®n´pt≠m? CtXm-sSm∏w \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ hnh-cWw
hni-I-e\w sNbvXp hm¿[IysØ kw_-‘n®v \nK-a\w cq]o-I-cn-°q.

hm¿[Iyw ˛ Pohn-XØns‚ A\n-hm-cyX

a\p-jy-\n¬ Iuamcw Ign-bp-∂-tXmsS hf¿® ]q¿Øn-bm-hp-∂p. {ItaW tImi-ß-fpsS
{]h¿Ø\w Ipd-bp-∂p. tImi-hn-`-P\ \nc°p Ipd-bp-∂p. tImi-Øn-te-°p≈ HmIvkn-
Ps‚ hnX-cWw Ipdbp∂Xpw ssat‰m-tIm¨{Sn-b-bpsS {]h¿Ø\w £bn°p∂Xpw
Du¿tPm-¬]m-Z-\-Øn¬ CSn-hp-≠m-°p-∂p. tImi-߃ \in-°p-∂-Xns‚ Afhv Iq-Sp-∂p.
t]in-Iƒ ipjvIn-°p-∂p. IÆn-s‚bpw sNhn-bp-sSbpw a‰v Ah-b-h-ß-fp-sSbpw Imcy-
£-aX Ipd-bp-∂p.

hm¿[Iyw Pohn- X - Ø ns‚ A\n- h m- c y- X - Øn¬ Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm≥ ]‰m-Ø-Xm-Wv. acWw

bmWv. \msf \nßfpw hr≤-cm-Ipw. Aß-
s\- s b- ¶ n¬ hr≤- t cm- S p≈ kao- ] \w
Fßs\bmbn-cn-°Ww?
AtX-∏‰n ¢mkn¬ N¿®sNøq.
hm¿[Iyw t]mseXs∂ ac-Whpw Pohn-X-
F∂-Xp-sIm≠v \nß-sf-¥mWv a\- n-em-
°p-∂Xv?
NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ hnh-c-߃ hni-
I-e\w sNbvXp [mcW hn]p-e-s∏-Sp-Øn
kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq.

acW-Øns‚ \m\m¿Y-߃
akvXnjvI acWw (Brain death)
akvXn-jvI-Ønse tImi-ß-fpsS {]h¿Ø\w ÿnc-ambn \ne-bv°p∂ Ah-ÿ-bmWv
akvXnjvI ac-Ww. akvXn-jvIØ - nse sshZyp-XX - c
- w-Kß
- ƒ C√m-Xm-Ip-∂X- mWv CXns‚
e£-Ww. EEG (Electroencephalograph) bneqsS CXp- a-\- n-em-°mw. akvXn-jvI-a-c-W-Øn-
\p-ti-jhpw lrZ-b-Øns‚ {]h¿Ø-\hpw izk-\hpw aµ-K-Xn-bn¬ XpS¿t∂-°mw.
¢n\n-°¬ acWw (Clinical death)
Hcp hy‡n-bpsS lrZ-bØ - ns‚ {]h¿Ø-\hpw izk-\hpw \ne-bv°p-tºm-gmWv acWw
kw`-hn-®p-sh∂v tUmIvS¿am¿ ]d-bp-∂-Xv. acWw kw`-hn®v A[nIw sshImsX arX-
i-co-cØn¬ \ns∂-Sp-°p∂ Nne Ah-b-h-߃ A-h-bhZm\-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp-
≠v. lrZ-bw, hr°, IÆp-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh am‰n-h-bv°m-≥ Ign-bp∂ Ah-b-h-ß-fm-Wv.

Poh-imkv{Xw
62
a\p-jys‚ hf¿®sb∏‰nbpw A\n-hm-cy-
amb ac-WsØ∏‰n-bp-amWv CXp-hsc N¿®
sNbvX-Xv. hf¿® Poh-\p-≈-h-bp-sS-sb√mw
khn-ti-j-Xbm-sW∂p \n߃°-dnbmw.
Np‰p-]mSpw ImWp∂ kky-Pm-e-ßfpw hf-
cp-∂p-≠-t√m. F∂m¬ a\p-jy-h-f¿®bpw
kky- h - f ¿®bpw Hcp t]mse- b mtWm?
Fs¥ms° hyXym-k-ß-fmWv \n߃°p
Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂Xv?
kky߃ hf-cp∂sXßs\?
a\p-jys\t∏mse kky-ßfpw tImi-hn-`-
P\w hgn-bmWv hf-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ a\p-
jy-\n¬\n∂p hyXy-kvX-ambn kkyß
I´n-Ip-d™ {]mY-anI
`nØn
Xmc-Xt- ay\ henb
\yq¢n-bkv
tImi-{Zhyw
Nn{Xw ˛ 6.6 (a)
sacn-Ã-anI tImiw
sacnÃanI tImiw
]´n-I ˛ 6.1
fpsS hf¿® Nne {]tXyI `mK-ßf - n¬ am{X-
amWv \S°p-∂-Xv. hf¿® \S-°p∂ Cu
kky-`m-K-ß-sf sacnÃw (meristem) F∂p
]d-bp-∂p.
sacn-Ã-an-I-tImi߃ hn`-Pn®v ]pXnb
tImi-߃ D≠m-Ip-∂p. ]pXnb tImi-
߃ cq]m-¥cw {]m]n®v hnhn-[ -tPm-en-I-
fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂p. CØcw tImi-߃°v
hn`-P-\-tijn D≠m-In-√. NphsS tN¿Øn-
cn-°p∂ Nn{X-߃ (6.6. a, b) \nco-£n®v sacn-
Ã-an-I-tIm-ihpw ]q¿W-h-f¿®-sb-Ønb
tImihpw XΩn- e p≈ hyXym- k - ß ƒ
Is≠Øn ]´n-I (6.1)-]q¿Øn-bm-°q.
{]mY-anI`nØn
I´n-Iq-Snb
ZznXob-`nØn
t^\w
Nn{Xw ˛ 6.6 (b)
]q¿W-hf¿®-sb-Ønb tImiw
]q¿Whf¿®sbØnb tImiw
Poh-imkv{Xw
63
 sacnÃw Fhn-sS-sbms° ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh-∂-dn-bm-tam?
NphsS tN¿Øn-cn-°p∂ Nn{Xßfpw (6.7, 6.8, 6.9) ^vtfmNm¿´pw \nco-£n®v kqN-I-ßfpsS
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm°q.

A{K-sa-cnÃw

Nn{Xw ˛ 6.7
thcnse sacnÃw

sacn-Ã-anI Ie ÿncIe
A{K-sa-cnÃw sacn-Ãa
- nI
tImi-߃
$ ]mc≥ssIa

hn`-P\w ]pXnb
tImi-߃ $ tImf≥ssIa
hn`-P\- t- ijn
\jvSs- ∏-Sp∂p $ kv¢od≥ssIa
]¿hw $
]m¿iz-sa-cnÃw $

Nn{Xw ˛ 6.9
hnhn[-Xcw ÿncIe-Iƒ

Nn{Xw ˛ 6.8
Imfi-Ønse sacnÃw

Poh-imkv{Xw
64
 Rm≥
F¥p-sN-øm\m?
Fs‚ Iq´-sc√mw
Cß-s\-bm-Wv.
\o F¥m
Cßs\ saen™p
\o≠p \n¬°p-∂X
- v?
Fs∂ t\m°v

sacnÃw

A{K-sa-cnÃw ]m¿iz-sa-cnÃw ]¿hm¥csacnÃw

thcns‚ Imfi-Øns‚
A{Kw A{Kw
Imfi-Øn-s‚bpw thcns‚bpw Imfiw hÆw hbv°p-∂-Xn\p GI-_o-P]{Xkkyß-fpsS ]¿h-
\ofw IqSp-∂X
- n\p klm-bn-°p-∂p. klm-bn-°p∂p. GI-_o-P]{X Øn\v apI- f n¬ ImW- s ∏- S p∂p.
kky-ßf - n¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. Imfi-Øns‚ \ofw IqSp-∂-Xn\p
klm-bn-°p-∂p.

kqN-I-߃
$ hnhn[ sacn-Ã-ap-I-fpsS ÿm\w, [¿aw F∂nh Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I.
 GI-_oP]{Xkky-߃ Zzn_o-P-]-{X-k-ky-ß-sf-t∏mse hÆw hbv°m-Ø-sX-¥p-
sIm≠v ?

Poh-imkv{Xw
65
hf¿® kq£vaPohn-I-fn¬
P¥p-°-sfbpw kky-ß-sfbpw t]mse kq£v-a-Po-hn-Ifpw hf-cp∂pt≠m? NphsS tN¿Øn-
cn-°p∂ Nn{X߃ (6.10. a, b) \nco-£n®v kq£-va-Po-hn-I-fpsS hf¿®sb∏‰n Ipdn∏v
Xbmdm°q.
tImi- { Z- h y- Ø n¬ kzX- { ¥- a mbn
P\n-XI
- h
- kvXp
ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. \yq¢n-bm¿ kvXcw
sIm≠p≈ {]tXyI Bh-cWw C√. \yq¢n-bkv
tImi-{Zhyw

tImi-{Zhyw

πmkvam-kX
v cw

tImi-`nØn

(a) (b)
_mIvSo-cnb Aao-_

Nn{Xw ˛ 6.10
kq£-va-Po-hn-I-fnse hf¿®bpw hn`-P-\hpw

kq£v-a-Po-hn-I-fpsS tImiw hf-cp-∂p-s≠- °p-∂Xpw Hcp-]t£ Cu lcnX `qan-bpsS

¶nepw Ah hn`-Pn-°p-∂Xp hwi-h¿[-\- am{Xw khn-ti-jX
- b
- m-Wv. Cu khn-ti-jX
hn-\p-th-≠n-bmsW∂p a\- n-em-b-t√m. Dƒs°m- ≈ m\pw AXm- k z- Z n- ° m\pw
kutcm¿Pw kky-ß-fn-eqsS P¥p-°-fn-se- AXns\ KpW-I-c-ambn \ne-\n¿Øp-hm\pw
Øp-∂Xpw Ah AXp {]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn t_m[-]q¿hw CS-]-Sm≥ Ign-bp∂ GI
hf-cp-∂Xpw Hcp L´w Ign-bp-tºmƒ \in- Pohn a\p-jy≥ am{X-am-Wv.

Poh-imkv{Xw
66