7 Poh-]c

- n-Wmaw

\mw apºv ]Tn- ® Xv

`qan- b n¬ Poh≥ Xßn\n¬°p∂ `mK- a m- W v Poh- a - W v U ew. A¥- c o- £ -

Øn¬ GI- t Ziw 20 Intem- a o- ‰ ¿ Db- c - Ø nepw `q\n- c - ∏ n¬ \n∂v 11 km
Bg- Ø nepw PohaWv U ew hym]n®p InS- ° p- ∂ p.

Poh- a - W v U - e - Ø n¬ hnhn- [ - ß - f mb kky- ß fpw P¥p- ° fpw Pohn- ° p- ∂ p.

Cu ssPh- s sh- h n- [ y- a mWv `qan- b psS khn- t i- j - X .

Hmtcm Pohnh¿K- Ø n\pw AXns‚ Np‰p- ] m- S p- a mbn s]mcp- Ø - s ∏´p Pohn-

°p- h m- \ p≈ khn- t i- j - X - I fp≠v .

GI- t ImiPohn- I ƒ apX¬ hnhn[ Poh¬{]- h ¿Ø- \ - ß ƒ \n¿hln- ° p-

∂- X n- \ m- h - i y- a mb Ah- b - h - ß fpw Ah- b - h - h yq- l - ß fpw cq]- s ∏- ´ n- ´ p≈
Db¿∂- b n\w Pohn- I ƒ hsc Poh- a - W v U - e - Ø n- e p- ≠ v .

XmW- X e- ß - f n¬ Dƒs∏- S p∂ Pohn- I - f n¬ \n∂v Db¿∂Xeßfn- t e°p

hcp- t ºmƒ Ah- b psS Poh¬{]h¿Ø- \ - ß ƒ IqSp- X ¬ k¶o¿W- a m- I p∂p;
_‘- s ∏´ Ah- b - h - ß ƒ A\p- { I- a - a mbn hnImkw {]m]n- ° p- ∂ p.

Pohn-I-fn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ kmZr-iy-ß-fp-sSbpw hyXym-k-ß-fp-sSbpw ASn-

ÿm- \ - Ø n¬ Ahsb hnhn[ hn`m- K - ß - f mbn h¿Ko- I - c n- ® n- c n- ° p- ∂ p.

a\p- j ys‚ h¿Ko- I - c - W - Ø n¬ CXc P¥p- ° - f p- a mbn Ah- \ p≈ kam- \ - X -

Ifpw sshPm- X y- ß fpw ]cn- K - W n- ® n- c n- ° p- ∂ p.

Hcp {]tXyIh¿Kw Pohn-I-fpsS Po\p-I-fpsS BsIØpI-bmWv Po≥ ]qƒ.

116

F {Xsb{X Pohn- h ¿K- ß - f mWv
\ap°p Np‰pap≈-Xv. Ch-bn¬ an°Xpw ]≠v
D≠m-bn-cp-∂ns-√-∂-dn-bmtam? AXp-t]mse
A∂p- ≠ m- b n- c p∂ ]e Pohn- h ¿K- ß fpw
C∂n√. CsX-ßs\ kw`-hn-°p-∂p-sh∂p
Nn¥n-®n-´p-t≠m? Pothm-¬]Øn apX¬ Pohn-
I-sf√mw \nc-¥-c-amb am‰-Øn\p hnt[-b-
am- b n- s °m- ≠ n- c n- ° p- ∂ p. XpS¿®- b mb
CØcw am‰-ß-fn-eq-sS-bmWv ]pXnbPohn
h¿K- ß ƒ D≠m- I p- ∂ Xpw \ne- h n- e p- ≈ -
hbv°p hwi-\miw kw`-hn-°p-∂Xpw. tImSn-
°-W-°n\p h¿j-ß-fmbn XpS-cp∂ Cu
{]{In-bsb°pdn-®v Adn-bp-∂Xp ck-I-c-am-
bn-cn-°n-t√?
`qanbpw Poh\pw
`qanbpw Poh\pw Fßs\ D≠mbn?
a\p-jy-\p-≠mb Imew apX¬ Cu tNmZy-
Øn\v DØcw Is≠- Ø m- \ p≈ {iahpw
Bcw- ` n- ® p. GtXm AZr- i y- i ‡n- b m¬
kakv X Ncm- N - c - ß fpw Htc ImeØp
krjvSn-°-s∏-´p-sh∂v hniz-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.
F∂m-enXp imkv{Xo-b-ambn sXfn-bn-°-s∏-
´n-´n-√.
Pohs‚ D¬]- Ø nsb∏‰n as‰mcp
kn≤m- ¥ hpw (Theory of spontaneous
generation) Hcp ImeØp \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p.
sNfn-bn¬\n∂p a’yhpw Xh-fbpw Agp-Inb
Cd-®n-bn¬\n∂p ]pgp-°fpw ]g-®m-dn¬\n∂p
jUv ] - Z - ß fpw sh≈- Ø n¬\n∂p eLp
Pohn-Ifpw Xmt\ D≠m-Ip-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p
hnizm-kw. \ne-hn-ep≈ Pohn-I-fn¬\n∂p
am{Xta ]pXnb Pohn-Iƒ D≠m-hp-I-bp-≈p-
sh∂v eqbn -]m-kvN¿ sXfn-bn-®-tXmsS Cu
kn≤m¥w Ime-l-c-W-s∏-´p.
Poh- ] - c n- W maw
Hcp Pohn-bn¬
\nt∂ as‰mcp
Pohn D≠m- h p- I -
bp≈psh¶n¬
BZy-ambn Poh≥
D≠m- b - s X- ß - s \-
bmWv? eqbnkv ]mkvN¿
eqbnkv ]mkvN¿
(1822-1895)
Cu tNmZy-Øn\v imkv{Xw \¬Inb hni-Zo-
I- c - W - a mWv cmk- ] - c n- W makn≤m¥w
(Chemical evolution). eLp-hmb AssP-hnI
X≥am-{X-I-fpsS (Inorganic molecules) BI-
kvanI kwtbm- P - \ - Ø ns‚ ^e- a mbn
k¶o¿W-L-S-\-bp≈ ssPhnIX≥am-{X-Iƒ
(Organic molecules) cq]- s ∏- ´ p- s h∂v Cu
kn≤m-¥-Øn-eqsS AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´p.
Pohs‚ hnZq-c-kv]¿iw
"tcWp- ° ƒ t]mep≈ kq£v a - P o- h - I - W -
߃ hnZq-c-X-bn¬ \n∂v `qan-bn-se-Øn-b-
XmWv'. Pohs‚ D¬]-Ønsb∏‰n Cß-s\-
sbmcp kn≤m-¥hpw (Cosmozoic theory)
Bhn-jvI-cn-°-s∏-´p. _ln-cm-Im-i-Ønse
Xm]-\n-ebpw UV tdUn-tb-j\pw hmbp-hn-
√mØ Ah-ÿbpw Pohs‚ IWn-I-Isf
`qan-bn-te°p ISØnhnSptam? tNmZy-Øn-
\p- Ø cw imkv{Xo- b - a mbn Is≠- Ø p-
∂Xphsc Cu kn≤m¥w imkv{X-temIw
AwKo-I-cn-°n-√.
Pohs‚ D¬]-Øn-bn-te°p \bn® cmk-
]- c n- W maw Fß- s \- b mWv \S- ∂ Xv?
A∂sØ `qan- b psS Ahÿ F¥m- b n-
cp∂p?
A∂sØ `qan
`qan D≠m- b n´v GI- t Ziw 4600 Zi-
e£w h¿j-ß-fm-sb∂p Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p.
A∂sØ `qan- b psS khn- t i- j - X - I ƒ
117
Poh- i mkv { Xw
Fs¥m-s°-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Duln-°m-tam.
AXyp-∂X Dujvam-hn¬ Nqgv∂p-I-dßnb
[qfo-]-S-e-am-bn-cp∂p BZna `qan. [qfo-]-S-e-
Øn¬ knwl-`m-Khpw ssl{U-P-\m-bn-cp-∂p.
F∂m¬ HmIv k n- P ≥ kzX{¥cq]- Ø n¬
A¬]w -t]mepw \ne-\n∂n-cp-∂n-√. HmIvkn-
P≥ D≠m-Ip∂ am{X-bn¬Øs∂ ssl{U-
P-\p-ambn tN¿∂v \ocm-hn-bmbn amdn-s°m-
≠n-cp-∂p. CXp-Iq-SmsX {ItaW a‰p ssl{U-
P≥ kwbp- ‡ - ß fpw D≠m- b n. Ah
GsXms° BIm-sa∂p Nn¥n®p t\m°pI.
Nne DZm-l-c-W-߃
C +2H2 → CH4
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
ss\{S-P\pw ssl{U-P\pw Im¿_¨
hmX-I-ßfpw \ocm-hnbpw `qtKm-fsØ Bh-
cWw sNbvX-t∏mƒ `qan-s°mcp A¥-co£w
D≠m-bn. AXyp-∂X Dujvam-hn-em-bn-cp∂
A¥-co£w {ItaW XWp-Øp. \ocmhn
L\o-`h
- n®v Bbn-c°- W- °
- n\p h¿jw \o≠p-
\n∂ ag-bn-eqsS `qan-bn¬ Pem-i-b-ß-fp-≠m-
bn. Aßs\ A¥-co-£-Øn¬ \n∂v Aan-
t\m-A-æ-߃ kap-{Z-Øn¬ FØn-t®¿∂p.
]ºn-te°v
BZysØ Poh- I - W nI D≠m- I p- h m≥
]ns∂bpw Bbncw Zi- e - £ Øn¬]cw
h¿j-߃ th≠n-h-∂p.
BZysØ Poh-I-WnI
BZna`qan-bnse Pem-i-b-ß-fn¬ \nc-
¥cw cmk-]-cn-Wmaw \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p.
{ItaW AssP-hnI IWn-I-I-fn¬ \n∂p
ss\{S- P ≥ t_- k p- I ƒ cq]- s ∏- ´ p. Ah
]n∂oSv a‰p LS-I-ß-fp-ambnt®¿∂v \yq¢n-
tbm-ssSUp-Iƒ D≠mbn F∂p Icp-X-s∏-Sp-
∂p. \yq¢n-tbm-ssS-Up-Iƒ tN¿∂m¬ \yq¢n-
Im-æ-߃ BIp-a-t√m. A¥-co£Ønse
118
AssP-hnI ]Zm¿Y-ß-fmb Atam-Wn-bbpw
aotY\pw \ocm-hnbpw ss\{S-P\pw tN¿∂v
Aan-t\m -A-æ-߃ D≠m-bn. Cu cmk-{]-
h¿Ø-\-Øn\v h≥tXm-Xn¬ Du¿Pw Bh-
iy- a m- b n- c p- ∂ p. BZn- a - ` q- a n- b n¬ FhnsS
\ns∂ms° CXn- \ mbn Du¿Pw e`n- ® n-
cn°pw?
1953 ¬ Ãm≥en-an-√dpw ltcmƒUvbq-
tdbpw kwbp-‡-ambn ]co-£-W-im-e-bn¬
AssP-hnI X≥am-{X-I-fn¬\n∂v Aant\m
Aæ-߃ \n¿an-®-tXmsS cmk-]-cn-Wm-a-kn-
≤m¥w IqSp-X¬ AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´p. Ah¿
]co-£-W-im-e-bn¬ BZna `qan-bnse kml-
N-cy-߃ ]p\xkrjvSn-®p-sIm-≠m-bn-cp∂p
]co-£Ww \S-Øn-b-Xv. NphsS sImSp-Øn-
cn-°p∂ Nn{X-߃ 7.1(A, B) A]-{K-Yn®v
AsX-ßs - \-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v a\- n-em-°pI.
\nß-fpsS \nK-a\- ß- ƒ kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬
tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØpI.
Ce-Itv {SmUv
hmIzw sshZyp-tXm¿Pw
}
CH4
NH 3
H 2O
H2
hmX-Iß
- ƒ
→
I≠≥k¿
Aan-t\m-Aæ-߃
AS-ßnb Pew
Xnf-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Pew
Nn{Xw 7.1 (A)
A
- Ãm≥en an√-dp-sSbpw ltcmƒUv bqtd-bp-sSbpw ]co-£Ww
 Poh- ] - c n- W maw

an∂¬∏nW¿

A·n-]¿h-X-
AssP-hnI IWn- kvt^m-S\w
UV civan-Iƒ
I-I-fn¬ \n∂v Aan-
t\m-A-æ-߃ cq]-
s∏-Sp∂p
\ocmhn
CO CO2
CH4 NH3 HCN

Nn{Xw 7.1 (B)

B BZn-a-`q-an-bnse Pem-ibw

Nn{Xw Abnepw Bbnepw ImW-p∂ kam- IWn- I - I ƒ Poh- t Im- i - ß - f mbn ]cn- W -
\-X-Iƒ Fs¥m-s°-bmWv? an®sXßs\bmWv? Atß-b‰w k¶o¿W-
z cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn\p hnt[-b-am-Ip∂ amb Cu {]{In-b-bpsS hy‡-amb Nn{Xw
]Zm¿Y-߃ C\nbpw e`n-t°-≠X - p-≠.v F∂m¬ H∏m-cn≥,
z Du¿P-e-`yX knUv\n- t^mIvkv F∂o imkv{X-⁄≥am¿
CtX∏‰n hni-Zo-Ic - n-®n-´p-≠v. hn`-P\- t- i-jn-
z \n¿an-°-s∏-Sp∂ D¬]-∂-߃
bp-≈ IWn-II - f- n¬ \n∂mhmw BZn-at- Im-i-
Aant\m Aæ-߃ amwky-Øns‚ ASn- ߃ ]cn-Wa - n-®X - .v Cu IWn-II - ƒ ]q¿h-
→ ÿm\ LS-I-ß-fm-Wv. Ah IqSnt®¿∂v tIm-iß- s - f-∂d - n-bs- ∏-Sp-∂p. H∏m-cn≥ ]q¿h-
amwky- X ≥am- { X- I ƒ D≠m- b n. amwkyw tIm-iß- ƒ cq]-s∏-Sm≥ Imc-Wa - mb ssPh--I-
Pothm-¬]-Øn-bn-te°p \bn-°s - ∏´ {][m\ Wn- I - I sf tImAk¿th- ‰ p- I - s f∂pw
ssPhIWn-I-bmbn amdn. kzX{¥ HmIvkn- (Coacervate) knUv\n-t^mIvkv t{]m´n-t\m-bvUv
Ps‚ Akm-∂n-[y-Øn¬ am{Xta AØcw
ssat{Im- k v ^ n- b - d p- I - s f∂pw (Protenoid
cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-°p-I-bp≈psh∂pw
microsphere) hnfn-®p. NphsS tN¿Øn-cn-°p∂
sXfn-™n-´p-≠v. C∂sØ `qan-bn¬ F¥p-
sIm-≠m-bn-cn°pw cmk-]-cn-Wmaw \S-°m-Ø- c≠p amXr-IIfpw (Nn{Xw 7.2.A, B) Xmc-Xayw
sX∂p a\- n-em-b-t√m. sNbvXp Ipdn∏p Xbm-dm-°q.

Nne ssPh- I - W n- I - I ƒ cq]- s ∏- ´ Xp Cu amXr-II- f

- n¬ \n∂v F-s¥√mw \nK-
sIm≠p-am{Xw Poh≥ D≠m-hp-Ib - n-√t- √m. Cu a-\-ß-fn-se-Øn-t®-cm≥ Ign-bpw?

•qt°mkv t^mkvt^‰v t^mkvt^‰v

kwbp‡w
•qt°mkv X∑m-{X-
→
Iƒ IqSnt®¿∂v
•qt°mkv Ãm¿®m-Ip∂p
X∑m-{X-Iƒ
IqSn-t®-cp∂p

Ãm¿®v
cmkm-·n-Iƒ X∑m-{X-Iƒ
tImA-k¿th‰v IWw. hn`-Pn-°p∂p
]pdw ]S-e-Øn-eqsS
IWn-I-Iƒ D≈n-te°pw ]q¿h tImi-߃
]pd-tØ°pw IS-°p-∂p.

Nn{Xw 7.2 (A)

H∏mcns‚ amXrI

119
 Poh- i mkv { Xw

∂p

]q¿h tImi-߃
- p
- n°
P
hn`
1 3 0 0C
Aant\m t{]m´o≥ he
Aæ-߃ X∑m{X p∏w
t{]m´n-t\m-bnUv IqS
ssat{Im-k^ v n-b¿ Np‰p- p∂
p
]m-Sn¬ \n∂p a‰p IW-
ßsf hens®Sp°p∂p

Nn{Xw 7.2 (B)

knUv\nt^mIvkns‚ amXrI

— BZn-a-Im-eØv Pem-i-b-Øn¬ ]e-Xcw — IWn-I-Iƒ {ItaW hep-Xm-hp-Ibpw

IWn-I-Iƒ cq]-s∏-´p. hn`-P-\-tijn t\Sp-Ibpw ]q¿htIm-i-
ß-fmbn ]cn-W-an-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
— Ah-bn-e-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ ]Zm¿Y-ßsf
ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Ahbv°p hyXykvX ]q¿h- t Im- i - ß - f psS ]pdw- ] - S ew
KpW-߃ D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°-Ww. sImgp∏p X≥am-{X-If - m¬ \n¿an-Xa
- m-bn-cp-∂p.
CXn¬ \n∂mImw πmkvam-kvXcw cq]-s∏-
— Np‰p-]m-Sn¬ \n∂p≈ a‰p IW-߃ ´Xv. \yq¢n-Im-æ-ß-ƒ Ah-bv°p-≈n¬ IS-
Ah-bv°p-≈n-te°v BKncWw sNø-s∏- ∂-tXmsS ]mc-ºc - y-kz-`m-hß- ƒ°pw XpS°w
´p. Ah hnhn[ cmk- { ]- h ¿Ø- \ - Ipdn-®n-cn-°mw.
߃°p hnt[-b-am-bn.
F∂m¬ BZyw D≠mb Pohn GXm-
sW∂p IrXy-ambn ]d-bp-
1000 hm≥ imkv{X-Øn\v Ign-
_lp-tIm-iP
- o-hn-If
- psS
D¤hw ™n-´n-√. Ah ]q¿W-
1500
amb tImi-߃Xs∂-bm-
bn-cp-t∂m? AtXm AXn-
{]Im-i-kw-t«-j-W- 2000
Øn\p Ign-hp≈ hmb-h- s\-°mƒ eLp-hmb as‰-
kq£vaPohn-Iƒ
(aerobic) s¥- ¶ nepambn- c pt∂m?
2500
Cu tNmZy- ß ƒ°v
{]Imi kwt«-j-W- 3000 C\nbpw DØcw Is≠-
Øn\p Ign-hp≈ Ahm-
bh kq£va-Po-hn-Iƒ tØ-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
Zi-e£w h¿jw

BZysØ Poh-I-WnI 3500 F∂n-cp-∂mepw cmk-]-cn-

Wm-aa - mWv Pohs‚ D¬]-
cmk-]-cn-Wmaw 4000
Øn°v ASn-ÿm-\-am-b-
kap-{Z-ß-fpsS D¤hw
sX∂ kn≤m¥w ]cs°
4500
`qan-bpsS ]ndhn 4600
AwKo-Ic - n-°s
- ∏Sp-∂p.
A¥-co-£-Ønse HmIvkn-Ps‚ Afhv - Ww I \nco-
Nn{Xo-Ic
£n-°pI. kqN-I-߃
- Ww I
Nn{Xo-Ic

120
 Poh- ] - c n- W maw

D]-tbm-Kn®v N¿® sNbvXv Ipdn∏p Xbm-dm°n ]‰n-∏n-Sn®p hf-cp∂ tamkpIsf°pdn-®-dn-

kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØpI. bnt√. Ah {_tbm-ss^-‰p-Iƒ (Bryophytes)
F∂ hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂p. Cu hn`m-K-
z cmk-]-cn-Wm-a-Øn-eqsS BZysØ Poh-
Øn¬ \n∂m-Wv "]∂¬' t]mep≈ kky-
I- W nI D≠m- I p- h m≥ F{X h¿jw
߃ (Pteridophytes) cq]-s∏-´X
- v. ]∂¬ hn`m-
th≠n-h∂p?
K- Ø n¬\n∂v \·_oPI - k - k y- ß fpw
z BZy- I me Pohn- I ƒ Ahm- b h (Gymnosperms) D≠m-bn. lcn-X-k-ky-߃
(Anaerobic) Pohn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°-Ww. Pe- Ø n¬ \n∂p Ic- b n- t e°p IpSn- t b-
F¥p-sIm≠v? dnbtXmsS ico- c - Ø n¬ \n∂p Pemwiw
\jvS-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°m≥ ]pdw-sXmen cq]-s∏´p.
z hmb-hP- o-hn-Iƒ (Aerobic) cq]-s∏-´t- XmsS
AXpt]mse Ahbv°p LS-\m-]-c-amb a‰p
`uam-¥c - o-£Ø- n\v F¥p am‰w D≠mbn?
hyXn-bm-\-ßfpw D≠m-bn. Nn{Xw 7.3 (a, b, c,
z kky-ßf- m-tWm P¥p-°f
- mtWm BZyw d, e) \nco-£n-°p-I.
D≠m-bXv? F¥p-sIm≠v?
eLp LS-\b - p≈ GI-tImi Po-hn-If - n¬
\n∂mWv k¶o¿W-LS- \ - b
- p≈ _lp-tIm-i-
Po-hn-Iƒ cq]-s∏-´-sX∂p a\- n-em-b-t√m.
Pothm-¬]Øn apX¬ Pohn-If - n¬ \nc-¥cw
am‰w D≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂X - ns‚ ]cn-W-
X-^e- a- t√ CXv. Poh-Pm-eß - f - n¬ Ime-{I-
taW kw`-hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Cu am‰sØ
°pdn-®p≈ ]T-\a - mWv ]cn-Wm-ai - m-kv{Xw. a. B¬K b. tamkv c. ]∂¬ sNSn

_lp-tIm-i-Po-hn-I-fnse D¤-hsØ
ØpS¿∂v Ah \mep hn`m-Kambn ]cn-Wan®p.
z ]q∏-ep-Iƒ

z kvt]m©p-Iƒ

z lcn-X-k-ky-߃

z P¥p-°ƒ
lcn-Xk
- k
- y-ßf
- psS Bhn¿`m-ht- ØmsS
`qan-bn¬ ssPh-ssh-hn[yw hn]p-es - ∏-´p.

kky-]-cn-Wmaw
BZy-Im-esØ lcn-X-k-ky-߃ Pem-
i-b-Ønse B¬K-Iƒ Bbn-cp-∂p. Ime- d. \·- _ o- P I- k kyw e. Zzn_o- P - ] - { X- k kyw
{I-taW Ah-bn¬ NneXv Ic-bn¬ Pohn-
Nn{Xw 7.3
°m≥ XpS-ßn. Cu¿∏ap≈ ]md-bnepw a‰pw kky-]c
- n-Wmaw

121
Poh- i mkv { Xw
z kky-]-cn-Wm-a-Øn¬ thcv, ImWvUw,
Ce F∂n-hbv°p kw`-hn® hyXn-bm-
\-߃ Fs¥m-s°-bmWv?
z Pe- Ø n- s ‚bpw eh- W - Ø n- s ‚bpw
BKnc-Ww, ]Zm¿Ykwh-l\w F∂n-
hbv°v Cu hyXn-bm-\-߃ Fßs\
klm-b-I-am-bn.
\nK-a\
- ß
- ƒ kb≥kv Ub-dnbn¬ tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
P¥p-]-cn-Wmaw
eLp-L-S-\-tbm-Sp- Iq-Snb P¥p-°-fn¬
\n∂v Db¿∂- Xe-ß-fnse P¥p-°-fn-te°p
hcptºmƒ t]mj-Ww, izk-\w, ]Zm¿Y-
kwh-l-\w, hnk¿P-\w XpS-ßnb Poh¬
{]-h¿Ø-\ß - fpw _‘-s∏´ ico-c`- m-Kß
- fpw
IqSp-X¬ k¶o¿W-am-Ip-∂psh∂v ]Tn-®n-´p-
≠v. _lp-tIm-i- P¥p-°-fn¬ BZyw D≠m-
bXp c≠p]mfn tImi-ß-tfmSp IqSn-bh
(Diploblastic) Bbn-cp-∂n-cn-°-Ww. Ch-bn¬
\n∂p aq∂p]mfn tImi- ß ƒ D≈
(Triploblastic) Pohn-Iƒ cq]-s∏-´p. \s´-√n-
√mØ P¥p-°-fn¬\n∂p \s´-√p-≈h cq]m-
¥cw {]m]n-®p. Cu hn`m-K-Ønse XpS-°-
°m¿°v XmSn-sb-√p-Iƒ C√m-bn-cp-∂p (Nn{Xw
7.4). Ah-bn¬\n∂p Xcp-Wmÿn a’y-
Nn{Xw 7.4
XmSn-sb-√n-√mØ Iti-cpIn (Lambrey)
ßfpw (Cartilagenous fish) Aÿna’y-ßfpw
(Bony fish) D≠m-bn. Aÿn-a-’y-ß-fn¬
Nne-Xn\v A¥-co-£-hmbp izkn-°p-∂-Xn-
\p≈ Ign-hp-≠m-bn. Ch-bn¬\n∂mWv D`-
b- P o- h n- I ƒ ]cn- W - a n- ® - X v . D`bPohn- I -
122
fn¬\n∂v Dc- K - ß fpw Dc- K - ß - f n¬\n∂p
]£n-Ifpw kkvX-\n-Ifpw D¤-hn-®p.
kkvX-\n-I-fnse ap≥\n-c-°m¿
GXm≠v Fgp-]Xp Zi-e£w h¿jw
apºpXs∂ A∂sØ ]cn- ÿ n- X n- b n¬
Pohn-°m≥ DX-Ip∂ Xc-Øn¬ hyXn-bm-\-
ßfp≈ kkv X - \ - ß ƒ cq]- s ∏´n- c p- ∂ p.
Ah-bn¬ Hcp hn`m-K-Øn\v ac-ß-fn¬ Pohn-
°m-\p≈ Ign-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ch-bmWv
ss{]ta-‰p-Iƒ. ena-dp-Iƒ, Ipc-ß≥am¿,
Nnºm≥kn, tKmdn- √ , a\p- j y¿ F∂n- h -
s b √ m w Cu h n ` m - K - Ø n ¬ s ∏ S p - ∂ p .
ss{]ta- ‰ p- I - f psS s]mXp- k z- ` m- h - ß ƒ
Fs¥m-s°-bm-sW∂p t\m°mw.
z ssIIm- e p- I - f n¬ A©p- h n- c - e p- I ƒ
hoXw. hnc-ep-I-fn¬ ]c∂ \Jw
z a‰p hnc-ep-Iƒ°p kΩp-J-am-°m≥ Ign-
bp∂ X≈-hn-c¬
z Htc hkv X p- h n¬ tI{µo- I - c n°m≥
Ign- b p∂ (Binocular vision) c≠p
IÆp-Iƒ
z Hcp tPmUn ape-°m-ºp-Iƒ
kmZr-iy-ß-fp-sSbpw hyXn-bm-\-ß-fp-
sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ss{]ta-‰p-Isf
h¿Ko-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xp Nn{Xo-I-cWw II ¬
\n∂p a\- nem°q.
z GsX√mw Xc-Øn-ep≈ ss{]ta-‰p-Iƒ
`qan-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂p?
z Ipc- ß - s \- t ∏mse a\p- j y\pw Hcp
ss{]ta- ‰ m- b n- c pt∂m? AtXm Ipc-
ßn¬ \n∂mtWm a\p-jy≥ cq]-s∏-
´Xv? \nß-fpsS A`n-{]m-bsØ km[q-
I-cn-°p-I.
 Poh- ] - c n- W maw

ss{]ta-‰p-Iƒ

s{]mko-an-b≥kv Bt{¥m-t]m-bnUvkv
(Prosimians) (Anthropoids)
z H‰bv°p Pohn-°p∂ {]IrXw z Iq´mb PohnXw
z cm{Xn-k-©mcw z ]I¬ k©mcw
z sNdp{]mWn-Isf z `£Ww ˛ ]g-ßfpw Ce-Ifpw
Blm-c-am-°p-∂p. DZm: ena¿ DZm: Ipc-ßv, Nnºm≥kn, a\p-jy≥

Ipc-ßp-Iƒ (Cercopithecoideae) slmav\n-tbmbn-Uvkv (Hominoides)

z Xmc-X-tay\ hepXv
z hmen√

Kn∫¨ Nnºm≥kn, tKmdn-√, a\p-jy\pw sXm´-SpØ

DdmMv D´m≥ ]q¿hn-I-cpw (slm-an-\n-tU)

- Ww II
Nn{Xo-Ic

]cn-Wm-a-Øns‚ sXfn-hp-Iƒ A. t^mkn-ep-Iƒ

Poh-]-cn-Wmaw F∂Xv Hcp imkv{X-kn- Nne {]mNo\ Pohn-I-fpsS Ah-in-jvS-

≤m-¥-am-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ AXn\v
Dt]m¬_-e-I-amb sXfn-hp-Ifpw Bh-iy-am-
Wv. as‰√m kn≤m-¥-ß-sfbpw t]mse ]cn-
Wma-hm-Zhpw sXfn-hp-I-fn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-
amWv. Ah GsXm-s°-bm-sW∂p t\m°mw.
ßfpw AS-bm-fß - fpw `qh-ev°Ø
- n¬ kwc-£n-
°-s∏-´n-´p-≠.v Ch-bm-Wt√m t^mkn-ep-Iƒ.
N n { X w 7.5(A-D)\ n c o - £ n - ° p I .
t^mkn¬ cq]o-I-cWw \S-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-
sb∂p a\- n-em°pI.

A. aÆn-\-Sn-bn¬ s]´ Pohn B. arZp-hmb ico-c-`m-K-߃ {Zhn-°p∂p; sNfnbpw

aÆpw ta¬°p-ta¬ hogp∂p
Nn{Xw 7.5

123
Poh- i mkv { Xw

c. a¿Zw aqew ASn-Ø´v inem-a-b-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn- d. Ime-∏-g-°-Øn¬ H∂n-\p-ta¬ H∂mbn A´nIƒ

°p∂p. ISp-∏-ap≈ ico-c-`m-K-߃ ine-bpsS `mK- D≠mIp-∂p. ]e Pohn-I-fpsSbpw t^mkn-ep-Iƒ
am-Ip∂p cq]w sIm≈p-∂p.

Nn{Xw 7.5
t^mkn¬ cq]o-Ic- Ww

GXv A-´n-bn¬\n∂p e`n-°p∂ t^mkn- I-fp-tS-Xm-sW∂p a\- n-em-bn. t^mkn-ep-

ep-Iƒ°m-bn-cn°pw Ime-∏-g°w IqSp-X¬?
F¥p-sIm≠v?
a‰p -]e cq]-Ønepw t^mkn-ep-Iƒ e`n-
®n- ´ p≠v . Ah GsXm- s °- b m- s W- ∂ - d n-
bmtam?
z a™p-]m-fn-bn¬ IpSp-ßn-t∏mb Pohn-I-
fpsS ico-c-߃
z kwc- £ n- ° - s ∏- ´ n- ´ p≈ ]i- I - f n¬
(Bº¿)s∏´p-t]mb Pohn-Iƒ
I-fpsS Ime-∏-g°w Ipd-™p-h-cp∂tXmsS
Pohn-I-fpsS ico-c-L-S\ IqSp-X¬ k¶o¿W
amIp-∂-Xmbn ImW-s∏-´p. CXn¬ \n∂v
F¥p \nK-a-\-Øn-se-Øn-t®-cmw?
Nn{Xw 7.6 \nco-£n°pI. Ct∏m-gp≈
hr£-ß-fp-ambn Chsb Xmc-Xayw sNøpI.
Ce, ImWvUw, thcv F∂n-h-bv°p-≠mb
hyXn-bm-\-ßsf°pdn®p tcJ-s∏-SpØpI.

z Pohn-I-fpsS AS-bm-f-߃ (Imprints)

t^mkn-ep-Isf°pdn-®p≈ ]T\w ]men-

b-t‚m-fPn (Palaeontology) F∂-dn-bs
- ∏-Sp-∂p.
]men-b-t‚m-f-Pn-ÃpIƒ°v t^mkn-ep-I-fpsS
Ime- ∏ - g °w \n¿W- b n- ° m≥ Ign- b pw.
t^mkn-ep-I-fpsS A]-{K-Y-\-Øn-eqsS e`y-
amb hnh-c-߃ Poh-]-cn-Wm-asØ km[q-
I-cn-°p-∂sXß-s\-sb∂p t\m°mw.

eLp-L-S-\-bn¬\n∂p k¶o¿W-L-S\ GI-tZiw 450 Zi-e£w GI-tZiw 300 Zi-e£w

h¿j-߃°p apºp- h¿j-߃°p apºp-≠m-bn-
Ime-∏g- °w IqSnb t^mkn-ep-Iƒ A]- ≠m-bn-cp∂ kkyw cp∂ as‰mcp kkyw
{K-Yn-®-t∏mƒ Ah eLp-L-S\bp≈ Pohn- Nn{Xw 7.6

124

hnf°n-t®¿°p∂ IÆn
Nne t^mkn-ep-Iƒ c≠p hn`mKw Pohn-
Isf _‘n-∏n-°p-∂p. B¿°n-tbm-sS-dnIv-
kns‚ (Archeopteryx) t^mkn¬, Dc-K-ß-
fn¬ \n∂mWv ]£n-Iƒ cq]m-¥c - s
- ∏-´s
- X∂
]cn- W m- a - h m- Z sØ i‡- a mbn ]n¥p- W -
bv°p∂p.
Nn{Xw 7.7 \nco-£n®v B¿°ntbm-sS-dn-
Ivkn\v Dc-K-ß-tfmSpw ]£n-I-tfmSpap≈
kam-\-X-Iƒ Is≠Øn kb≥kv Ub-dn-
bn¬ tcJ-s∏-SpØpI.
Nn{Xw 7.7
B¿°n-tbm-sS-dnIvkv
]q¿W- a m- I p∂ ]cn- W m- a - N cn{Xw
t^mkn-ep-I-fpsS hni-I-e-\-Øn-eqsS
Nne hn`m-K-ß-fpsS ]cn-Wm-a-N-cn{Xw ]q¿W-
ambn ]p\¿\n¿an-°m≥ Ign-™n-´p-≠v. B\-
bp-sSbpw IpXn-c-bpsSbpw ]cn-Wm-a-N-cn{Xw
CØ-c-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
Poh- ] - c n- W maw
CIzkv
(Equs)
πntbm-ln-∏kv
(Pliohippus)
aotkm-ln-∏kv
(Mesohippus)
sadn-ln-∏kv
Ctbm-ln-∏kv (Merychippus)
(Eohippus)
Nn{Xw 7.8
IpXn-cb
- psS ]cn-Wmaw
Nn{Xw 7.8 \nco-£n-°pI. IpXnc-bpsS
]cn- W m- a sØ∏‰n Ipdn∏p Xbm- d m- ° pI.
t^mkn-ep-Iƒ Poh]cn-Wm-a-Øns‚ {]_-
e- a mb sXfn- h m- s W∂p a\-   n- e m- b - t √m.
F∂m¬ ]≠v D≠m-bn-cp∂ F√m Pohn-I-
fpsSbpw t^mkn-ep-Iƒ C\nbpw e`y-am-bn-
´n-√. t^mkn¬ ]T-\-Øn-eqsS FØn-t®-
cp∂ \nK-a-\-ß-fpsS XpS¿® \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂-
sX- ¥ p- s Im- ≠ m- s W∂v hy‡- a m- b n- t √.
t^mkn¬ ]T\w A]q¿W- a m- I p- ∂ Xpw
AXp-sIm-≠m-Wv. ]pXnb ]pXnb t^mkn-
ep-Iƒ e`y-am-Ip∂tXmsS \ne-hn-ep≈ ]cn-
Wm-a-k-¶-¬]-߃°p am‰w D≠m-Ip-∂p-≠v.
Cßs\ t^mkn- e p- I ƒ ]cn- W m- a - i m-
kv{XsØ kPo-h-am-°p-∂p.
B. BImcXmc-Xayw
XmW-bn\w Pohn-I-fn¬\n∂v Db¿∂-
bn\w Pohn-I-fn-te°p IS°p-tºmƒ ico-c-
L-S\ {Iam-\p-K-X-ambn k¶o¿W-am-Ip-∂-
Xmbn ]Tn-®p-h-t√m. ]e Pohn-I-fnepw Ah-
125
 Poh- i mkv { Xw

b-h-ß-fpsS _mly-L-S-\-bn¬ hyXymkw B¥-c-L-S-\-bn¬ {]I-S-am-Ip∂ kam-

{]I-S-am-Ip-∂p-s≠-¶nepw B¥-c-L-S-\-bn¬ \-X-Iƒ Cu Pohn-Iƒs°√mw Hcp s]mXp
kam-\-X-Iƒ Zriy-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. Nn{Xw 7.9 ]q¿hn-I-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xn\v sXfn-hp
\nco-£n-°pI. \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ kqN-I-ß- \¬Ip∂p. AXp-sIm≠v BImc Xmc-X-
fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Xbm-dm- ayhpw Poh-]-cn-Wm-asØ km[q-I-cn-°p-∂p.
°pI. F∂m¬ Hmtcm Pohn-bnepw Ah \n¿h-ln-
°p∂ [¿a-ß-fp-sS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ah-
`pPmÿn
b-h-ß-fpsS _mly-L-S\ hyXy-kvX-am-bn-
`pPmÿn cn-°p-∂p. ]cn-ÿn-Xnbpambn CWßn Pohn-
tdUn-bkv °p-∂-Xn\v Ch F{X-am{Xw klm-b-I-am-Ip-
Aƒ\ ∂p F∂v Btem-Nn®p t\m°q.
tdUn-bkv Ic-Xe
- m-ÿn-Iƒ
Aƒ\ Aƒ\ C. {`qW-imkv{Xw
Ic-Xe - m-
ÿn-Iƒ
hm¬am-{Insb I≠n-´n-t√. AXn\p Xh-
f-tbm-SmtWm a’y-tØm-SmtWm IqSp-X¬
kmayw. F¥p-sIm-≠n-ßs\ kw`-hn-°p-∂p-
Xhf ]√n ]£n
sh∂p Nn¥n-®n-´pt≠m? D`-bP - o-hn-Iƒ a’y-
Øn¬\n∂p cq]-s∏´p F∂-Xn\p sXfn-ht√
Xh-f-bpsS PohnXN{Iw. Hmtcm Pohn-bp-
sSbpw hnImk]cn-Wm-aØ - n¬ ]q¿hnI Pohn-
I- f psS LS- \ m- ] - c - a mb khn- t i- j - X - I ƒ
`pPmÿn- `pPmÿn-
Bh¿Øn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xmbn sXfn-™n-´p-≠v.
tdUn-bkv
Aƒ\ CXpw Hcp s]mXp ]q¿hn-I≥ D≠m-Im-sa∂
Ic-Xe
- m-
ÿn-Iƒ hmZ-K-Xnsb _e-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
Nn{Xw 7.10 \nco-£n-°p-I. {`qW-h-f¿®-
tdUn-bkv bpsS hnhn[ L´-ß-fn¬ Iti-cp-InI-fn¬
Aƒ\
Zriy-am-Ip∂ kmay-hy-Xym-kß- s- f-]‰n N¿®
Ic-Xe
- m- sNøpI.
ÿn-Iƒ

a\p-jy≥ Xnanw-Kew h∆m¬

Nn{Xw 7.9
hnhn[ Pohn-If
- psS ap≥Im-epI-fnse
LS-\m-]c - a
- mb hyXymkw

z Aÿn-I-fpsS ÿm\hpw LS-\bpw

z Aÿn-k‘n-I-fpsS ÿm\hpw khn- a b c d e f

ti-j-X-Ifpw Nn{Xw 7.10
{`qW-h-f¿® IticpInI-fn¬ (aa.a’yw, b. Dc-Kw,
c. D`-b-Po-hn, d. ]£n, e. kkvX-\w, f. a\p-jy≥)

126

D. h¿Ko-I-c-W-imkv{Xw
Pohn-Isf h¿Ko-Ic - n-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂s - X-
¥p-sIm-≠m-sW∂p Nn¥n-®n-´pt≠m? kam-
\- X - I - f psS ASn- ÿ m- \ - Ø n¬ Pohn- I sf
henb hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw
hyXym-k-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ sNdp-hn-
`m-K-ß-fmbn hn`-Pn-°p-I-bp-am-Wt√m h¿Ko-
I-c-W-Øn¬ sNøp-∂-Xv. Hcp s]mXp ]q¿hn-
I-\n¬ \n∂v LS-\m-]-c-amb hyXn-bm-\-߃
D≠m-Ip-∂-Xn-eqsS Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ ]pXnb
hn`mKw Pohn-Iƒ D≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p-
sh-∂m-Wt√m Poh-]-cn-Wmaw sIm≠v A¿Y-
am-°p-∂-Xv. hnhn[ h¿Ko-I-cW Xe-ß-fn-
epƒs∏-SpØn a\p-jys\ h¿Ko-I-cn-®n-cn-
°p∂sXß-s\-sb∂v \n߃°-dn-bmw. a\p-
jy≥ slman- \ nsU F∂ ^man- e nbn¬
Dƒs∏-Sp-s∂-¶nepw ss{]ta-‰pI-fpsS s]mXp-
kz-`m-h-ßfpw {]I-Sn∏n°p-∂p-≠v. kam-\-X-
Iƒ s]mXp]q¿hn-I-s\bpw hyXym-k-߃
]pXnb Pohn-h¿K-ß-fpsS D¤-h-sØbpw
kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
E. ico-c-L-S-I-ßfpw ssPh-c-k-X-{¥hpw
F√m Pohn-I-fp-sSbpw ico-c-L-S-I-߃
XΩnepw Poh¬{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ XΩnepw
D≈ kam-\-X-Iƒ F¥m-sW∂p Nn¥n-®n-
´pt≠m? NphsS tN¿Øn-cn-°p∂ kqN-I-
߃ D]-tbm-Kn®p N¿®sNøpI. \nK-a-\-
߃ kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØpI.
z ico-c-\n¿amWLS-I-߃
z Du¿tPm- ¬ ]m- Z \w, kw`- c - W w, hnX-
cWw
z ]mc-º-cy-t{]-jWw
z hnhn[cmkm-·n-Iƒ
Ch IqSmsX a\p-jy-\pĸsS hnhn[
P¥p-°f - nse amwky-ßsf A]-{K-Yn®v kam-
\-XI
- fpw hyXym-kß- fpw Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
Poh- ] - c n- W maw
Cu \nK-a-\-ßfpw \nc-¥-c-amb hyXn-bm-\-
ß- f n- e qsS Poh- ] - c n- W maw \S- ∂ p- s h∂
hmZsØ AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
Poh-]-cn-Wm-a-kn-≤m-¥-߃
Pohn-I-fn¬ hyXn-bm-\-߃ Fßs\
bmWv cq]-s∏-´Xv F∂-Xns\°pdn®v imkv{X-
⁄≥am¿°v GIm-`n-{]m-b-a√ D≠m-bn-cp-
∂Xv. AXp-sIm-≠mWv hyXy-kvX-amb ]cn-
Wm-a-kn-≤m-¥-߃ D≠m-bXv. Ah GsXm-
s°-bm-sW∂p t\m°mw.
kzbm¿PnX hyXn-bm-\-ßfpw Poh-]-cn-Wm-ahpw
kzbm¿PnX hyXn-bm-\-ßsf°pdn®p
]Tn®v ]cn-Wm-a-kn-≤m¥w Bhn-jvI-cn®
{^©p imkv{X-⁄-\mWv Po≥_m-]v‰nÃv
emam¿°v. Hc-h-b-h-Øns‚ \nc-¥-c-amb D]-
tbmKw AXns‚ LS\ ]pjvSns∏Sp-∂X - n\pw
XpS¿®-bmb \ncp-]-tbmKw Ah-b-h-߃
£bn°p∂Xn\pw Imc- W - a m- I p- s a∂v
At±lw A`n-{]m-bs - ∏-´p. Cßs\ Hcp Pohn-
bpsS Pohn-X-Im-eØv B¿Pn-°p∂ hyXn-
bm- \ - ß - f mWv B¿PnXhyXn- b m- \ - ß ƒ
(Acquired characters). kzbm¿PnXhyXn-bm-
\-߃ ASpØ Xe-ap-d-bn-te°p ssIam‰w
sNø-s∏-Sp-sa∂v emam¿°v ÿm]n®p. Pndm-
^ns‚ Igp-Øn\p \ofw IqSn-bXpw BZy-Im-
eØv ]mºp-Iƒ°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ Imep-Iƒ
{ItaW C√m-Xm-bXpw kzbm¿PnXhyXn-bm-
\-ß-ƒ°v DZm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. F∂m¬
kzbm¿PnXhyXn-bm-\-߃ P\n-X-I-L-S-
\sb _m[n-°n-s√-∂pw ASpØ Xe-ap-d-bn-
te°p t{]jWw sNøn-s√∂pw sXfn-bn-°-
s∏- ´ - t XmsS emam¿°ns‚ kn≤m¥w
tNmZyw sNø-s∏-´p.
{]IrXn \n¿[m-cWw (Natural Selection)
Pohn-I-fn¬ \nc-¥cw hyXn-bm-\-߃
D≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. Ah- A\p-Kp-W-
ambhtbm A√m-Ø-htbm BImw. {ItaW
A\p- K p- W - a mb hyXn- b m- \ - ß fp≈h
127
Poh- i mkv { Xw
ac-°p-cphn
I≈n- ap-≈p-sIm≠v
{]mWnsb ]nSn-°p-
∂ acw-sImØn
\oe°p-cphn
sIm°v sNdp-Xv,
I´n IqSn- b Xv ,
ZrV-am-bXv
sIm°p-If
- psS khn-ti-jX
\ne-\n-¬°p-Ibpw A√m-Øh \in-°p-Ibpw
sNøp-∂p. {]Ir-Xn- \S-Øp∂ Hcp Xnc-s™-
Sp-∏m-Wn-Xv. `qan-bn¬ Imew Ign-bp-t¥mdpw
IqSp-X¬ sa®-s∏´ Poh-Pm-e-߃ D≠m-Ip-
∂-Xns‚ Imc-Whpw CXp-X-s∂. Nmƒkv
tdm_¿´v Um¿hn≥ F∂ imkv{X-⁄\ - mWv
Poh]cn-Wm-asØ∏‰n Cß-s\-sbmcp ImgvN-
∏mSv A-h-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv.
Kme-]-tKmkv Zzo]n¬ Um¿hn≥ Is≠-
Ønb Nne Ipcphn-I-fpsS Nn{X-߃ (7.11)
apIfn¬ sImSpØn-cn-°p-∂Xp \nco-£n-°p-
I. Ah-bn¬ cq]-s∏´ hyXn-bm-\-߃ ]cn-
ÿn-Xn-tbmSv CWßn Pohn-°m≥ Fßs\
klm-b-I-am-Ip-∂p-sh∂p N¿® sNøpI.
A\p- K p- W - a mb hyXn- b m- \ - ß sf
{]IrXn Fß-s\-bmWv ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-∂-
sX∂p Um¿hn≥ hni-Zo-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. Hmtcm
Pohn-h¿Khpw {]Ir-Xn°v Dƒs°m-≈m≥
Ign-bp-∂-Xnepw hfsc°qSp-X¬ k¥m-\-
ßsf D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p. Cßs\ Aan-tXm-
¬]m-Z\
- Ø
- n-eqsS D≠m-Ip∂ Pohn-Iƒ hmk-
ÿ-ew, `£-Ww, CW XpS-ßnb Pohn-Xm-
h-iy-߃°pth≠n ]c-kv]-chpw ]cn-ÿn-
Xnbnse {]Xn- I q- e - k m- l - N - c y- ß - t fmSv
t\cn´pw a’-cn-°p-∂p.
128
s]mXp-]q¿hn-I≥ ]m´p-Im-c≥ ]£n
(warbler finch)
sIm°v I´n Ipd-™Xpw
hnØp- I - f pw, \ofw IqSn-bXpw
{]mWn- I fpw
Blmcw
I≈n- s ®- S n- b nse tX≥
IpSn-°p∂ Ipcphn
ac-°p-cphn
Ipd®v hf™
Ce, sam´v, ]qhv, Imbv sIm°v
F∂nh Blmcw.
sIm°v sNdpXv, ]c-∂X- v,
Nn{Xw 7.11 Ipd®v hf-™Xv
- I
- ƒ
Kme-∏tKmkv ˛ ]cn-Wm-a-Øns‚
]co-£-W-ime
Kme∏tKmkv ˛ sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb Ht´sd
Zzo]p-I-fpsS kaqlw ˛ ÿnXnsNøp∂Xv
Fhn-sS-bm-sWt∂m? sXt° Ata-cn-°≥
`qJ-WvUØ - n¬ \n∂v 1000 In.ao hS°p]Sn-
™mdv im¥-k-ap-{Z-Øn¬. ]cn-Wm-a-]-T-\-
ßfpw Kme∏tKmkp-ambn At`-Zy-amb _‘-
ap-≠v. Ahn-SsØ Pohn-I-fpsS LS-\m-]-c-
amb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Nmƒkv Um¿hns\
BI¿jn-®p. "_oKn-fns‚ IS¬bm{X' F∂
bm{Xm- h n- h - c - W - Ø n¬ At±lw Cßs\
FgpXn.
""ASpØp _‘- a p≈ ]£n- I - f psS Hcp
sNdnb hn`m-K-Øn¬ LS-\m-]-c-am-bp≈
A\p-{I-a-amb sshhn[yw I≠m¬ XpS-°-
Øn¬ ]£n-Iƒ Ipd-hm-bn-cp∂ Cu Zzo]-k-
aq-l-Øn¬ Hcp kv] ojo-kns\ FSpØp
hyXykvX coXn-bn¬ am‰-߃ hcp-Øn-b-
Xt√ F∂p thW-sa-¶n¬ kwi-bn°mw''.
Um¿hns‚ ]cn-Wm-a-kn-≤m¥w cq]w-sIm-
≠Xp Kme-∏ tKm-knse Pohn\nco-£-W-
Øn¬ \n∂m-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-Xs∂bmWv tIc-
f-Øns‚ A©n-sem∂p am{Xw hcp∂ B
Zzo]-k-aq-l-Øns‚ {]k-‡n.

\ne-\n-¬]n-\m-bp≈ Cu a’-c-Øn¬
(Struggle for existence) G‰hpw A\p-Kp-Wa- mb
hyXn-bm-\-߃ D≈h am{Xw \ne-\n¬°p-
∂p. A\p-Kp-W-amb hyXn-bm-\-߃ D≈-
hbv°v ASpØ Xe-ap-db - n¬ IqSp-X¬ k¥m-
\-ßsf D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ah-kcw
e`n-°p-∂p. Aßs\ Xe-ap-d-Iƒ Ign-bp-
tºmƒ B {]tXyI Pohn-K-W-Ønse AwK-
ß-sf√mw AØcw hyXn-bm-\-߃ D≈-h-
bmbnØocp-∂p. CXns\ A¿l-X-bp-≈-h-
bpsS AXn-Po-hn-°¬ (Survival of the fittest)
F∂mWv Um¿hn≥ hnti-jn-∏n-®-Xv. Zo¿L-
Imew \o≠p-\n¬°p∂ \nc-¥-c-amb hyXn-
bm-\-ß-fn-eqsS ]pXnb h¿Kw Pohn-Iƒ
D≠m- I p- ∂ p- s h∂ \nK- a - \ - Ø n- e mWv
Um¿hn≥ FØn-t®¿∂-Xv. ]cn-Wm-a-Øn\p
Imc-W-am-Ip∂ hyXn-bm-\-߃ BIkvan-I-
am-bp-≠m-Ip-∂p-sh∂v ]n∂oSp Is≠-Øn.
D¬]-cn-h¿Ø\w (Mutation)
BI- k van- I - a mbn D≠m- I p- ∂ Xpw
ASpØ Xe-ap-d-bn-te°p ]I¿Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-
Xp-amb hyXn-bm-\-ß-fmWv D¬]-cn-h¿Ø-\-
߃. D¬]-cn-h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv Poh-]-cn-Wm-
a-Øn\p hgn-sX-fn-°p-∂-sX∂ kn≤m¥w
Bhn-jvI-cn® imkv{X-⁄-\mWv lyqtKm-
Uo-{hn-kv. FIvk-td, cmk-h-kvXp-°ƒ, UV
civan-Iƒ, hnIn-c-W-߃ XpS-ßn-bh D¬]-
cn-h¿Ø-\-߃°p Imc-W-am-Im-dp-s≠∂p
sXfn-bn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v.
Um¿hns‚ kn≤m¥w ]pXnb ho£- W -
Øn¬
Nmƒkv Um¿h ns‚ ]cn- W m- a - k n-
≤m¥w AwKo-I-cn-°ptºmƒØs∂
AXns‚ \yq\--X bpw ImtW- ≠ - X p- ≠ v .
hyXn-bm-\-߃ D≠m-Ip-∂p-sh∂v
Um¿hn≥ ÿm]n-°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw Ah-
bpsS D¤hw Fß-s\-sb∂p hni-Zo-I-cn-
°p-hm≥ At±-l-Øn\p Ign-™n-cp-∂n-√.
Poh- ] - c n- W maw
Um¿hn≥ apX¬ Um¿hn≥ hsc
Cdm-kvakv Um¿hn≥ Nmƒkv Um¿hn≥
1794 ¬ Cw•ojv Zm¿i- \ n- I - \ m- b n- c p∂
Cdmkvakv Um¿hn≥ "kpt\m-anb' F∂ {KŸ-
Øn¬ Poh-]-cn-Wm-asØ∏‰n tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-
´p- ≠ v . `qan- b psS ]g- ° w, Poh- c - k - Ø n¬
\n∂p≈ Pohs‚ D¬]Øn, \ne-\n-¬]n-\p-th-
≠n-bp≈ ka-cw, A¿l-X-bp≈hbpsS AXn-
Po-h\w XpS-ßnb Imcy-ß-sfms° AXn¬
]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p-≠v. ]t£ H∂n\pw sXfnhp
\evIm≥ At±-l-Øn-\m-bn-√. ]n∂oSv 1809¬
Po≥ _m]v‰nÃv emam¿°v "P¥p-im-kv{X-]-c-
amb XØz-Nn-¥-Iƒ' F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬
Xs‚ ]cn-Wma kn≤m¥w Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p.
AtX h¿jwXs∂- b mWv Cw•- ≠ nse
jqkv_dn F∂ sNdnb ]´-W-Øn¬ Cdm-
kvakv Um¿hns‚ ]u{X≥ ˛ Nmƒkv tdm_¿´v
Um¿hn≥ P\n-®-Xv. {]Ir-Xn-im-kv{X-Øn¬
X¬]-c-\m-bn-cp∂ At±lw A—s‚ Xm¬]-
cy- { ]- I mcw sshZy- i mkv { XhnZym¿Yn- b m- s b-
¶nepw ]T\w ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-bn-√. ]n∂oSv
sshZnI _ncpZwt\Sn. AXn-\p-tijw HMS
_oKnƒ F∂ I∏-en¬ temIw Np‰n. bm{X-
bv°n-S-bn¬ Pohn-I-fpsS LS-\m-]-c-amb khn-
ti-j-X-Iƒ \nco-£n-®v Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°n.
1836 ¬ aS-ßn-sbØn. 1859 \h-º¿ 24\v 400
t]Pp≈ B hnJym-X-{K-Ÿw˛"{]Ir-Xn-\n¿[m-
cWw hgn kv]ojo-kp-IfpsS D¤hw' AYhm
"Pohn-X-k-a-c-Øn¬ A\p-Kr-loX PmXn-I-fpsS
kwc-£Ww' ˛ ]pd-Øp-h-∂p. H‰ Znhkw
sIm≠v ]pkvXIw hn‰p Xo¿∂p. ]cn-Wm-a-
kn-≤m¥hpambn _‘-s∏´v c≠p IrXn-Iƒ
IqSn At±lw cNn®p; "a\p-jym-h-tcm-l-Whpw
ssewKnI\n¿[m-c-Whpw', "hnImc {]I-S\w
a\p-jy-\nepw P¥p-°-fnepw'. PohnXw apgp-
h≥ At\z- j - W - Ø n\pw ]T- \ - Ø n- \ p- a mbn
\o°n-h® B alm-{]-Xn` 1882 G{]n¬ 19˛mw
XnbXn A¥-cn-®p.
129
Poh- i mkv { Xw

P\n-X-I-L-S-\sb°pdnt®m ]mc-º-cysØ kam-¥-c-Nn-¥-I-fpsS ka-\znX

∏‰ntbm th≠{X hnh-c-߃ A°m-eØp
e`y-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. F∂m¬ ]n¬°m-eØp
P\n-X-I-im-kv{X-Øns‚ hnIm-k-tØmsS
hyXn-bm-\-߃ Fß-s\-bp-≠m-Im-sa∂p
ÿnco-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. Cu I≠p]nSp-Ø-߃
Um¿hns‚ ]cn-Wm-a-kn-≤m-¥-Øn\p IqSp-
X¬ imkv{Xo-bX \¬In-b-sX-ß-s\-bm-
sW∂p ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
Du\-`w-KØ- n¬ \S-°p∂ Po≥hn-\n-abw
aqew amXm-]n-Xm-°f - n¬\n∂p hyXy-kvXa - mb
kz`m-h-߃ k¥m-\-ß-fn¬ D≠m-Im-sa∂p
a\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠-t√m. t{Ima-tkm-ans‚
FÆ-Ønepw LS-\-bnepw hcp∂ am‰-ßfpw
Pohn-I-fn¬ hnhn-[-X-c-Øn-ep≈ hyXn-bm-\-
߃°p Imc-W-am-Ip-sa∂p \n߃ ]Tn-®n-
´p-≠v. AXp-t]mse Pohn-I-fn¬ hyXn-bm-\-
߃ D≠m-Im≥ a‰p ]e LS-I-ßfpw Imc-
W-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. acp-`q-an, Zzo]p-Iƒ XpS-ßnb
{]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Hcp Pohnh¿Kw H‰-s∏-´p-t]m-
bm¬ B ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bp-ambn s]mcp-Ø-s∏-
Sp-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb hyXn-bm-\-߃ Ah-
bn¬ IqSp-X¬ {]I-S-am-Ip∂p. Cu hyXn-
bm-\-߃ a‰p {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂
CtX h¿K-Øn-ep≈ Pohn-I-fn¬ ImW-W-
sa- ∂ n- √ . CØcw hyXn- b m- \ - ß ƒ Hcp
]pXnb kv]ojnkns‚ D¤-h-Øn-\p-Xs∂
Imc-W-am-Imw. {]Ir-Xn-t£m-`-߃, `£y-
Zu¿e`yw XpS-ßnb Imc-W-ß-fm¬ Nne
Pohnh¿K-߃ Iq´-tØmsS \in-®p-t]m-
sb∂pw hcmw. Ch- b n¬ tijn- ° p∂
kn≤m¥w
Nmƒkv Um¿hn≥
Xs‚ ]cn- W m- a -
kn≤m¥w a\\w
sNbvXn-cp-∂ Imew.
1858¬ At±-lØn
s\mcp teJ\w e`n-
®p. Ct¥m-t\-jy-
bn¬ Zzo]-ka - q-lØ
- n¬ {]Ir-Xn-]-T\w \S-
Ønse B¬{^Uv d ¬ hm-ek - ns‚ (1823-
1913) teJ\w teJ-I≥ Xs∂ Um¿hn\v
Ab®p sImSp-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. {]Ir-Xn-
\n¿[m- c Ww Xs∂- b m- b n- c p- ∂ p AXnepw
{]Xn-]m-Zyw. teJ\w hmbn-®-t∏mƒ At±-
l-Øn\v B›cyw tXm∂n. XpS¿∂v AtX
h¿jw Nmƒkv Um¿hn\pw B¬{^Uv
hmekpw tN¿∂v ""ens\-b≥ skmssk-‰n-
bn¬'' {]Ir-Xn-\n¿[m-c-WsØ ]‰n-bp≈
{]_‘w BZy-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p. ]n∂o-
SmWv Um¿hns‚ {KŸw ]pdØp hcp-∂-Xv.
c≠p hy‡n-Iƒ kam-¥-c-ambn \S-Ønb
]cn-Wma]T-\-ß-fpsS ka-\z-nX-cq-]-amWv
{]Ir-Xn-\n¿[m-cW kn≤m-¥sa∂p ]d-bmw.
Npcp°w Pohn-I-fn¬ \n∂p ]pXnb Xe-ap-d-
Iƒ D≠m- I p- t ºmƒ Ah- b n¬ ]cn- ÿ n-
Xnsb AXn-Po-hn-°m\pX-Ip∂ hyXn-bm-\-
߃ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p.
{]IrXn \n¿[m-c-WsØ ASn-ÿm-\-
am°n sI‰n¬sh¬ F∂ imkv{X-⁄≥
e≠-\n¬ Hcp ie-`-Øn¬ (Peppered moth)
h∂ am‰-ßsf°pdn®p ]Tn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.
Nn{Xw 7.12 {i≤n-°pI.

hyh- k mb hnπ- h - Ø n\p
ap≥]v i{XpZrjv S n- I - f n¬
\n∂p c£- s ∏- S p- h m≥
sh≈ \ndw klm-bI - a - m-bn.
hyh-kmb hnπ-h-Øn-\p-tijw; A¥-co-£-Øn¬ ]pIbpw Icnbpw \nd-™p. Nph-cp-Ifpw
ac-ßfpw Idp-Øp. IdpØ {]X-e-Øn¬ sh≈ ie-`-߃ thKw Xncn-®-dn™v B{I-an-°-
s∏-´p. Idp-Ø-i-e-`-ßfpsS FÆw h¿[n-®p. sh≈ ie-`-߃ A{]-Xy-£-ambn.
Nn{Xw 7.12
{]IrXn \n¿[m-cWw ie-`-ß-fn¬

130
 Poh- ] - c n- W maw

ie-`-Øn¬ h∂ am‰-߃ {]Ir-Xn-\n¿[m-c- Øo-cp-∂X - v. C{]-Imcw GsX√mw hyXn-bm-

WsØ Fßs\ km[q-I-cn-°p-∂p? \nß- \-ßf - n-eq-sS-bmWv B[p-\nI a\p-jy≥ ]cn-
fpsS \nK-a-\-߃ kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ W-an-®-sX∂p ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØpI.
a\p-jy-]-cn-Wmaw
Um¿hns‚ {]Ir-Xn-\n¿[m-cW kn≤m-
a\p-jy≥ Fßs\ ]cn-W-an-®p-sh∂p
¥w imkv{X-temIw C∂pw AwKo-Ic - n-°p-∂p.
hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xn¬ imkv{X-Øn-\n-\nbpw
AXns‚ ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ ]cn-l-cn®v IqSp-X¬
apt∂m´p t]mtI-≠X - p-≠v. F∂m¬ e`y-amb
IqSp-X¬ hymJym\߃ D≠m-Ip-∂p-sh∂p
t^mkn-ep-I-fpsS A]-{K-Y-\-Øn-eqsS Nne
am{Xw. ]cn-Wmaw Hcp XpS¿{]-{In-bb - m-Wv.
\nK-a\- ß- f
- n-se-Øm\pw Ign-™n-´p-≠v. a\p-
Pohn-I-fn¬ \nc-¥cw \S-°p∂ am‰-ßfpw
jy-]c- n-Wm-as
- Ø°p-dn®v e`yamb hnh-cß- ƒ
{]I-S-am-Ip∂ hyXn-bm-\-ß-fp-amWv ]pXnb
Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn°p∂Xv {i≤n°pI.
Pohn-h¿K-ßf - psS D¤-hØ
- n\p Imc-Wa - m-bn-

{Utbm-]n-Ø-°kv (Dryopithecus)
20 Zi-e£w h¿jw ap≥]p apX¬ 15 Zi-e£w h¿jw
apºp hsc Pohn-®n-cp∂p. Ch-bn¬ \n∂v slman-\n-
Up-Ifpw Bƒ°p-c-ßp-Ifpw ]cn-W-an-®-Xmbn hniz-kn-
°p-∂p. {Utbm-]n-Ø-°-kns‚ ImesØ XpS¿∂v
At\I -e£w h¿jw F¥p kw`-hn-®psh∂p hy‡-
a-√. t^mkn-ep-Iƒ e`y-a-√m-Ø-XmWv Imc-Ww.

B¿Un-]n-Ø-°kv cmanUkv (Ardipithecus ramidus)

z am\hIpSpw-_Ø - n¬s∏Sp-Øm-hp∂ ]pcm-X\ - ohn ˛ 4. 4 Zi-e£w h¿jw

- P
apºv Pohn-®n-cp-∂p.
z ]√n¬ C\m-a-ens‚ t\cnb Bh-cWw
z sNdnb tImº√v
z Ccp-Imen

Bkv{S-tem-]n-Ø-°kv A^-d≥knkv
(Australopithecus afarensis)

z 2 Zi-e£w h¿j-߃°papºp Pohn-®n-cp-∂p

z Ccp-Imen
z sNdnb tImº√v
z sNdnb Xe-t®mdv

131
Poh- i mkv { Xw

tlmtam- l-_n-enkv (Homo habilis)

z 1.6 apX¬ 2 Zi-e£w h¿jw apºp-
hsc Pohn-®n-cp-∂p.
z Xe-t®m-dns‚ hym]vXw ˛ 650 - 750 cc
z Bbp[w \n¿an-°m-\pff Ignhv
z th´-bm-Sm-\p≈ tijn
tlmtam Cd-IvSkv (Homo erectus)
z 1 ap-X¬ 1.8 Zi-e-£w- h¿jw apºp
hsc Pohn-®n-cp-∂p.
z Dbcw 1.70 ao‰¿
z Xe-t®mdv ˛ 800 -1050 cc z 10,000 sIm√- ß ƒ°p apºv Irjn
sNbvXp XpSßn
z s\‰n-bn√
z teml-߃ sIm≠v Bbp[w \n¿an®p.
z Db¿∂ ]pcn-I-h-c-ºv
z `mj D]- t bm- K n- ° m- \ p≈ tijn
z XmSn- (chin) C√
h¿[n®p
z kwL-Po-hnXw
a\p-jy-]-cn-Wm-a-Ønse {]h-W-X-Isf
z kw`m-j-W-tijn C-ßs\ t{ImUo-I-cn-°mw.
tlmtam k
- m∏n-b≥kv \nbm-≠¿ — acw Dt]-£n®p Xd-bn¬ hmk-ÿew
Xm-e≥knkv Is≠-Øn
(Homo sapiens neanderthalensis)
— \nh¿∂p \n¬°m-\p≈ Ignhv
z 12.5 e£w h¿j-߃°p apºv {]Xy-
£-s∏-´p. — Ccp-Im-en¬ \S-°m-\p≈ Ignhv

z ]c∂p \o≠- I-]mew — Imense X≈-hn-c-en\v a‰p hnc-ep-I-

z Xpdn® ]pcn-I-h-cºv
z CSp-ßnb IgpØv
z Xe-t®mdv ˛ 1400 cc
tlmtam- km-∏n-b≥kv (Homo sapiens)
z 40,000 h¿j߃ apºv {]Xy-£-s∏-´p.
z Xe-t®mdv 1400 cc
z F√p-I-fpsS hÆw Ipd-™p
z ]pcn-I-h-cºv Npcpßn
z s\‰n IpØs\bmbn
tfmSv kap-J-am-°m-\p≈ tijn \jvS-
s∏-´p
— IogvXm-Sn-bpsS hnImkw
— Xe-t®m-dns‚ hnImkw
— Dfn-∏-√p-I-fp-sSbpw tImº-√p-I-fpsSbpw
hep-∏-Øn¬ h∂ am‰w
ss{]ta-‰p-I-sf∂ apJy-Im-WvU-Øn¬
\n∂p imJ-I-fmbn th¿]n-cn-™m-Wt√m
B[p-\nI a\p-jy≥ ]cn-Wa - n-®X
- v. Cu Bi-
b-߃ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Xc-Øn¬ a\p-jys‚
]cn-Wma hr£w Nn{Xo-I-cn°m≥ {ian-°pI.

132

C∂p Poh- t em- I Øv a\p- j ys‚
ÿm\sa-¥m-sW∂p Nn¥n-®n-´pt≠m? \mw
as‰√m P¥p-°ƒ°pw AXo-X\mtWm? a‰p
P¥p-°-fp-ambn \ΩpsS ico-c-L-S\ Xmc-
Xayw sNøpI. \ΩpsS ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ Fs¥m-
kw{Klw
™ `qan-bn¬ Poh≥ Bhn¿`-hn-®n-
´p≈Xv AssP-hnI X≥am-{X-I-
fpsS BI-kvanI kwtbm-P-\-
Øn-eq-sS-bm-bn-cp-s∂∂v cmk-]-
cn- W m- a - k n- ≤ m- ¥ - ß - f n- e qsS
ÿm]n-°-s∏-´p.
™ ]q¿h- t Im- i - ß - f n¬ \n∂mWv
BZnatImi- ß ƒ D≠m- b -
sX∂p Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]q¿h-
tIm-i-ß-fpsS cq]o-I-c-W-sØ-
∏‰n H∏m-cn≥, knUv\n t- ^mIvkv
F∂o imkv{X-⁄-∑m¿ hni-Zo-
I-cn-®n-´p-≠v.
™ t^mkn-ep-Iƒ, BIm-c-Xm-c-X-
ayw {`qW-im-kv{Xw h¿Ko-I-c-W-
im-kv{Xw ssPh-c-k-{¥w F∂o
taJ- e - I - f nse ]T\w Pohn-
Iƒs°√mw Hcp s]mXp]q¿hn-
I≥ D≠m-bn-cp-∂psh-∂pw eLp-
L-S-\-bp≈ Pohn-I-fn¬ \n∂v
k¶o¿W-L-S-\-bp≈ Pohn-Iƒ
D≠m- b n- s b- ∂ p- a p≈ ]cn- W m-
ahm-ZsØ km[q-I-cn-°p-∂p.
™ kzbm¿PnX hyXn-bm\ßfmWv
]cn-Wm-a-Øn-te°p \bn-°p-∂-
sX∂ Po≥ _m]v‰n- Ã v
emam¿°ns‚ ImgvN∏- mSv tNmZyw
sNø-s∏-´p.
™ Nmƒkv Um¿hns‚ {]Ir- X n-
\n¿[m-cW kn≤m¥w A\p-k-
cn®v Aan-tXm¬]m-Z\w, \ne-\n-
Poh- ] - c n- W maw
s°- b mWv ? Cu ]cn- a n- X n- I sf \mw
Fßs\bmWv A-Xn-Po-hn-°p-∂Xv? Cu
AXn- P o- h - \ - a mWv Poh- ] - c n- W m- a sØ
apt∂m´p \bn-°p-∂-Xv.
¬]n- \ p- t h- ≠ n- b p≈ ka- c w,
A¿l- X - b p- ≈ - h - b psS AXn- P o-
h\w F∂o {]Xn-`m-k-ß-fn-eqsS
Pohn-I-fn¬ A\p-Kp-W-amb hyXn-
bm-\-߃ cq]-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ]pXnb
kv]ojo-kp-Iƒ D¤-hn-°p-Ibpw
sNøp-∂p.
™ Poh- ] - c n- W m- a - Ø n\p ImcWw
D¬]-cn-h¿Ø-\-am-sW∂v
lyqtKm Uo{hnkns‚ kn≤m¥w
kqNn-∏n-°p∂p. P\n-X-I-im-kv{X-
Øns‚ hf¿®-tbmsS Pohn-I-fn¬
hyXn-bm-\-߃ D≠m-Ip-∂-sX-ß-
s\-sb∂p hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-
™-tXmsS {]Ir-Xn-\n¿[m-cW
kn-≤m¥w B[p-\nI ho£-W-
Øn¬ hymJym-\n-°-s∏-´p.
™ slman- \ n- U n- s ‚bpw Bƒ°p- c -
ßns‚bpw s]mXp]q¿hn-I-\m-bn-
cp∂ {Utbm- ] n- Ø - ° - k n¬
\n∂mWv a\p-jy-]-cn-Wmaw Bcw-
`n-°p-∂-sX∂pw B¿Un-]n-Ø-°-
kmWv am\-h-Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬s∏Sp-
Øm-hp∂ ]pcm-X\ Pohn-sb∂pw
e`y-amb t^mkn¬ sXfn-hp-Iƒ
hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
™ a\p-jy\v imco-cn-I-amb ]cn-an-Xn-
Iƒ Ds≠-¶nepw imkv{X-km-t¶-
XnI hnZy- b n- e qsS AsXms°
]cn-l-cn-°m≥ _u≤n-I-hn-Imkw
Ahs\ klm-bn-®p.
133
Poh- i mkv { Xw

XpS¿{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ ¬ {`qW- h-f¿®-bpsS BZy-L-´-Øn¬

Iti-cp-In-I-fpsS {`qW-ßfn¬ Fs¥-
¬ BZn- a - I m- e sØ kq£v a - P o- h n- I ƒ
¶nepw kmay-XI - ƒ Zriy-am-Ip-∂pt≠m?
Aƒ{Sm-h-b-e‰v hnIn-c-W-ßsf AXn-
Cu {]Xn-`mkw Poh-]-cn-Wm-a-hp-ambn
Po-hn-°m≥ Ign-hp-≈hbmbn-cp-∂n-cn-°-
Fßs\ _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p?
Ww. F¥p-sIm≠v?
¬ ""IoS-\m-in\n hocyw Iq´n Xfn-®n´pw
¬ C∂v kzX{¥ HmIvkn-P≥ C√m-Xm-
IoS-߃ Nmhp-∂n-√. IoS-\m-in-\n-bn¬
bm¬ an°- Po-hn-Iƒ°pw \ne-\n-¬°m-
ambw D≠mhmw''˛ Hcp I¿j-Is‚
\m- h n- √ . F∂m¬ BZna`qan- b n¬
A`n-{]m-b-amWv. CXns\ hne-bn-cpØn
kzX{¥ HmIvkn-P≥ D≠m-bn-cp-s∂-
{]Ir-Xn-\n¿[m-cW
- Ø
- ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-
¶n¬ Ahÿ F¥m-Ip-am-bn-cp∂p?
Øn¬ hymJym-\n-°p-I.
F¥p-sIm≠v?
¬ imkv{X-km-t¶-XnI hnZy-bn¬ D≠m-
¬ ]md-bpsS hyXykvX ASp-°p-I-fn¬
Ip∂ ]ptcm-KXn a\p-jys‚ Imbn-Im-
\n∂p e`n® Hcp Pohn-bpsS t^mkn-
[zm\w KWy-ambn Ipd-bv°p-∂p. C\n-
ens\°pdn-®p≈ Nn{Xo-I-cWw \nco-
b- t ßm- ´ p≈ a\p- j y- ] - c n- W m- a sØ
£n®v tNmZy- ß ƒ°v DØcw
AsX-ßs\ kzm[o-\n°pw? 1000
Is≠ØpI.
h¿jw Ign- b p- t ºmƒ am\- h - c min
A Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn°pw? Hcp imkv{X-
B Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I.
¬ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bp-ambn CW-ßn -Po-hn-°p-
C
∂-Xn-\-\p-KpWamb hyXn-bm-\-߃
D cq]- s ∏- ´ - X n- e q- s S- b mWv Pohn- I -
z t^mkn-ep-Isf Ah-bpsS Ime-∏- fnse√mw ]cn-Wmaw \S-∂n-´p-≈-Xv.
g-°sØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Btcm- F∂m¬ a\p-jy≥ X\n°p kpJ-ambn
lW {Ia-Øn-se-gp-Xp-I. Pohn-°p-∂-Xn-\-\p-Kp-W-ambn Ahs‚
PohnXcoXn-bnepw ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bnepw
z Pohn- I - f psS k¶o¿W- L - S - \ sb
hyXn-bm-\ß - ƒ hcp-Øn. Cu {]kvXm-
ASn- ÿ m\s∏SpØn t^mkn- e p-
h-\-tbmSv \n߃ Fßs\ {]Xn-I-cn-
Isf Ah-tcm-lW{Ia-Øn-se-gp-
°p-∂p? {]Xn-I-c-WsØ km[q-I-cn-
XpI.
°pI.
z CXn¬\n∂p Poh- ] - c n- W m- a sØ Œ
∏‰n \n߃ FØn-t®-cp∂ \nK-
a\w F¥v?

134